Name: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 2-Volume - Bókakaup
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Efnisyfirlit

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
In Memory
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Volume 1
Part I. The Field of Pediatrics
Chapter 1. Overview of Pediatrics
Vital Statistics About Children’s Health Globally
The Changing Pediatric World
The New Normal: Pandemics
The New Morbidities
Chronic Illness and Children with Special Healthcare Needs
Systems of Care
Chapter 2. Child Health Disparities
Root Historical Causes of Structural Determinants of Health and Health Disparities
2.1. Racism and Child Health
Chapter 3. Global Child Health
Global Burden and Trends in Child Health
The Social Determinants of Child Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Evidence-Based Interventions and Innovations to Address Child Health Inequities
Challenges in Global Health
Chapter 4. Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children
The Need for Improvement in Quality and Value
What are Quality and Value?
Frameworks for Quality Improvement
Measuring Quality
Analyzing Quality Data
Expanding Individual Quality Improvement Initiatives to Scale
Comparing and Reporting Quality
Implications of the U.S. Healthcare Reform for Quality
Chapter 5. Safety in Healthcare for Children
Error VS Harm
Safety Frameworks
Identifying and Analyzing Harm, Errors, and Latent Threats
Safety Culture
Reliability Science, Human Factors Engineering, and High-Reliability Organizations
Serious Harm Events and Healthcare-Associated Conditions
Safety Opportunities and Gaps
Emerging Areas of Safety Research and Improvement
Chapter 6. Ethics in Pediatric Care
Assent and Parental Permission
Treatment of Critically ill Children
Neonatal Ethics
Declaring Death and Organ Donation
Religious or Cultural Objections to Treatment
Pediatric Ethics Committees and Ethics Consultation
Newborn Screening
Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine
Adolescent Healthcare
Research
Justice and Pediatric Ethics
Chapter 7. Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine
Dietary Supplements
Dietary Supplement Safety
Dietary Supplement Efficacy
Massage and Chiropractic
Mind-Body Therapies
Acupuncture
Cannabis
Internet Resources
Chapter 8. Pediatric Palliative Care
Goals of Care and Decision-Making
Advance Care Planning
Care Settings
Communication and Anticipatory Guidance
Chapter 9. Domestic and International Adoption
Domestic Adoption
Intercountry Adoption
Role of Pediatricians
Chapter 10. Foster and Kinship Care
Epidemiology
Legislation in the United States
Early Childhood Trauma Leads to Poor Health Outcomes
Health Issues
Healthcare for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care
Chapter 11. Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child
Commonly Encountered Infections
Immunizations
Chapter 12. Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
What is Culture?
Culturally Informed Care
Chapter 13. Maximizing Children’s Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling
The Periodicity Schedule and Guidelines
Tasks of Well-Child Care
Infancy and Early Childhood
Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Office Intervention for Behavioral and Mental Health Issues
Evidence
Caring for the Child and Youth in the Context of the Family and Community
Chapter 14. Injury Control
Scope of the Problem
Principles of Injury Control
Risk Factors for Childhood Injuries
Mechanisms of Injury
Psychosocial Consequences of Injuries
Chapter 15. Impact of Violence Exposure on Children
Impacts of Violence
15.1. Bullying, Cyberbullying, and School Violence
15.2. Media Violence
15.3. Effects of War on Children
Chapter 16. Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
Clinical Presentation
Approach to the Patient at Risk for Trafficking
Examination and Diagnostic Testing
Referrals and Resources
Chapter 17. Abused and Neglected Children
Definitions
17.1. Sexual Abuse
17.2. Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another: Medical Child Abuse (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)
Chapter 18. Strategies for Health Behavior Change
Unified Theory of Behavior Change
Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
Common Factors Approach
Motivational Interviewing
Shared Decision-Making
Part II. Growth, Development, and Behavior
Chapter 19. Developmental and Behavioral Theories
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL AND ECOBIODEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK: MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 20. Positive Parenting and Support
THE IMPORTANCE OF PARENTING
THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY
PARENTING STYLES
CHILD TEMPERAMENT
CHILD BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
DEFINING POSITIVE PARENTING
PARENTING AS AN INTERVENTION
THE ROLE OF THE PEDIATRICIAN
DISCIPLINE/PUNISHMENT
Chapter 21. Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
SOMATIC DEVELOPMENT
NEUROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT
BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOLOGIC CHANGES IN PARENTS
THREATS TO FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 22. The Newborn
PARENTAL ROLE IN PARENT–INFANT ATTACHMENT
THE INFANT’S ROLE IN PARENT–INFANT ATTACHMENT
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PEDIATRICIAN
Chapter 23. The First Year
Age 0-2 Months
23.1. Infant Crying and Colic
Chapter 24. The Second Year
Age 12–18 Months
Age 18–24 Months
Chapter 25. The Preschool Years
Structural Development of the Brain
Physical Development
Language, Cognition, and Play
Chapter 26. Middle Childhood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social, Emotional, and Moral Development
Chapter 27. Assessment of Growth
Techniques to Measure Growth
Growth Curves
Other Growth Considerations
Chapter 28. Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening
Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance
Developmental and Behavioral Screening
Beyond Surveillance and Screening
Chapter 29. Child Care
Quality, Provision, Regulation, and Access
Screening and Support for Child Development and Health
Role of Pediatric Providers
Chapter 30. Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Separation and Loss
Divorce
Move/Family Relocation
Separation Because of Hospitalization
Military Families
Parental/Sibling Death
Grief and Bereavement
Developmental Perspective
Role of the Pediatric Healthcare Provider in Grief
Treatment
Spiritual Issues
Chapter 31. Sleep Medicine
Basics of Sleep and Chronobiology
Developmental Changes in Sleep
Common Sleep Disorders
Sleep Health Supervision
Evaluation of Pediatric Sleep Problems
Part III. Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
Chapter 32. Psychosocial Assessment and Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluation
AIMS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN THE PEDIATRIC SETTING
PRESENTING PROBLEMS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVIEW
DIAGNOSIS
PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN
Chapter 33. Psychopharmacology
Stimulants and Other ADHD Medications
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Mood Stabilizers
Medication Use in Physical Illness
Chapter 34. Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
Chapter 35. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
SOMATIZATION
RISK FACTORS FOR SOMATIZATION
ASSESSMENT
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 36. Rumination and Pica
36.1. Rumination Disorder
36.2. Pica
Chapter 37. Motor Disorders and Habits
37.1. Tic Disorders
37.2. Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Chapter 38. Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
ASSESSMENT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND COMORBIDITIES
Treatment of Anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome
SPECIFIC PHOBIAS
Chapter 39. Mood Disorders
39.1. Depressive Disorders
39.2. Bipolar Disorders
Chapter 40. Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Assessment and Intervention
Prevention
Screening and Early Treatment
School Resources
Chapter 41. Eating Disorders
DEFINITIONS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 42. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
DESCRIPTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL COURSE
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMORBIDITY
SEQUELAE
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
PREVENTION
SCREENING/CASE FINDING
EARLY INTERVENTION
TREATMENT
LEVEL OF CARE
Chapter 43. Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
Chapter 44. Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
STEALING
TRUANCY
Chapter 45. Aggression
Chapter 46. Self-Injurious Behavior
Chapter 47. Childhood Psychoses
47.1. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
47.2. Non-Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychotic Disorders
47.3. Catatonia in Children and Adolescents
47.4. Hallucinations of Childhood
Chapter 48. Delirium
DIAGNOSIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
ASSESSMENT
RATING SCALES
MEDICAL EVALUATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Part IV. Learning and Developmental Disorders
Chapter 49. Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction
TERMINOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CORE NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTIONS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COUNSELING AND PARENT TRAINING PROGRAMS
Chapter 50. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Chapter 51. Dyslexia
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
IS FAMILY HISTORY HELPFUL IN DIAGNOSING DYSLEXIA?
MANAGEMENT
Prognosis
Chapter 52. Math and Writing Disabilities
52.1. Math Disabilities
52.2. Writing Disabilities
Chapter 53. Language Development and Communication Disorders
TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
53.1. Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
Chapter 54. Augmentative and Alternative Communication
DEFINITIONS
Chapter 55. Outcomes Among Infants and Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing
DEAF CULTURE
EARLY DETECTION AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
INTERVENTIONS
LANGUAGE LEARNING
ACADEMIC CONSIDERATIONS
PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING
DEAF PLUS
FAMILY JOURNEY
Acknowledgments
Chapter 56. Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
ETIOLOGIC EVALUATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTIC PSYCHOLOGIC TESTING
COMPLICATIONS AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
PRIMARY CARE, SUPPORTIVE CARE, AND MANAGEMENT
OUTCOMES
Chapter 57. Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number
PRINCIPLES OF CARING FOR CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX GENETIC DISORDERS
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chapter 58. Autism Spectrum Disorder
DEFINITION
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND SYMPTOMS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CO-OCCURRING CONDITIONS
SCREENING
ASSESSMENT
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
OUTCOME
Chapter 59. Fragile X Syndromes
EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT OF FRAGILE X SYNDROME
Part V. Nutrition
Chapter 60. Nutritional Requirements
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
ENERGY
FAT
PROTEIN
CARBOHYDRATES
FIBER
MICRONUTRIENTS
WATER
MEASURING NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY
Chapter 61. Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
FEEDING DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
COW’S MILK PROTEIN–BASED FORMULAS
SOY PROTEIN–BASED FORMULAS
PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE FORMULAS
AMINO ACID FORMULAS
OTHER FLUIDS IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
TRANSITION TO MILK
RESPONSIVE FEEDING
FEEDING TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
FEEDING SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
NUTRITION ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE ACROSS PEDIATRIC AGES
Chapter 62. Nutrition, Food Security, and Health
MALNUTRITION AS THE INTERSECTION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND HEALTH INSECURITY
FOOD SECURITY
UNDERNUTRITION
SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
Chapter 63. Refeeding Syndrome
Chapter 64. Malnutrition in High-Resource Settings
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 65. Overweight and Obesity
EPIDEMIOLOGY
BODY MASS INDEX
ETIOLOGY
COMORBIDITIES
IDENTIFICATION
EVALUATION
INTERVENTION
PREVENTION
Chapter 66. Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
OVERVIEW OF VITAMIN A
METABOLISM OF VITAMIN A
FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN A AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
HYPERVITAMINOSIS A
Chapter 67. Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
67.1. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
67.2. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
67.3. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
67.4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
67.5. Biotin
67.6. Folate
67.7. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Chapter 68. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess
DIETARY NEEDS AND SOURCES OF VITAMIN C
VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
VITAMIN C TOXICITY
Chapter 69. Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess
RICKETS
VITAMIN D DISORDERS
CALCIUM DEFICIENCY
PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY
RICKETS OF PREMATURITY
DISTAL RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
HYPERVITAMINOSIS D
Chapter 70. Vitamin E Deficiency
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 71. Vitamin K Deficiency
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 72. Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
Part VI. Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Chapter 73. Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
73.1. Composition of Body Fluids
73.2. Regulation of Osmolality and Volume
73.3. Sodium
73.4. Potassium
73.5. Magnesium
73.6. Phosphorus
73.7. Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 74. Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
MAINTENANCE THERAPY
MAINTENANCE WATER
INTRAVENOUS SOLUTIONS
GLUCOSE
SELECTION OF MAINTENANCE FLUIDS
VARIATIONS IN MAINTENANCE WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
REPLACEMENT FLUIDS
Chapter 75. Deficit Therapy
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
CALCULATION OF THE FLUID DEFICIT
APPROACH TO SEVERE DEHYDRATION
MONITORING AND ADJUSTING THERAPY
HYPONATREMIC DEHYDRATION
HYPERNATREMIC DEHYDRATION
Chapter 76. Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
ACUTE DIARRHEA
PYLORIC STENOSIS
PERIOPERATIVE FLUIDS
Part VII. Emergency Medicine, Critical Care, and Anesthesia
Chapter 77. Emergency Medical Services for Children
PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN AND OFFICE PREPAREDNESS
77.1. Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured Pediatric Patient
77.2. Risk Adjustment and Outcomes Measurement of Pediatric Emergency Medical Services
77.3. Principles Applicable to the Developing World
Chapter 78. Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
ASSESSMENT OF VITAL SIGNS
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
DISPOSITION
Chapter 79. Pediatric Cardiorespiratory Emergencies and Resuscitation
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH CARDIORESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AND FAILURE
RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS
CARDIAC ARREST AND CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
PROCEDURES
NONVASCULAR EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Chapter 80. Acute Care of Multiple Trauma
EPIDEMIOLOGY
REGIONALIZATION AND TRAUMA TEAMS
ATLS: SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THEINJURED PATIENT
PRIMARY SURVEY
SECONDARY SURVEY
DISPOSITION
PSYCHOLOGIC AND SOCIAL SUPPORT
Chapter 81. Spinal Cord Injuries in Children
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
CLEARING THE CERVICAL SPINE IN CHILDREN
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 82. Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
NEUROCRITICAL CARE PRINCIPLES
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Chapter 83. Brain Death: Death by Neurologic Criteria
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS
OBSERVATION PERIODS
ANCILLARY STUDIES
DOCUMENTATION
AFTER DECLARATION OF BRAIN DEATH
OBJECTIONS TO THE CONCEPT OF BRAIN DEATH
Chapter 84. Syncope
MECHANISMS
84.1. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Chapter 85. Shock
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TYPES OF SHOCK
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 86. Acute Care of Respiratory Distress and Failure
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
86.1. Mechanical Ventilation
Chapter 87. Altitude-Associated Illness in Children
ETIOLOGY
ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS
HIGH-ALTITUDE CEREBRAL EDEMA
HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 88. Drowning and Submersion Injury
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MANAGEMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 89. Burn Injuries
EPIDEMIOLOGY
89.1. Lightning Burns
Chapter 90. Cold Injuries
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
90.1. Cold-Induced Autoinflammatory and Other Genetic Disorders
Chapter 91. Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
PREANESTHETIC EVALUATION
91.1. Anesthetic Neurotoxicity
Chapter 92. Procedural Sedation
Chapter 93. Pediatric Pain Management
DEFINITION AND CATEGORIES OF PAIN
ASSESSMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF PAIN IN CHILDREN
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC PAIN
UNCONVENTIONAL MEDICATIONS IN PEDIATRIC PAIN
NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF PAIN
INVASIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR TREATING PAIN
INTRATHECAL ANALGESIA
NERVE ABLATION AND DESTRUCTION
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIAL PEDIATRIC POPULATIONS
CHRONIC AND RECURRENT PAIN SYNDROMES
MANAGING COMPLEX CHRONIC PAIN PROBLEMS
Chapter 94. Poisoning
PREVENTION
APPROACH TO THE POISONED PATIENT
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
SELECT COMPOUNDS IN PEDIATRIC POISONING
Part VIII. Human Genetics
Chapter 95. Genetics in Pediatric Medicine
THE BURDEN OF GENETIC DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD
THE CHANGING PARADIGM OF GENETICS IN MEDICINE
DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER GENETIC TESTING
ETHICS ISSUES
Chapter 96. Principles of Human Genetics
THE HUMAN GENOME
FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS
GENETIC VARIATION
GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE CORRELATIONS IN GENETIC DISEASE
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Chapter 97. Patterns of Genetic Transmission
FAMILY HISTORY AND PEDIGREE NOTATION
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Y-LINKED INHERITANCE
INHERITANCE ASSOCIATED WITH PSEUDOAUTOSOMAL REGIONS
DIGENIC INHERITANCE
PSEUDOGENETIC INHERITANCE AND FAMILIAL CLUSTERING
NONTRADITIONAL INHERITANCE
MULTIFACTORIAL AND POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
Chapter 98. Integration of Genetics into Pediatric Practice
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
PHARMACOGENETICS
98.1. Genetic Counseling
98.2. Principles of Management and Treatment of Genetic Disorders
Chapter 99. Chromosome Disorders
99.1. Methods of Chromosome Analysis
99.2. Abnormalities of Chromosome Number
99.3. Abnormalities of Chromosome Structure
99.4. Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy
99.5. Mosaicism
99.6. Chromosome Instability Syndromes
99.7. Uniparental Disomy and Imprinting
Chapter 100. Dysmorphology, Phenotyping, and Sequences
CLASSIFICATION OF BIRTH DEFECTS
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MALFORMATIONS
APPROACH TO THE CHILD WITH FACIAL ANOMALIES
Chapter 101. Signaling Pathway Disorders
101.1. RAS/MAPK Pathway
101.2. Sonic Hedgehog Pathway
101.3. Ciliopathies
101.4. Craniosynostoses
Chapter 102. Chromatin Regulatory Disorders
KABUKI SYNDROME
RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME
CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME
COFFIN-SIRIS SYNDROME
OTHER CHROMATIN DISORDERS
Chapter 103. Genetics of Common Disorders
103.1. Major Genetic Approaches to the Study of Common Pediatric Disorders
Part IX. Metabolic Disorders
Chapter 104. An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
NEWBORN SCREENING
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GENETIC METABOLIC DISEASES
TREATMENT
Chapter 105. Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids
105.1. Phenylalanine
105.2. Tyrosine
105.3. Methionine
105.4. Cysteine and Cystine
105.5. Tryptophan
105.6. Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, and Related Organic Acidemias
105.7. Glycine
105.8. Serine Deficiency Disorders (Serine Biosynthesis and Transport Defects)
105.9. Proline
105.10. Glutamic Acid
105.11. Disorders of Neurotransmitter Metabolism
105.12. Urea Cycle and Hyperammonemia (Arginine, Citrulline, Ornithine)
105.13. Histidine
105.14. Lysine
105.15. N-Acetylaspartic Acid (Canavan Disease)
Chapter 106. Defects in Metabolism of Lipids
106.1. Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
106.2. Disorders of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids and Other Peroxisomal Functions
106.3. Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport
106.4. Lipidoses (Lysosomal Storage Disorders)
106.5. Mucolipidoses
Chapter 107. Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates
107.1. Glycogen Storage Diseases
107.2. Defects in Galactose Metabolism
107.3. Defects in Fructose Metabolism
107.4. Defects in Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism Associated with Lactic Acidosis
107.5. Defects in Pentose Metabolism
107.6. Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation and Structure
107.7. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation
Chapter 108. Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis
WHEN TO SUSPECT MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE INHERITANCE
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE
TREATMENT PRINCIPLES FOR MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE
Chapter 109. Mucopolysaccharidoses
CLINICAL ENTITIES
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 110. Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
PURINES
PYRIMIDINES
DISORDERS OF PURINE METABOLISM
THE HEREDITARY XANTHINURIAS
HPRT1-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
APRT-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH AMP-DEAMINASE
ADSL-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
OTHER INHERITED PURINE DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM
DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THYMIDINE KINASE
COMBINED DISORDERS OF BOTH PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE
Chapter 111. Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PATIENT RESOURCES
Chapter 112. The Porphyrias
THE HEME BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY
CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PORPHYRIAS
δ-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID DEHYDRATASE–DEFICIENT PORPHYRIA
ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA
CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA
PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA
HEPATOERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA
HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA
VARIEGATE PORPHYRIA
ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA AND X-LINKED PROTOPORPHYRIA
DUAL PORPHYRIA
PORPHYRIA RESULTING FROM TUMORS
Chapter 113. Hypoglycemia
DEFINITION
SIGNIFICANCE AND SEQUELAE
PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
DISORDERS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
KETOTIC HYPOGLYCEMIC DISORDERS
OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
Part X. The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant
Chapter 114. Overview of Morbidity and Mortality
INFANT MORTALITY
114.1. Race, Class, and Birth Outcomes
Chapter 115. The Newborn Infant
115.1. Focused Peripartum History
115.2. Physical Examination of the Newborn Infant
115.3. Routine Newborn Care
115.4. Male Circumcision
115.5. Parent–Infant Bonding
Chapter 116. High-Risk Pregnancies
PRENATAL CARE
HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY IDENTIFIED BY ULTRASOUND
LABOR AND DELIVERY
Chapter 117. The Fetus
117.1. Fetal Growth and Maturity
117.2. Fetal Distress
117.3. Maternal Disease and the Fetus
117.4. Medications and Teratogenic Exposures
117.5. Radiation
117.6. Intrauterine Diagnosis of Fetal Disease
117.7. Treatment and Prevention of Fetal Disease
Chapter 118. Fetal Intervention and Surgery
FETAL THERAPY ETHICS
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
NONOBSTRUCTIVE RENAL DISEASE
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION
CONGENITAL HIGH AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME
SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA
MYELOMENINGOCELE
TWIN-TO-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME
OTHER INDICATIONS
FETAL CENTERS
Chapter 119. The High-Risk Infant
119.1. Multiple-Gestation Pregnancies
119.2. Extremely and Very Preterm Infants
119.3. Moderate and Late Preterm Infants
119.4. Term and Postterm Infants
119.5. Follow-Up of High-Risk Infants After Discharge
Chapter 120. Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
REGIONALIZED CARE OF NEWBORNS
LEVELS OF NEONATAL CARE
TRANSPORT OF THE CRITICALLY ILL NEONATE
Chapter 121. Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period
ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS
121.1. Hyperthermia
121.2. Hypothermia and Cold Stress
121.3. Edema
121.4. Hypocalcemia
121.5. Hypermagnesemia
Chapter 122. Nervous System Disorders
122.1. The Cranium
122.2. Neonatal Traumatic Head Injuries
122.3. Intracranial-Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Periventricular Leukomalacia
122.4. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
122.5. Spine and Spinal Cord
122.6. Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Chapter 123. Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Emergencies
NEONATAL RESUSCITATION
RESUSCITATION OF THE PRETERM INFANT
SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE DELIVERY ROOM
INJURY DURING DELIVERY
ONGOING CARE AFTER RESUSCITATION
Chapter 124. Transition to Newborn Pulmonary Respiration
CLEARANCE OF FETAL LUNG FLUID
ESTABLISHMENT OF A FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
BREATHING PATTERNS IN NEWBORNS
DISORDERED TRANSITION TO PULMONARY RESPIRATION
Chapter 125. Apnea
OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA
CENTRAL APNEA
APNEA OF PREMATURITY
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 126. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
INCIDENCE
126.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Chapter 127. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
INCIDENCE
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 128. Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
INCIDENCE
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
Chapter 129. Aspiration of Foreign Material (Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Aspiration Pneumonia)
INTRAPARTUM ASPIRATION
POSTPARTUM ASPIRATION
Chapter 130. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (Persistent Fetal Circulation)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 131. Diaphragmatic Hernia
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (BOCHDALEK)
131.1. Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
131.2. Paraesophageal Hernia
131.3. Eventration
Chapter 132. Pulmonary Air Leaks: Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema, Pneumopericardium
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
Chapter 133. Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Chapter 134. Digestive System Disorders
Chapter 135. Meconium Ileus, Peritonitis, Intestinal Obstruction, and Gastroschisis
MECONIUM PLUGS
MECONIUM ILEUS
MECONIUM PERITONITIS
GASTROSCHISIS
Chapter 136. Necrotizing Enterocolitis
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 137. Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn
ETIOLOGY
137.1. Kernicterus and Therapy of Hyperbilirubinemia
Chapter 138. Blood Disorders
NORMAL ERYTHROPOIESIS AND HEMOGLOBIN FUNCTIONS
NORMAL RED BLOOD CELL INDICES IN NEONATES AND INFANTS
NEUTROPENIA
Chapter 139. Anemia in the Newborn Infant
THE PHYSIOLOGIC NADIR DURING INFANCY
ANEMIA CLASSIFICATIONS AND KEY DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
ANEMIA MANAGEMENT PRINCIPALS
Chapter 140. Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
HDFN CAUSED BY Rh INCOMPATIBILITY
HDFN CAUSED BY ABO INCOMPATIBILITY
OTHER ETIOLOGIES OF HDFN
Chapter 141. Neonatal Polycythemia
Chapter 142. Hemorrhage in the Newborn Infant
HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULOPATHY
Chapter 143. Nonimmune Hydrops
INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
POSTNATAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
OUTCOMES
Chapter 144. The Umbilicus
UMBILICAL HEMORRHAGE
UMBILICAL GRANULOMA
UMBILICAL INFECTIONS
UMBILICAL HERNIA
CONGENITAL OMPHALOCELE
UMBILICAL TUMORS
Chapter 145. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
TREATMENT AND SETTING
Chapter 146. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PREVALENCE
DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
OUTCOMES
INTERVENTIONS AND TREATMENTS
THE PEDIATRICIAN/PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER’S ROLE
Chapter 147. Infants of Diabetic Mothers
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 148. Epidemiology of Infections
INCIDENCE
MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
GENERAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 149. Congenital and Perinatal Infections
149.1. Congenital Infections
149.2. Perinatal Infections
Part XI. Adolescent Medicine
Chapter 150. Adolescent Physical and Social Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
NEUROLOGIC, COGNITIVE, AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
IMPLICATIONS FOR PROVIDERS, PARENTS, AND POLICYMAKERS
Chapter 151. Delivery of Healthcare to Adolescents
Introduction
151.1. Legal Issues
151.2. Screening Procedures
Chapter 152. Transitioning to Adult Care
Chapter 153. Gender Identity and Transgender Care
TERMINOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MENTAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
PUBERTY BLOCKERS
GENDER-AFFIRMING SEX HORMONE THERAPY
THERAPY FOR NONBINARY YOUTH
Chapter 154. Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents
PREVALENCE OF HOMOSEXUALITY AND BISEXUALITY IN YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
STIGMA, RISK, AND RESILIENCE
HEALTH
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARE
Chapter 155. The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems
ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
Chapter 156. Violent Behavior
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 157. Substance Use Disorder
ETIOLOGY
157.1. Alcohol
157.2. Tobacco, E-Cigarettes, and Other Tobacco Products
157.3. Marijuana
157.4. Inhalants
157.5. EVALI
157.6. Hallucinogens
157.7. Cocaine
157.8. Amphetamines
157.9. Stimulant Use and Diversion
157.10. Opiates/Opioids
157.11. Synthetic Cannabinoids
Chapter 158. The Breast
FEMALE DISORDERS
MALE DISORDERS
Chapter 159. Menstruation-Related Disorders
NORMAL MENSTRUATION
159.1. Amenorrhea
159.2. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
159.3. Dysmenorrhea
159.4. Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Chapter 160. Contraception
CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS
160.1. Contraceptive Use
160.2. Contraceptive Counseling
160.3. Long-Acting Reversible Contraception
160.4. Other Progestin-Only Methods
160.5. Combined Hormonal Contraceptives
160.6. Emergency Contraception
160.7. Condoms
160.8. Other Barrier Methods
160.9. Other Contraceptive Methods
Chapter 161. Adolescent Pregnancy
EPIDEMIOLOGY
161.1. Abortion
Chapter 162. Adolescent Sexual Assault
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TERMINOLOGY
TYPES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
INTERVIEW AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
LABORATORY DATA
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
PREVENTION
Chapter 163. Sexually Transmitted Infections
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
SCREENING
COMMON INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Immunology
Section 1. Evaluation of the Immune System
Chapter 164. Orientation to the Consideration of Inborn Errors of Immunity
INFECTION RED FLAGS
SCHEMA FOR DIAGNOSIS
NONINFECTIOUS PRESENTATIONS SUGGESTING PIDD
Section 2. The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems
Chapter 165. T-Cell and Combined Deficiencies
T-CELL AND COMBINED DEFICIENCIES
165.1. Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies
165.2. Combined Immunodeficiencies
165.3. Thymic Disorders
165.4. Inborn Errors of Immunity with a Strong Atopic Diathesis
Chapter 166. B-Cell and Antibody Deficiencies
166.1. Agammaglobulinemia
166.2. Hypogammaglobulinemia, Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy, Specific Antibody Deficiency, and Common Variable Immunodeficiency
166.3. Class Switch Defects
166.4. Isotype Defects
166.5. Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
Chapter 167. Natural Killer Cells
NK CELL MARKERS, SUBSETS, AND MATURATION
NK CELL SPONTANEOUS CYTOTOXICITY
NK CELL ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT KILLING
FUNCTIONAL NK CELL DEFICIENCY (FNKCD)
FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS AVAILABLE FOR CLINICAL EVALUATION
NK CELL DEFICIENCY TREATMENT
Section 3. The Phagocytic System
Chapter 168. Neutrophils
THE PHAGOCYTIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
HEMATOPOIESIS
NEUTROPHIL MATURATION AND KINETICS
NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION
Chapter 169. Eosinophils
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH EOSINOPHILIA
Chapter 170. Disorders of Phagocyte Function
LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY
CHÉDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME
MYELOPEROXIDASE DEFICIENCY
CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE
Chapter 171. Leukopenia
NEUTROPENIA
LYMPHOPENIA
Chapter 172. Leukocytosis
NEUTROPHILIA
ADDITIONAL FORMS OF LEUKOCYTOSIS
Section 4. Complement System
Chapter 173. Complement System
173.1. Complement Components, Pathways, and Evaluation
173.2. Complement Pathway Deficiencies
Section 5. Immune Dysregulation
Chapter 174. Immune Dysregulation
174.1. Tregopathies
174.2. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
174.3. Epstein-Barr Virus Susceptibility Disorders
174.4. Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus
174.5. Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
174.6. Autoimmune Cytopenias
174.7. Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
174.8. Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Defects
Chapter 175. Defects of Innate Immunity
175.1. Predisposition to Fungal Infections
175.2. Innate Immunity Defects with Predominant Susceptibility to Viral Infections
175.3. Susceptibility to Invasive Bacterial Infections
175.4. Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases
Chapter 176. Approaches to Treatment of Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases
GENERAL INFECTION PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
IMMUNIZATIONS
GUIDANCE FOR CLOSE CONTACTS
COVID-19 VACCINE
PROPHYLAXIS
IMMUNODEFICIENCIES AFFECTING CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY
HYPER-IgM/CD40LG DEFICIENCY
COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCIES WITH ASSOCIATED OR SYNDROME FEATURES
STAT3 HYPER-IgE SYNDROME (JOB SYNDROME)
NF-κB ESSENTIAL MODULATOR (NEMO) DEFICIENCY
PREDOMINANTLY ANTIBODY DEFICIENCIES
CONGENITAL PHAGOCYTE DEFECTS
DEFECTS IN INTRINSIC AND INNATE IMMUNITY
COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCIES
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G REPLACEMENT THERAPY
INDICATIONS FOR IgRT
NORMAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS WITH IMPAIRED SPECIFIC ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
INDIVIDUALIZING IgRT
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRODUCT SELECTIONS
DOSING CONSIDERATIONS
ADMINISTRATION DETAILS
VACCINATION WHILE ON IgRT
Section 6. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 177. Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
HSCT FROM AN HLA–IDENTICAL SIBLING DONOR
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES OTHER THAN JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA AND HODGKIN DISEASE
ACQUIRED APLASTIC ANEMIA
INHERITED BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROMES
THALASSEMIA
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASES
Chapter 178. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from Alternative Sources and Donors
UNRELATED DONOR TRANSPLANTS
UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTS
HAPLOIDENTICAL TRANSPLANTS
DONOR VERSUS RECIPIENT NK CELL ALLOREACTIVITY
AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
Chapter 179. Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and Venoocclusive Disease
ACUTE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
GRAFT FAILURE
VENOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Chapter 180. Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 181. Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
ENDOCRINE EFFECTS
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
SECONDARY MALIGNANCY
GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
OTHER EFFECTS
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Part XIII. Allergic Disorders
Chapter 182. Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease
HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS
Biodiversity Hypothesis
Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis
KEY ELEMENTS OF ALLERGIC DISEASES
MECHANISMS OF ALLERGIC TISSUE INFLAMMATION
GENETIC BASIS OF ATOPY
Chapter 183. Diagnosis of Allergic Disease
ALLERGY HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Chapter 184. Allergic Rhinitis
ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 185. Childhood Asthma
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 186. Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
ETIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
AVOIDING TRIGGERS
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 187. Insect Allergy
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 188. Ocular Allergies
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 189. Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
189.1. Hereditary Angioedema
Chapter 190. Anaphylaxis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 191. Serum Sickness
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 192. Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS
192.1. Non-IgE Gastrointestinal Food Allergy Disorders
Chapter 193. Adverse and Allergic Reactions to Drugs
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Part XIV. Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood (Connective Tissue Disease, Collagen Vascular Diseases)
Chapter 194. Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease
SYMPTOMS SUGGESTIVE OF RHEUMATIC DISEASE
SIGNS SUGGESTIVE OF RHEUMATIC DISEASE
LABORATORY TESTING
IMAGING STUDIES
Chapter 195. Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
PEDIATRIC RHEUMATOLOGY TEAMS AND PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS
THERAPEUTICS
JANUS KINASE INHIBITORS
Chapter 196. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 197. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 198. Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 199. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
ETIOLOGY
199.1. Neonatal Lupus
Chapter 200. Juvenile Dermatomyositis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 201. Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLASSIFICATION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 202. Behçet Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 203. Sjögren Syndrome
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 204. Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases
CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES WITH PERIODIC OR PROMINENT FEVERS
OTHER MENDELIAN AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES
GENETICALLY COMPLEX AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES
Chapter 205. Interferonopathies
AUTOINFLAMMATORY INTERFERONOPATHIES
AUTOIMMUNE INTERFERONOPATHIES
Chapter 206. Amyloidosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 207. Macrophage Activation Syndrome
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND OTHER HYPERINFLAMMATORY SYNDROMES
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 208. Kawasaki Disease
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY AND RADIOLOGY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 209. Sarcoidosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 210. Vasculitis Syndromes
INTRODUCTION
210.1. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)
210.2. Takayasu Arteritis
210.3. Polyarteritis Nodosa and Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa
210.4. Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
210.5. Other Vasculitis Syndromes: Hypersensitivity, CNS, and COVID-19 Related
Chapter 211. Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
211.1. Growing Pains (Benign Limb Pain of Childhood)
211.2. Small Fiber Polyneuropathy
211.3. Diffuse Amplified Pain Syndromes
211.4. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
211.5. Erythromelalgia
Chapter 212. Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions
PREVALENCE
212.1. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chapter 213. Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
MUCHA-HABERMANN DISEASE/PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES ET VARIOLIFORMIS ACUTA
SWEET SYNDROME
HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOARTHROPATHY
PLANT THORN SYNOVITIS
PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS
Infectious Diseases
Section 1. General Considerations
Chapter 214. Public Health Approach to Pandemics
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
Section 2. Preventive Measures
Chapter 215. Immunization Practices
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
215.1. International Immunization Practices
Chapter 216. Infection Prevention and Control
TRANSMISSION IN THE HEALTHCARE SETTING
PREVENTION STRATEGIES
ENVIRONMENT, DISINFECTION, AND STERILIZATION
VISITATION AND PATIENT AND CAREGIVER MANAGEMENT
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND CLINICIAN EDUCATION
SPECIAL POPULATIONS
Chapter 217. Childcare and Communicable Diseases
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT INFECTIONS
SKIN DISEASES
INVASIVE ORGANISMS AND SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS
HERPESVIRUSES
BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS
ANTIBIOTIC USE AND BACTERIAL RESISTANCE
PREVENTION
STANDARDS
Chapter 218. Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally
THE PEDIATRIC TRAVEL MEDICINE CONSULTATION
SAFETY AND PREVENTIVE COUNSELING TOPICS
ROUTINE CHILDHOOD VACCINATIONS REQUIRED FOR PEDIATRIC TRAVEL
SPECIALIZED PEDIATRIC TRAVEL VACCINATIONS
TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA
INSECT-BORNE INFECTIONS
MALARIA CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
THE RETURNING TRAVELER
THE ADOLESCENT TRAVELER
Chapter 219. Fever
PATHOGENESIS
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 220. Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young Infant
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 221. Fever in the Older Child
DIAGNOSIS
GENERAL APPROACH
EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 222. Fever of Unknown Origin
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 223. Infections in Immunocompromised Persons
223.1. Infections Occurring with Primary Immunodeficiencies
223.2. Infections Occurring with Acquired Immunodeficiencies
223.3. Prevention of Infection in Immunocompromised Persons
Chapter 224. Infection Associated with Medical Devices
INTRAVASCULAR ACCESS DEVICES
URINARY CATHETERS
MECHANICAL VENTILATORS
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SHUNTS
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS CATHETERS
IMPLANTABLE ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES
Section 3. Antibiotic Therapy
Chapter 225. Principles of Antibacterial Therapy
AGE- AND RISK-SPECIFIC USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN CHILDREN
ANTIBIOTICS, INCLUDING NEWER AGENTS AND THERAPIES COMMONLY USED IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Chapter 226. Antimicrobial Stewardship
THE NEED FOR ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP: HARMS FROM OVERUSE
DEFINING ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP AND AN ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
INPATIENT ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES
OUTPATIENT ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES
TRACKING AND REPORTING ANTIMICROBIAL USE MEASURES
Section 4. Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Chapter 227. Staphylococcus
227.1. Staphylococcus aureus
227.2. Toxic Shock Syndrome
227.3. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Chapter 228. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 229. Group A Streptococcus
ETIOLOGY
229.1. Rheumatic Fever
Chapter 230. Group B Streptococcus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 231. Non–Group A or B Streptococci
Chapter 232. Enterococcus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 233. Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 234. Listeria monocytogenes
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 235. Actinomyces
TAXONOMY AND MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
COMMON CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 236. Nocardia
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Section 5. Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Chapter 237. Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 238. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 239. Kingella kingae
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL DISEASE
SPONDYLODISCITIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 240. Haemophilus influenzae
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 241. Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
Chapter 242. Moraxella catarrhalis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 243. Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 244. Salmonella
244.1. Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis
244.2. Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever)
Chapter 245. Shigella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
IMMUNITY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 246. Escherichia coli
ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROAGGREGATIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI
SHIGA TOXIN–PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROAGGREGATIVE HEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
DIFFUSELY ADHERENT ESCHERICHIA COLI
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION OF ILLNESS
Chapter 247. Cholera
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 248. Campylobacter
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 249. Yersinia
249.1. Yersinia enterocolitica
249.2. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
249.3. Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Chapter 250. Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
250.1. Aeromonas
250.2. Plesiomonas shigelloides
Chapter 251. Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
251.1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
251.2. Burkholderia cepacia Complex
251.3. Stenotrophomonas
Chapter 252. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 253. Brucella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 254. Legionella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 255. Bartonella
255.1
255.1. Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella henselae)
255.2. Bartonellosis (Bartonella bacilliformis)
255.3. Trench Fever (Bartonella quintana)
255.4. Bacillary Angiomatosis and Bacillary Peliosis Hepatis (Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana)
Section 6. Anaerobic Bacterial Infections
Chapter 256. Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 257. Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 258. Clostridioides difficile Infection
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS AND RECURRENCE
PREVENTION
Chapter 259. Other Anaerobic Infections
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI
ANAEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE ORGANISMS
Section 7. Mycobacterial Infections
Chapter 260. Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy
AGENTS USED AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
AGENTS USED AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
AGENTS USED AGAINST NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
Chapter 261. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
CLINICAL STAGES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
IMMUNE-BASED TESTING (“TESTS OF TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION”)
MYCOBACTERIAL SAMPLING, SUSCEPTIBILITY, AND CULTURE
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 262. Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
MICROBIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
DISEASE CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 263. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Section 8. Spirochetal Infections
Chapter 264. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 265. Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
265.1. Yaws (Treponema pertenue)
265.2. Bejel (Endemic Syphilis; Treponema pallidum endemicum)
265.3. Pinta (Treponema carateum)
Chapter 266. Leptospira
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 267. Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 268. Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
ETIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Section 9. Mycoplasmal Infections
Chapter 269. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
THE ORGANISM
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 270. Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Section 10. Chlamydial Infections
Chapter 271. Chlamydia pneumoniae
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 272. Chlamydia trachomatis
272.1. Trachoma
272.2. Genital Tract Infections
272.3. Conjunctivitis and Pneumonia in Newborns
272.4. Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Chapter 273. Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Section 11. Rickettsial Infections
Chapter 274. Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Introduction
274.1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
274.2. Mediterranean Spotted Fever or Boutonneuse Fever (Rickettsia conorii)
274.3. Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari) and Flea-Borne Spotted Fever
Chapter 275. Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 276. Typhus Group Rickettsioses
276.1. Murine (Endemic or Flea-Borne) Typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
276.2. Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii)
Chapter 277. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 278. Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Section 12. Fungal Infections
Chapter 279. Principles of Antifungal Therapy
POLYENES
PYRIMIDINE ANALOGS
AZOLES
ECHINOCANDINS
Chapter 280. Candida
280.1. Neonatal Infections
280.2. Infections in Immunocompetent Children and Adolescents
280.3. Infections in Immunocompromised Children and Adolescents
Chapter 281. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 282. Malassezia
Chapter 283. Aspergillus
283.1. Allergic Disease (Hypersensitivity Syndromes)
283.2. Saprophytic (Noninvasive) Syndromes
283.3. Invasive Disease
Chapter 284. Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 285. Blastomycosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 286. Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 287. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 288. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 289. Mucormycosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 290. Pneumocystis jirovecii
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 291. Other Pathogenic Fungi
PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS: Cladophialophora bantiana, Bipolaris spp., AND OTHERS
HYALOHYPHOMYCOSIS: Fusarium AND Scedosporium spp. AND OTHERS
Section 13. Viral Infections
Chapter 292. Principles of Antiviral Therapy
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR HERPESVIRUSES
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR COVID-19
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR HEPATITIS
ANTIVIRAL IMMUNE GLOBULINS
Chapter 293. Measles
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
MODIFIED MEASLES INFECTION
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 294. Rubella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
VACCINATION
Chapter 295. Mumps
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 296. Polioviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 297. Nonpolio Enteroviruses
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 298. Parvoviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 299. Herpes Simplex Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 300. Varicella-Zoster Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 301. Epstein-Barr Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
ONCOGENESIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 302. Cytomegalovirus
THE VIRUS AND ITS HOST INTERACTIONS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 303. Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 304. Human Herpesvirus 8
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 305. Influenza Viruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 306. Parainfluenza Viruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 307. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 308. Human Metapneumovirus
ETIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 309. Adenoviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 310. Rhinoviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 311. Coronaviruses
ETIOLOGY
311.1. COVID-19
Chapter 312. Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 313. Human Papillomaviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 314. Arboviral Infections
ETIOLOGY
314.1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
314.2. Western Equine Encephalitis
314.3. St. Louis Encephalitis
314.4. West Nile Encephalitis
314.5. Powassan Encephalitis
314.6. La Crosse and California Encephalitis
314.7. Colorado Tick Fever
314.8. Chikungunya Fever
314.9. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
314.10. Japanese Encephalitis
314.11. Tick-Borne Encephalitis
314.12. Zika Virus
Chapter 315. Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Severe Dengue
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 316. Yellow Fever
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 317. Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 318. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 319. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 320. Rabies
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 321. Polyomaviruses
GENOMIC ORGANIZATION
PyV EPIDEMIOLOGY
BK PyV
JC PyV
Chapter 322. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
SUMMARY
Chapter 323. Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses (1 and 2)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MODES OF TRANSMISSION
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA
HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS-1–ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY
HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS-2
PREVENTION
Chapter 324. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
GENETIC COUNSELING
PROGNOSIS
FAMILY SUPPORT
PREVENTION
Section 14. Antiparasitic Therapy
Chapter 325. Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy
SELECTED ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS FOR PROTOZOANS
SELECTED ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS FOR HELMINTHS AND ECTOPARASITES
Section 15. Protozoan Diseases
Chapter 326. Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 327. Amebiasis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 328. Giardiasis and Balantidiasis
328.1. Giardia duodenalis
328.2. Balantidiasis
Chapter 329. Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
Diagnosis
CYSTOISOSPORA
CYCLOSPORA
MICROSPORIDIA
Chapter 330. Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 331. Leishmaniasis (Leishmania)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 332. African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma brucei Complex)
ETIOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 333. American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma cruzi)
ETIOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 334. Malaria (Plasmodium)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA
TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALARIA
FOLLOW-UP ORAL ANTIMALARIAL THERAPY FOR SEVERE MALARIA
PREVENTION
Chapter 335. Babesiosis (Babesia)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 336. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
SYSTEMIC SIGNS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Acknowledgment
Section 16. Helminthic Diseases
Chapter 337. Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 338. Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp.)
ETIOLOGY
338.1. Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Chapter 339. Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 340. Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 341. Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 342. Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 343. Other Tissue Nematodes
ONCHOCERCIASIS (ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS)
LOIASIS (LOA LOA)
INFECTION WITH ANIMAL FILARIAE
ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS
ANGIOSTRONGYLUS COSTARICENSIS
DRACUNCULIASIS (DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS)
GNATHOSTOMA SPINIGERUM
Chapter 344. Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 345. Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 346. Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 347. Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)
LIVER FLUKES
LUNG FLUKES
INTESTINAL FLUKES
Chapter 348. Adult Tapeworm Infections
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS (DIBOTHRIOCEPHALUS SPP.)
HYMENOLEPIASIS (HYMENOLEPIS)
DIPYLIDIASIS (DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM)
Chapter 349. Cysticercosis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 350. Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Volume 2
The Digestive System
Section 1. Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disease
Chapter 351. Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena
Chapter 352. Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders
DYSPHAGIA
REGURGITATION
NAUSEA
VOMITING
DIARRHEA
CONSTIPATION
ANOREXIA
ABDOMINAL PAIN
GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
ABDOMINAL DISTENTION AND ABDOMINAL MASSES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Section 2. The Oral Cavity
Chapter 353. Development and Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
Chapter 354. Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated with Other Conditions
Chapter 355. Malocclusion
VARIATIONS IN GROWTH PATTERNS
CROSSBITE
OPEN AND CLOSED BITES
DENTAL CROWDING
DIGIT SUCKING
Chapter 356. Cleft Lip and Palate
INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
SEQUELAE
VELOPHARYNGEAL DYSFUNCTION
Chapter 357. Syndromes with Oral Manifestations
Chapter 358. Dental Caries
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 359. Periodontal Diseases
GINGIVITIS
AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS IN CHILDREN (PREPUBERTAL PERIODONTITIS)
AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS IN ADOLESCENTS
CYCLOSPORINE- OR PHENYTOIN-INDUCED GINGIVAL OVERGROWTH
ACUTE PERICORONITIS
NECROTIZING PERIODONTAL DISEASE (ACUTE NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS)
Chapter 360. Dental Trauma
INJURIES TO TEETH
INJURIES TO PERIODONTAL STRUCTURES
PREVENTION
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 361. Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues
OROPHARYNGEAL CANDIDIASIS
APHTHOUS ULCERS
HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS
RECURRENT HERPES LABIALIS
PARULIS
CHEILITIS
ANKYLOGLOSSIA
GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE
FISSURED TONGUE
DEVELOPMENTAL (NORMAL) VARIATIONS
Chapter 362. Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws
PAROTITIS
RANULA
MUCOCELE
CONGENITAL LIP PITS
ERUPTION CYST
XEROSTOMIA
SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS
TUMORS OF THE JAW
Chapter 363. Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment
Section 3. The Esophagus
Chapter 364. Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus
EMBRYOLOGY
364.1. Common Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Aids
Chapter 365. Congenital Anomalies
365.1. Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
365.2. Laryngotracheoesophageal Clefts
365.3. Congenital Esophageal Stenosis
Chapter 366. Obstructing Disorders of the Esophagus
EXTRINSIC
INTRINSIC
Chapter 367. Dysmotility
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL AND UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER DYSMOTILITY (STRIATED MUSCLE)
LOWER ESOPHAGEAL AND LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER DYSFUNCTION (SMOOTH MUSCLE)
Chapter 368. Hiatal Hernia
Chapter 369. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
369.1. Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Chapter 370. Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, and Infective Esophagitis
EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS
INFECTIVE ESOPHAGITIS
PILL ESOPHAGITIS
Chapter 371. Esophageal Perforation
Chapter 372. Esophageal Varices
Chapter 373. Ingestions
373.1. Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus
373.2. Caustic Ingestions
Section 4. Stomach and Intestines
Chapter 374. Normal Development, Structure, and Function of the Stomach and Intestines
DEVELOPMENT
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
THE GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOTA
Chapter 375. Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach
375.1. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
375.2. Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction
375.3. Gastric Duplication
375.4. Gastric Volvulus
375.5. Hypertrophic Gastropathy
Chapter 376. Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation
376.1. Duodenal Obstruction
376.2. Jejunal and Ileal Atresia and Obstruction
376.3. Malrotation
Chapter 377. Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct
377.1. Intestinal Duplication
377.2. Meckel Diverticulum and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct
Chapter 378. Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease
378.1. Chronic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction
378.2. Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy
378.3. Encopresis and Functional Constipation
378.4. Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease)
378.5. Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia
378.6. Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie Syndrome, Cast Syndrome, Arteriomesenteric Duodenal Compression Syndrome)
Chapter 379. Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions
379.1. Ileus
379.2. Adhesions
379.3. Intussusception
379.4. Closed-Loop Obstructions
Chapter 380. Foreign Bodies and Bezoars
380.1. Foreign Bodies in the Stomach and Intestine
380.2. Bezoars
Chapter 381. Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children
PATHOGENESIS
381.1. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Chapter 382. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
382.1. Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
382.2. Crohn Disease (Regional Enteritis, Regional Ileitis, Granulomatous Colitis)
382.3. Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chapter 383. Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Chapter 384. Celiac Disease
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
GENETICS AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
THE SPECTRUM OF GLUTEN-RELATED DISORDERS
Chapter 385. Disorders of Malabsorption
CLINICAL APPROACH
385.1. Evaluation of Children with Suspected Intestinal Malabsorption
385.2. Other Malabsorptive Syndromes
385.3. Intestinal Infections and Infestations Associated with Malabsorption
385.4. Immunodeficiency Disorders
385.5. Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease
385.6. Short Bowel Syndrome
385.7. Chronic Malnutrition
385.8. Enzyme Deficiencies
385.9. Liver and Biliary Disorders Causing Malabsorption
385.10. Rare Inborn Defects Causing Malabsorption
Chapter 386. Intestinal Transplantation in Children with Intestinal Failure
INDICATIONS FOR INTESTINAL TRANSPLANT
TRANSPLANTATION OPERATION
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
Chapter 387. Acute Gastroenteritis in Children
BURDEN OF CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA
387.1. Traveler’s Diarrhea
Chapter 388. Chronic Diarrhea
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
388.1. Diarrhea from Neuroendocrine Tumors
Chapter 389. Disorders of Brain-Gut Interaction (Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders)
DISORDERS OF BRAIN-GUT INTERACTION IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS
DISORDERS OF BRAIN-GUT INTERACTION IN OLDER CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
DEFECATION DISORDERS
Chapter 390. Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Chapter 391. Acute Appendicitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
APPENDICITIS RISK SCORING SYSTEMS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
IMAGING STUDIES
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ANTIBIOTICS
SURGICAL INTERVENTION
PERFORATED APPENDICITIS
NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED APPENDICITIS
RECURRENT APPENDICITIS
INTERVAL APPENDECTOMY
INCIDENTAL APPENDICOLITHS
Chapter 392. Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum
392.1. Anorectal Malformations
392.2. Anal Fissure
392.3. Perianal Abscess and Fistula
392.4. Hemorrhoids
392.5. Rectal Mucosal Prolapse
Chapter 393. Tumors of the Digestive Tract
HAMARTOMATOUS TUMORS
ADENOMATOUS TUMORS
OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL TUMORS
Chapter 394. Inguinal Hernias
EMBRYOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
EVALUATION OF ACUTE INGUINAL-SCROTAL SWELLING
DIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA
FEMORAL HERNIA
COMPLICATIONS
Section 5. Exocrine Pancreas
Chapter 395. Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Pancreas
Introduction
395.1. Pancreatic Anatomic Abnormalities
395.2. Pancreatic Physiology
Chapter 396. Pancreatic Function Tests
DIRECT TESTS
Chapter 397. Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
SHWACHMAN-DIAMOND SYNDROME
PEARSON SYNDROME
JOHANSON-BLIZZARD SYNDROME
ISOLATED ENZYME DEFICIENCIES
OTHER SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY
Chapter 398. Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency
Chapter 399. Pancreatitis
399.1Acute Pancreatitis
399.2Acute Recurrent and Chronic Pancreatitis
Chapter 400. Pancreatic Fluid Collections
TREATMENT OF FLUID COLLECTIONS AND NECROSIS
Chapter 401. Pancreatic Tumors
Section 6. The Liver and Biliary System
Chapter 402. Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System
HEPATIC ARCHITECTURE
METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
Chapter 403. Manifestations of Liver Disease
PATHOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS
403.1. Evaluation of Patients with Possible Liver Dysfunction
Chapter 404. Cholestasis
404.1. Neonatal Cholestasis
404.2. Cholestasis in the Older Child
Chapter 405. Metabolic Diseases of the Liver
INTRODUCTION
405.1. Inherited Deficient Conjugation of Bilirubin (Familial Nonhemolytic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia)
405.2. Wilson Disease
405.3. Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
405.4. Neonatal Hemochromatosis
405.5. Miscellaneous Metabolic Diseases of the Liver
Chapter 406. Viral Hepatitis
ISSUES COMMON TO ALL FORMS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
HEPATITIS A
HEPATITIS B
HEPATITIS C
HEPATITIS D
HEPATITIS E
APPROACH TO ACUTE OR CHRONIC HEPATITIS
Chapter 407. Liver Abscess
Chapter 408. Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
408.1. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Chapter 409. Mitochondrial Hepatopathies
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
PRIMARY MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
TREATMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES
Chapter 410. Autoimmune Hepatitis
ETIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 411. Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 412. Acute Hepatic Failure
ETIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 413. Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver
CHOLEDOCHAL MALFORMATIONS
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASE
Chapter 414. Diseases of the Gallbladder
ANOMALIES
ACUTE HYDROPS
CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLELITHIASIS
BILIARY DYSKINESIA
Chapter 415. Portal Hypertension and Varices
ETIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 416. Liver Transplantation
INDICATIONS
TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
COMPLICATIONS
OUTCOMES
Section 7. Peritoneum
Chapter 417. Peritoneal Malformations
Chapter 418. Ascites
418.1. Chylous Ascites
Chapter 419. Peritonitis
419.1. Acute Primary Peritonitis
419.2. Acute Secondary Peritonitis
419.3. Acute Secondary Localized Peritonitis (Peritoneal Abscess)
Chapter 420. Epigastric Hernia
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
420.1. Incisional Hernia
The Respiratory System
Section 1. Development and Function
Chapter 421. Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
TRANSILLUMINATION OF THE CHEST
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING
MICROBIOLOGY: EXAMINATION OF LUNG SECRETIONS
THE MICROBIOME
AIRWAY VISUALIZATION AND LUNG SPECIMEN–BASED DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Chapter 422. Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms
JUDGING THE SERIOUSNESS OF CHRONIC RESPIRATORY COMPLAINTS
422.1Extrapulmonary Diseases with Pulmonary Manifestations
Chapter 423. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
EPIDEMIOLOGY
423.1Sudden Unexpected Postnatal Collapse/Sudden Unexpected Early Neonatal Death
Chapter 424. Brief Resolved Unexplained Events and Other Acute Events in Infants
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
INITIAL HISTORY
Section 2. Disorders of the Respiratory Tract
Chapter 425. Congenital Disorders of the Nose
NORMAL NEWBORN NOSE
PHYSIOLOGY
CONGENITAL DISORDERS
CHOANAL ATRESIA
CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE NASAL SEPTUM
PYRIFORM APERTURE STENOSIS
CONGENITAL MIDLINE NASAL MASSES
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Chapter 426. Acquired Disorders of the Nose
426.1. Nasal Foreign Bodies
426.2. Epistaxis
Chapter 427. Nasal Polyps
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 428. The Common Cold
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 429. Sinusitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 430. Acute Pharyngitis
INFECTIOUS ETIOLOGIES
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CHRONIC GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS CARRIERS
RECURRENT PHARYNGITIS
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 431. Tonsils and Adenoids
NORMAL FUNCTION
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
CHRONIC AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Chapter 432. Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess
RETROPHARYNGEAL AND LATERAL PHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
PERITONSILLAR CELLULITIS AND/OR ABSCESS
Chapter 433. Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial Tracheitis)
433.1. Infectious Upper Airway Obstruction
433.2. Bacterial Tracheitis
Chapter 434. Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
Introduction
434.1. Laryngomalacia
434.2. Congenital Subglottic Stenosis
434.3. Vocal Cord Paralysis
434.4. Congenital Laryngeal Webs and Atresia
434.5. Congenital Subglottic Hemangioma
434.6. Laryngoceles and Saccular Cysts
434.7. Posterior Laryngeal Cleft and Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft
434.8. Vascular and Cardiac Anomalies
434.9. Tracheal Stenoses, Webs, and Atresia
434.10. Foregut Cysts
434.11. Tracheomalacia and Bronchomalacia
Chapter 435. Foreign Bodies in the Airway
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
435.1. Laryngeal Foreign Bodies
435.2. Tracheal Foreign Bodies
435.3. Bronchial Foreign Bodies
Chapter 436. Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis
436.1. Congenital Subglottic Stenosis
436.2. Acquired Laryngotracheal Stenosis
Chapter 437. Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 438. Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi
438.1. Vocal Nodules
438.2. Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
438.3. Congenital Subglottic Hemangioma
438.4. Vascular Malformations
438.5. Other Laryngeal Neoplasms
438.6. Tracheal Neoplasms
438.7. Bronchial Tumors
Chapter 439. Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis
439.1. Wheezing in Infants: Bronchiolitis
439.2. Bronchitis
Chapter 440. Plastic Bronchitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 441. Emphysema and Overinflation
LOCALIZED OBSTRUCTIVE OVERINFLATION
GENERALIZED OBSTRUCTIVE OVERINFLATION
Chapter 442. α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
Chapter 443. Other Distal Airway Diseases
443.1. Bronchiolitis Obliterans
443.2. Follicular Bronchitis
443.3. Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis
Chapter 444. Congenital Disorders of the Lung
444.1. Pulmonary Agenesis and Aplasia
444.2. Pulmonary Hypoplasia
444.3. Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation)
444.4. Pulmonary Sequestration
444.5. Bronchogenic Cysts
444.6. Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia
444.7. Lung Hernia
444.8. Other Congenital Malformations of the Lung
Chapter 445. Pulmonary Edema
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
Chapter 446. Acute Aspiration
ASPIRATION SYNDROMES
GASTRIC CONTENTS
HYDROCARBON ASPIRATION
ASPIRATION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 447. Chronic Recurrent Aspiration
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 448. Immune and Inflammatory Lung Disease
448.1. Hypersensitivity Pneumonia
448.2. Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease
448.3. Granulomatous Lung Disease
448.4. Eosinophilic Lung Disease
448.5. Interstitial Lung Disease
448.6. Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy
448.7. Fibrotic Lung Disease
Chapter 449. Community-Acquired Pneumonia
ETIOLOGY
449.1. COVID-19
Chapter 450. E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use–Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 451. Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, and Empyema
451.1. Dry Pleurisy
451.2. Serofibrinous or Serosanguineous Pleurisy with Pleural Effusion
451.3. Empyema
Chapter 452. Bronchiectasis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 453. Pulmonary Abscess
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 454. Cystic Fibrosis
GENETICS
PATHOGENESIS
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT
DIAGNOSIS OF CF VIA NEWBORN SCREENING
DIAGNOSIS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS OUTSIDE OF NEWBORN SCREENING
OTHER LABORATORY TESTING OF IMPORTANCE IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
MANIFESTATIONS OF REDUCED CFTR FUNCTION THAT DO NOT MEET CRITERIA FOR CF
TREATMENT
TREATMENT OF PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT OF INTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS
OTHER COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 455. Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome)
NORMAL CILIARY ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
GENETICS OF PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA
DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 456. Diffuse Lung Diseases in Childhood
456.1. Inherited Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism
456.2. Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Chapter 457. Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 458. Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage
458.1. Pulmonary Embolus and Infarction
458.2. Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Hemoptysis
Chapter 459. Atelectasis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 460. Pulmonary Tumors
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND EVALUATION
Chapter 461. Pneumothorax
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 462. Pneumomediastinum
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
Chapter 463. Hydrothorax
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
Chapter 464. Hemothorax
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 465. Chylothorax
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS AND IMAGING
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
Chapter 466. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 467. Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function
467.1. Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest)
467.2. Pectus Carinatum and Sternal Clefts
467.3. Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy (Thoracic-Pelvic-Phalangeal Dystrophy)
467.4. Achondroplasia
467.5. Kyphoscoliosis: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Congenital Scoliosis
467.6. Congenital Rib Anomalies
Chapter 468. Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency
468.1. Chronic Respiratory Failure and Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation
468.2. Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
468.3. Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation
468.4. Long-Term Ventilation and Technology Support: Indications, Principles, Decision-Making, Pragmatics, and Home Provision
The Cardiovascular System
Section 1. Developmental Biology of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 469. Cardiac Development
INTRODUCTION
469.1. Early Cardiac Morphogenesis
469.2. Cardiac Looping
469.3. Cardiac Septation
469.4. Aortic Arch Development
469.5. Cardiac Differentiation
469.6. Developmental Changes in Cardiac Function
Chapter 470. The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition
470.1. The Fetal Circulation
470.2. The Transitional Circulation
470.3. The Neonatal Circulation
470.4. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Neonate (Persistence of Fetal Circulatory Pathways)
Section 2. Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System and the Child With a Heart Murmur
Chapter 471. History and Physical Examination in Cardiac Evaluation
HISTORY
GENERAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
CARDIAC EXAMINATION
Chapter 472. Laboratory Cardiac Evaluation
472.1. Radiologic Cardiac Assessment
472.2. Electrocardiography
472.3. Hematologic Data in Cardiovascular Evaluation
472.4. Echocardiography
472.5. Exercise Testing
472.6. Cardiac Imaging Studies
472.7. Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization
Section 3. Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 473. Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease
ETIOLOGY
GENETIC COUNSELING
Chapter 474. Evaluation and Screening of the Infant or Child with Congenital Heart Disease
ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS
CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS
Chapter 475. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions
475.1. Atrial Septal Defect
475.2. Ostium Secundum Defect
475.3. Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect
475.4. Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
475.5. Atrioventricular Septal Defects (Ostium Primum and Atrioventricular Canal or Endocardial Cushion Defects)
475.6. Ventricular Septal Defect
475.7. Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect with Aortic Insufficiency
475.8. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
475.9. Aortopulmonary Window Defect
475.10. Coronary Artery Fistula
475.11. Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
Chapter 476. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Obstructive Lesions
476.1. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum
476.2. Infundibular Pulmonary Stenosis and Double-Chamber Right Ventricle
476.3. Pulmonary Stenosis in Combination with an Intracardiac Shunt
476.4. Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis
476.5. Aortic Stenosis
476.6. Coarctation of the Aorta
476.7. Coarctation with Ventricular Septal Defect
476.8. Coarctation with Other Cardiac Anomalies and Interrupted Aortic Arch
476.9. Congenital Mitral Stenosis
476.10. Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
Chapter 477. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Regurgitant Lesions
477.1. Pulmonary Valvular Insufficiency and Congenital Absence of the Pulmonary Valve
477.2. Congenital Mitral Insufficiency
477.3. Mitral Valve Prolapse
477.4. Tricuspid Regurgitation
Chapter 478. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of the Critically Ill Neonate with Cyanosis and Respiratory Distress
CARDIAC DISEASE LEADING TO CYANOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Chapter 479. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
479.1. Tetralogy of Fallot
479.2. Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia
479.3. Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum
479.4. Tricuspid Atresia
479.5. Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
479.6. Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect and Pulmonary Stenosis
479.7. Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve
Chapter 480. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
480.1. d-Transposition of the Great Arteries
480.2. d-Transposition of the Great Arteries with Intact Ventricular Septum
480.3. Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect
480.4. l-Transposition of the Great Arteries (Corrected Transposition)
480.5. Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Without Pulmonary Stenosis
480.6. Double-Outlet Right Ventricle with Malposition of the Great Arteries (Taussig-Bing Anomaly)
480.7. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
480.8. Truncus Arteriosus
480.9. Single Ventricle (Double-Inlet Ventricle, Univentricular Heart)
480.10. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
480.11. Abnormal Positions of the Heart and the Heterotaxy Syndromes (Asplenia, Polysplenia)
Chapter 481. Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations
481.1. Anomalies of the Aortic Arch
481.2. Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries
481.3. Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula
481.4. Ectopia Cordis
481.5. Diverticulum of the Left Ventricle
Chapter 482. Pulmonary Hypertension
482.1. Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
482.2. Pulmonary Vascular Disease (Eisenmenger Syndrome)
Chapter 483. General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
483.1. Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
Section 4. Cardiac Arrhythmias
Chapter 484. Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart
484.1. Principles of Antiarrhythmic Therapy
484.2. Sinus Arrhythmias and Extrasystoles
484.3. Supraventricular Tachycardia
484.4. Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
484.5. Long QT Syndromes
484.6. Sinus Node Dysfunction
484.7. Atrioventricular Block
Chapter 485. Sudden Death
MECHANISM OF SUDDEN DEATH
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
CARDIOMYOPATHY
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES
EVALUATION AND THERAPY FOR RESUSCITATED PATIENTS
MEDICATION FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
PREVENTION OF SUDDEN DEATH
Section 5. Acquired Heart Disease
Chapter 486. Infective Endocarditis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS AND COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 487. Rheumatic Heart Disease
PATTERNS OF VALVULAR DISEASE
Section 6. Diseases of the Myocardium and Pericardium
Chapter 488. Diseases of the Myocardium
488.1. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
488.2. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
488.3. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
488.4. Left Ventricular Noncompaction, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, Endocardial Fibroelastosis, and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
488.5. Myocarditis
Chapter 489. Diseases of the Pericardium
489.1. Acute Pericarditis
489.2. Constrictive Pericarditis
Chapter 490. Tumors of the Heart
Section 7. Cardiac Therapeutics
Chapter 491. Heart Failure
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC APPROACHES TO HEART FAILURE MANAGEMENT
491.1. Cardiogenic Shock
Chapter 492. Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation
492.1. Pediatric Heart Transplantation
492.2. Heart-Lung and Lung Transplantation
Section 8. Diseases of the Peripheral Vascular System
Chapter 493. Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas)
493.1. Aneurysms
493.2. Arteriovenous Fistulas
493.3. Generalized Arterial Calcification of Infancy (Idiopathic Infantile Arterial Calcification)
493.4. Arterial Tortuosity
Chapter 494. Systemic Hypertension
PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN
DEFINITION OF HYPERTENSION
BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN CHILDREN
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
Diseases of the Blood
Section 1. The Hematopoietic System
Chapter 495. Development of the Hematopoietic System
HEMATOPOIESIS IN THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND FETUS
FETAL GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
FETAL THROMBOPOIESIS
FETAL ERYTHROPOIESIS
RED CELL LIFE SPAN IN THE FETUS AND NEONATE
Chapter 496. Anemias
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
LABORATORY STUDIES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Section 2. Anemias of Inadequate Production
Chapter 497. Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 498. Pearson Syndrome
Chapter 499. Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia
TRANSIENT ERYTHROBLASTOPENIA OF CHILDHOOD
RED CELL APLASIA ASSOCIATED WITH PARVOVIRUS B19 INFECTION
OTHER RED CELL APLASIAS IN CHILDREN
Chapter 500. Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Disease
500.1. Anemia of Chronic Disease
500.2. Anemia of Renal Disease
Chapter 501. Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias
CONGENITAL DYSERYTHROPOIETIC ANEMIA TYPE I
CONGENITAL DYSERYTHROPOIETIC ANEMIA TYPE II
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR–RELATED CDA
Chapter 502. Physiologic Anemia of Infancy
TREATMENT
Chapter 503. Megaloblastic Anemias
503.1. Folic Acid Deficiency
503.2. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
503.3. Other Rare Megaloblastic Anemias
Chapter 504. Iron-Deficiency Anemia
ETIOLOGY
504.1. Iron-Refractory Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Chapter 505. Other Microcytic Anemias
INFANTILE POIKILOCYTOSIS AND HEREDITARY PYROPOIKILOCYTOSIS
COPPER DEFICIENCY
DEFECTS OF IRON METABOLISM
Section 3. Hemolytic Anemias
Chapter 506. Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias
Chapter 507. Hereditary Spherocytosis
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 508. Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis, and Related Disorders
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
Chapter 509. Hereditary Stomatocytosis Syndromes
HEREDITARY XEROCYTOSIS
HEREDITARY HYDROCYTOSIS
INTERMEDIATE SYNDROMES AND OTHER VARIANTS
OTHER DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH STOMATOCYTOSIS
Chapter 510. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Acanthocytosis
PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
ACANTHOCYTOSIS
Chapter 511. Hemoglobinopathies
HEMOGLOBIN DISORDERS
511.1. Sickle Cell Disease
511.2. Sickle Cell Trait (Hemoglobin AS)
511.3. Other Hemoglobinopathies
511.4. Unstable Hemoglobin Disorders
511.5. Abnormal Hemoglobins with Increased Oxygen Affinity
511.6. Abnormal Hemoglobins Causing Cyanosis
511.7. Hereditary Methemoglobinemia
511.8. Hereditary Methemoglobinemia with Deficiency of NADH Cytochrome b5 Reductase
511.9. Syndromes of Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin
511.10. Thalassemia Syndromes
Chapter 512. Enzymatic Defects
512.1. Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
512.2. Other Glycolytic Enzyme Deficiencies
512.3. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Related Deficiencies
Chapter 513. Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular Factors—Immune Hemolytic Anemias
IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS
AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS ASSOCIATED WITH “WARM” ANTIBODIES
AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS ASSOCIATED WITH “COLD” ANTIBODIES OR COLD AGGLUTININ DISEASE
Chapter 514. Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular Factors
FRAGMENTATION HEMOLYSIS
THERMAL INJURY
RENAL DISEASE
LIVER DISEASE
TOXINS AND VENOMS
WILSON DISEASE
Section 4. Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)
Chapter 515. Polycythemia
CLONAL POLYCYTHEMIA (POLYCYTHEMIA VERA)
Chapter 516. Nonclonal Polycythemia
PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Section 5. The Pancytopenias
Chapter 517. Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes with Pancytopenia
FANCONI ANEMIA
SHWACHMAN-DIAMOND SYNDROME
DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA
CONGENITAL AMEGAKARYOCYTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA
GATA2-RELATED DISORDERS
SAMD9/9L-RELATED DISORDER
OTHER INHERITED APLASTIC ANEMIAS
UNCLASSIFIED INHERITED BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROMES
Chapter 518. Acquired Pancytopenias
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, LABORATORY FINDINGS, AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PANCYTOPENIA CAUSED BY MARROW REPLACEMENT
Section 6. Blood Component Transfusions
Chapter 519. Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin Therapy
RBC TRANSFUSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
RBC TRANSFUSION IN PRETERM INFANTS AND NEONATES
RBC PRODUCT AND DOSE
STORAGE AGE OF RBC UNITS
Chapter 520. Platelet Transfusions
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
INFANTS AND NEONATES
PLATELET PRODUCTS AND DOSING
Chapter 521. Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions
GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSIONS FOR CHILDREN
GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSION FOR NEONATES
GRANULOCYTE PRODUCT
Chapter 522. Plasma Transfusions
PLASMA PRODUCTS AND PATIENT TESTING
PLASMA TRANSFUSION IN CHILDREN
PLASMA TRANSFUSION IN NEONATES
Chapter 523. Risks of Blood Transfusions
INFECTIOUS RISKS OF TRANSFUSION
NONINFECTIOUS RISKS OF TRANSFUSION
Section 7. Hemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases
Chapter 524. Hemostasis
THE HEMOSTATIC PROCESS
PATHOLOGY
524.1. Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostasis
Chapter 525. Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders)
525.1. Factor VIII or Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia A or B)
525.2. Factor XI Deficiency
525.3. Deficiencies of the Contact Factors (Nonbleeding Disorders)
525.4. Factor VII Deficiency
525.5. Factor X Deficiency
525.6. Prothrombin (Factor II) Deficiency
525.7. Factor V Deficiency
525.8. Combined Deficiency of Factors V and VIII
525.9. Congenital Fibrinogen Disorders
525.10. Factor XIII Deficiency (Fibrin-Stabilizing Factor or Transglutaminase Deficiency)
525.11. Antiplasmin or Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Deficiency
Chapter 526. Von Willebrand Disease
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 527. Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis
Chapter 528. Thrombotic Disorders in Children
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY TESTING
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
528.1. Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Therapy
Chapter 529. Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency
Chapter 530. Coagulopathy in Liver Disease
Chapter 531. Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
Chapter 532. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
ETIOLOGY
LABORATORY FINDINGS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 533. Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders
MEGAKARYOPOIESIS
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
533.1. Immune Thrombocytopenia
533.2. Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia
533.3. Nonimmune Platelet Destruction
533.4. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
533.5. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
533.6. Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome
533.7. Sequestration
533.8. Congenital Thrombocytopenic Syndromes
533.9. Neonatal Thrombocytopenia
533.10. Thrombocytopenia From Acquired Disorders Causing Decreased Production
533.11. Platelet Function Disorders
533.12. Acquired Disorders of Platelet Function
533.13. Congenital Abnormalities of Platelet Function
533.14. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Section 8. The Spleen
Chapter 534. Anatomy and Function of the Spleen
ANATOMY
FUNCTION
Chapter 535. Splenomegaly
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Chapter 536. Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy
HYPOSPLENISM
SPLENIC TRAUMA
SPLENECTOMY
Section 9. The Lymphatic System
Chapter 537. Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System
Chapter 538. Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels
LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS
LYMPHEDEMA
LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS
LYMPHANGITIS
Chapter 539. Lymphadenopathy
DIAGNOSIS
539.1. Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease (Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis)
539.2. Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman Disease)
539.3. Castleman Disease (Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia)
Part XX. Cancer and Benign Tumors
Chapter 540. Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer
INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
Chapter 541. Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer
GENES INVOLVED IN ONCOGENESIS
SYNDROMES PREDISPOSING TO CANCER
OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ONCOGENESIS
Chapter 542. Principles of Cancer Diagnosis
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
AGE-RELATED MANIFESTATIONS
EARLY DETECTION
ENSURING THE DIAGNOSIS
STAGING
Chapter 543. Principles of Cancer Treatment
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
A MULTIMODAL, MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
DISCUSSING THE TREATMENT PLAN WITH THE PATIENT AND FAMILY
TREATMENTS
ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS AND SUPPORTIVE CARE
LATE EFFECTS
PALLIATIVE CARE
Chapter 544. The Leukemias
INTRODUCTION
544.1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
544.2. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
544.3. Down Syndrome and Acute Leukemia and Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis
544.4. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
544.5. Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia
544.6. Infant Leukemia
Chapter 545. Lymphoma
INTRODUCTION
545.1. Hodgkin Lymphoma
545.2. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
545.3. Late Effects in Children and Adolescents with Lymphoma
Chapter 546. Central Nervous System Tumors in Childhood
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
SPECIFIC TUMORS
COMPLICATIONS AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT
Chapter 547. Neuroblastoma
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 548. Neoplasms of the Kidney
548.1. Wilms Tumor
548.2. Other Pediatric Renal Tumors
Chapter 549. Soft Tissue Sarcomas
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
OTHER SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS
Chapter 550. Neoplasms of Bone
550.1. Malignant Tumors of Bone
550.2. Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Processes of Bone
Chapter 551. Retinoblastoma
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
SCREENING
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 552. Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 553. Neoplasms of the Liver
HEPATOBLASTOMA
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Chapter 554. Complex Vascular Anomalies
GENETIC BASIS FOR VASCULAR ANOMALIES
COMPLEX LYMPHATIC ANOMALIES
COMPLEX VENOUS ANOMALIES
SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR ANOMALIES
CLOVES
AKT-RELATED OVERGROWTH SPECTRUM
KAPOSIFORM HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA
OTHER RARE VASCULAR TUMORS
LOCALLY AGGRESSIVE RARE VASCULAR TUMORS
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Chapter 555. Rare Tumors
555.1. Thyroid Tumors
555.2. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
555.3. Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum
555.4. Adrenal Tumors
555.5. Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Chapter 556. Histiocytosis Syndromes of Childhood
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND PATHOLOGY
556.1. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
556.2. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
556.3. Other Histiocytoses
Nephrology
Section 1. Glomerular Disease
Chapter 557. Introduction to Glomerular Diseases
557.1. Anatomy of the Glomerulus
557.2. Glomerular Filtration
557.3. Glomerular Diseases
Section 2. Conditions Particularly Associated With Hematuria
Chapter 558. Clinical Evaluation of the Child with Hematuria
Chapter 559. Isolated Glomerular Diseases Associated with Recurrent Gross Hematuria
Introduction
559.1. Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (Berger Nephropathy)
559.2. Alport Syndrome
559.3. Thin Basement Membrane Disease
559.4. Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
559.5. Membranous Nephropathy
559.6. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
559.7. Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis
Chapter 560. Multisystem Disease Associated with Hematuria
560.1. Chronic Infections
560.2. Glomerulonephritis Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
560.3. IgA Vasculitis Nephritis
560.4. Goodpasture Disease
560.5. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
560.6. Toxic Nephropathy
560.7. Cortical Necrosis
560.8. Coagulopathies and Thrombocytopenia
Chapter 561. Tubulointerstitial Disease Associated with Hematuria
561.1. Pyelonephritis
561.2. Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
561.3. Papillary Necrosis
561.4. Acute Tubular Necrosis
Chapter 562. Vascular Diseases Associated with Hematuria
562.1. Vascular Abnormalities
562.2. Renal Vein Thrombosis
562.3. Sickle Cell Nephropathy
562.4. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
562.5. Nephrocalcinosis
Chapter 563. Anatomic Abnormalities Associated with Hematuria
563.1. Congenital Anomalies
563.2. Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
563.3. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
563.4. Trauma
563.5. Renal Tumors
Chapter 564. Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria
564.1. Infectious Causes of Cystitis and Urethritis
564.2. Hemorrhagic Cystitis
564.3. Vigorous Exercise
Section 3. Conditions Particularly Associated With Proteinuria
Chapter 565. Clinical Evaluation of the Child with Proteinuria
NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PROTEINURIA
MEASUREMENT OF URINE PROTEIN
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 566. Conditions Associated with Proteinuria
566.1. Transient Proteinuria
566.2. Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria
566.3. Fixed Proteinuria
Chapter 567. Nephrotic Syndrome
ETIOLOGY
567.1. Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
567.2. Secondary Nephrotic Syndrome
567.3. Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
Section 4. Tubular Disorders
Chapter 568. Tubular Function
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
MAGNESIUM
ACIDIFICATION AND CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS
DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 569. Renal Tubular Acidosis
NORMAL URINARY ACIDIFICATION
569.1. Proximal (Type II) Renal Tubular Acidosis
569.2. Distal (Type I) Renal Tubular Acidosis
569.3. Hyperkalemic (Type IV) Renal Tubular Acidosis
569.4. Rickets Associated with Renal Tubular Acidosis
Chapter 570. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 571. Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities
571.1. Bartter Syndrome
571.2. Gitelman Syndrome
571.3. Other Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities
Chapter 572. Renal Failure
572.1. Acute Kidney Injury
572.2. Chronic Kidney Disease
572.3. End-Stage Kidney Disease
Chapter 573. Renal Transplantation
INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY OF ESKD
INDICATIONS FOR RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF KIDNEY DONORS AND RECIPIENTS
EVALUATION AND PREPARING FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
FLUID MANAGEMENT IN INFANTS AND SMALL CHILDREN AFTER KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
REJECTION OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
GRAFT SURVIVAL OF KIDNEYS
COMPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
Part XXII. Urologic Disorders in Infants and Children
Chapter 574. Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys
EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
RENAL AGENESIS
RENAL DYSGENESIS: DYSPLASIA, HYPOPLASIA, AND CYSTIC ANOMALIES
RENAL CYSTS IN CHILDREN
ANOMALIES IN SHAPE AND POSITION
ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL FINDINGS
Chapter 575. Urinary Tract Infections
PREVALENCE AND ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND CLASSIFICATION
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
IMAGING FINDINGS
TREATMENT
IMAGING STUDIES IN CHILDREN WITH A FEBRILE UTI
PREVENTION OF RECURRENCES
Chapter 576. Vesicoureteral Reflux
CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
NATURAL HISTORY
TREATMENT
CURRENT VESICOURETERAL REFLUX GUIDELINES
Chapter 577. Obstruction of the Urinary Tract
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PHYSICAL FINDINGS
IMAGING STUDIES
SPECIFIC TYPES OF URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION AND THEIR TREATMENT
Chapter 578. Anomalies of the Bladder
BLADDER EXSTROPHY
OTHER EXSTROPHY ANOMALIES
BLADDER DIVERTICULA
URACHAL ANOMALIES
Chapter 579. Neuropathic Bladder
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
Chapter 580. Enuresis and Voiding Dysfunction
NORMAL VOIDING AND TOILET TRAINING
DIURNAL INCONTINENCE
OVERACTIVE BLADDER (DIURNAL URGE SYNDROME)
NONNEUROGENIC NEUROGENIC BLADDER (HINMAN SYNDROME)
INFREQUENT VOIDING (UNDERACTIVE BLADDER)
VAGINAL VOIDING
OTHER CAUSES OF INCONTINENCE IN FEMALES
VOIDING DISORDERS WITHOUT INCONTINENCE
NOCTURNAL ENURESIS
Chapter 581. Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra
HYPOSPADIAS
CHORDEE WITHOUT HYPOSPADIAS
PHIMOSIS AND PARAPHIMOSIS
CIRCUMCISION
PENILE TORSION
INCONSPICUOUS PENIS
MICROPENIS
PRIAPISM
OTHER PENILE ANOMALIES
MEATAL STENOSIS
OTHER MALE URETHRAL ANOMALIES
URETHRAL PROLAPSE (FEMALE)
OTHER FEMALE URETHRAL LESIONS
Chapter 582. Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents
UNDESCENDED TESTIS (CRYPTORCHIDISM)
SCROTAL SWELLING
TESTICULAR (SPERMATIC CORD) TORSION
TORSION OF THE APPENDIX TESTIS/EPIDIDYMIS
EPIDIDYMITIS
VARICOCELE
SPERMATOCELE
HYDROCELE
INGUINAL HERNIA
TESTICULAR MICROLITHIASIS
TESTICULAR TUMOR
Chapter 583. Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 584. Urinary Lithiasis
STONE FORMATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
METABOLIC EVALUATION
PATHOGENESIS OF SPECIFIC RENAL CALCULI
TREATMENT
STONE PREVENTION
Part XXIII. Gynecologic Problems of Childhood
Chapter 585. Gynecologic History and Physical Examination
HISTORY
GYNECOLOGIC EXAMINATION
Chapter 586. Vulvovaginitis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
Chapter 587. Vaginal Bleeding in the Prepubertal Child
Chapter 588. Breast Health
BREAST DEVELOPMENT
BREAST EXAMINATION
BREAST SELF-AWARENESS
ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT
BREAST MASSES
MANAGEMENT OF BREAST MASSES
Chapter 589. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hirsutism
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
HIRSUTISM
Chapter 590. Gynecologic Neoplasms and Prevention Methods for Human Papillomavirus Infections in Adolescents
OVERVIEW OF GYNECOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
IMPACT OF CANCER THERAPY ON FERTILITY
NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC OVARIAN CYSTS
OVARIAN NEOPLASMS
OVARIAN MALIGNANCIES
UTERINE MALIGNANCIES
VAGINAL MALIGNANCIES
VULVAR MALIGNANCIES
CERVICAL MALIGNANCIES AND THEIR PREVENTION
Chapter 591. Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies
EMBRYOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
UTERINE ANOMALIES
VAGINAL ANOMALIES
CERVICAL ANOMALIES
VULVAR AND OTHER ANOMALIES
Chapter 592. Gynecologic Care for Adolescents with Special Needs
SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL EDUCATION
ABUSE
PELVIC EXAMINATION
MENSTRUATION
CONTRACEPTION
Chapter 593. Female Genital Mutilation
COMPLICATIONS
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF FGM
The Endocrine System
Section 1. Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Chapter 594. Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
ANATOMY
EMBRYOLOGY
VASCULAR SUPPLY
ANTERIOR PITUITARY CELL TYPES
POSTERIOR PITUITARY CELL TYPES
Chapter 595. Hypopituitarism
MULTIPLE PITUITARY HORMONE DEFICIENCY
ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY AND INSENSITIVITY
GROWTH HORMONE INSENSITIVITY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
RADIOLOGIC FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE TREATMENT
Chapter 596. Diabetes Insipidus
PHYSIOLOGY OF WATER BALANCE
APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH POLYURIA, POLYDIPSIA, AND HYPERNATREMIA
CAUSES OF HYPERNATREMIA
TREATMENT OF CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS
TREATMENT OF NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Chapter 597. Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and Action
CAUSES OF HYPONATREMIA
TREATMENT
Chapter 598. Hyperpituitarism
SECONDARY HYPERPITUITARISM
EXCESS GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION AND PITUITARY GIGANTISM
TREATMENT OF NORMAL-VARIANT TALL STATURE
HYPERSECRETION OF OTHER PITUITARY HORMONES
598.1. Overgrowth Syndromes
Chapter 599. Physiology of Puberty
Chapter 600. Disorders of Pubertal Development
INTRODUCTION
600.1. Central Precocious Puberty
600.2. Precocious Puberty Resulting from Organic Brain Lesions
600.3. Precocious Puberty After Irradiation of the Brain
600.4. Syndrome of Precocious Puberty and Hypothyroidism
600.5. Chorionic Gonadotropin-Secreting Tumors: Paraneoplastic Precocious Puberty
600.6. McCune-Albright Syndrome
600.7. Familial Male-Limited Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty
600.8. Incomplete (Partial) Precocious Development
600.9. Medicational Precocity
600.10. Delayed or Absent Puberty
Section 2. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Chapter 601. Thyroid Development and Physiology
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
601.1. Thyroid Hormone Studies
Chapter 602. Disorders of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
Chapter 603. Hypothyroidism
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM
Chapter 604. Thyroiditis
THYROIDITIS WITH PAIN
THYROIDITIS WITHOUT PAIN
OTHER CAUSES OF THYROIDITIS
Chapter 605. Goiter
605.1. Congenital Goiter
605.2. Intratracheal Goiter
605.3. Endemic Goiter and Cretinism
605.4. Acquired Goiter
Chapter 606. Thyrotoxicosis
606.1. Graves Disease
606.2. Congenital Hyperthyroidism
Chapter 607. Carcinoma of the Thyroid
PATHOGENESIS
607.1. Thyroid Nodules
Chapter 608. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
MONOGENIC AUTOIMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROMES
AUTOIMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROME TYPE 1
IMMUNE DYSREGULATION-POLYENDOCRINOPATHY-ENTEROPATHY X-LINKED
OTHER MONOGENIC IMMUNE DYSREGULATION DISORDERS
POLYGENIC AUTOIMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROME
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOIMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROME
NONGENETIC AUTOIMMUNE CAUSES OF MULTIPLE ENDOCRINOPATHY
Chapter 609. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2A
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2B
FAMILIAL MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2
Section 3. Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland
Chapter 610. Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism
PARATHYROID HORMONE
PARATHYROID HORMONE–RELATED PEPTIDE
VITAMIN D
CALCITONIN
Chapter 611. Hypoparathyroidism
APLASIA OR HYPOPLASIA OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
X-LINKED RECESSIVE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM WITH DYSMORPHIC FEATURES
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS, AND RENAL ANOMALY SYNDROME
SUPPRESSION OF NEONATAL PARATHYROID HORMONE SECRETION BECAUSE OF MATERNAL HYPERPARATHYROIDISM OR MATERNAL FAMILIAL HYPOCALCIURIC HYPERCALCEMIA
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM ASSOCIATED WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS
SURGICAL OR INFILTRATIVE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
AUTOIMMUNE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
IDIOPATHIC HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Chapter 612. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
TYPE Ia
TYPE Ib
ACRODYSOSTOSIS WITH HORMONE RESISTANCE
Chapter 613. Hyperparathyroidism
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
613.1. Other Causes of Hypercalcemia
Section 4. Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
Chapter 614. Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
614.1. Histology and Embryology
614.2. Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis
614.3. Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex
614.4. Adrenal Steroid Hormone Actions
614.5. Adrenal Medulla
Chapter 615. Adrenocortical Insufficiency and Altered Sensitivity to Corticosteroids
615.1. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
615.2. Secondary and Tertiary Adrenal Insufficiency
615.3. Adrenal Insufficiency in the Critical Care Setting
615.4. Altered End-Organ Sensitivity to Corticosteroids
Chapter 616. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Related Disorders
616.1. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
616.2. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency
616.3. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
616.4. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 17-Hydroxylase Deficiency
616.5. Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia
616.6. Deficiency of P450 Oxidoreductase (Antley-Bixler Syndrome)
616.7. Aldosterone Synthase Deficiency
616.8. Glucocorticoid-Remediable Aldosteronism
Chapter 617. Adrenocortical Tumors and Masses
617.1. Adrenocortical Carcinoma
617.2. Adrenal Incidentaloma
617.3. Adrenal Calcification
Chapter 618. Virilizing and Feminizing Adrenal Tumors
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 619. Cushing Syndrome
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 620. Primary Aldosteronism
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 621. Pheochromocytoma
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Section 5. Disorders of the Gonads
Chapter 622. Development and Function of the Gonads
GENETIC CONTROL OF EMBRYONIC GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION
FUNCTION OF THE TESTES
FUNCTION OF THE OVARIES
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Chapter 623. Hypofunction of the Testes
623.1. Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Male (Primary Hypogonadism)
623.2. Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Male (Secondary Hypogonadism)
Chapter 624. Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes
Chapter 625. Gynecomastia
PHYSIOLOGIC FORMS OF GYNECOMASTIA
EVALUATION OF GYNECOMASTIA
TREATMENT
Chapter 626. Hypofunction of the Ovaries
626.1. Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Female (Primary Hypogonadism)
626.2. Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in the Female (Secondary Hypogonadism)
Chapter 627. Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Lesions of the Ovary
ESTROGENIC LESIONS OF THE OVARY
ANDROGENIC LESIONS OF THE OVARY
Chapter 628. Disorders of Sex Development
SEX DIFFERENTIATION
628.1. 46,XX DSD
628.2. 46,XY DSD
628.3. Ovotesticular DSD
Section 6. Diabetes Mellitus in Children
Chapter 629. Diabetes Mellitus
629.1. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
629.2. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Immune Mediated)
629.3. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
629.4. Other Specific Types of Diabetes
Part XXV. The Nervous System
Chapter 630. Neurologic Evaluation
HISTORY
NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION
GENERAL EXAMINATION
SPECIAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Chapter 631. Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System
631.1. Neural Tube Defects
631.2. Myelomeningocele
631.3. Occult Spinal Dysraphism
631.4. Encephalocele
631.5. Anencephaly
631.6. Malformations of Cortical Development
631.7. Disorders with Midline Defects
631.8. Dysgenesis of the Cranial Nerves and the Posterior Fossa
631.9. Hydrocephalus
631.10. Craniosynostosis
Chapter 632. Deformational Plagiocephaly
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
EXAMINATION AND DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN DEFORMATIONAL PLAGIOCEPHALY AND CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
TREATMENT
OUTCOMES
Chapter 633. Seizures in Childhood
EVALUATION OF THE FIRST SEIZURE
633.1. Febrile Seizures
633.2. Unprovoked Seizures
633.3. Focal Seizures and Related Epilepsy Syndromes
633.4. Generalized Seizures and Related Epilepsy Syndromes
633.5. Mechanisms of Seizures
633.6. Treatment of Seizures and Epilepsy
633.7. Neonatal Seizures
633.8. Status Epilepticus
633.9. Reflex Seizures (Stimulus-Precipitated Seizures)
633.10. Nodding Syndrome
Chapter 634. Conditions That Mimic Seizures
SYNCOPE AND OTHER GENERALIZED PAROXYSMS
MOVEMENT DISORDERS AND OTHER PAROXYSMAL MOVEMENTS AND POSTURES
OCULOMOTOR AND VISUAL ABNORMALITIES
SLEEP-RELATED DISORDERS (see also Chapter 31)
Chapter 635. Headaches
635.1. Migraine
635.2. Secondary Headaches
635.3. Tension-Type Headaches
Chapter 636. Neurocutaneous Syndromes
636.1. Neurofibromatosis
636.2. Tuberous Sclerosis
636.3. Sturge-Weber Syndrome
636.4. Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
636.5. Linear Nevus Sebaceous Syndrome
636.6. PHACE Syndrome
636.7. Incontinentia Pigmenti
Chapter 637. Movement Disorders
Introduction
637.1. Ataxias
637.2. Chorea, Athetosis, and Tremor
637.3. Myoclonus
637.4. Dystonia
Chapter 638. Encephalopathies
638.1. Cerebral Palsy
638.2. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
638.3. Other Encephalopathies
638.4. Autoimmune Encephalitis
Chapter 639. Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood
639.1. Sphingolipidoses
639.2. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses
639.3. Adrenoleukodystrophy
639.4. Sialidosis
639.5. Miscellaneous Neurodegenerative Disorders
Chapter 640. Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Introduction
640.1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
640.2. Optic Neuritis
640.3. Transverse Myelitis
640.4. Multiple Sclerosis
640.5. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein–Associated Disorders
640.6. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders
Chapter 641. Pediatric Stroke
641.1. Arterial Ischemic Stroke
641.2. Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis
641.3. Spinal Cord Lesions Associated with Vascular Processes
641.4. Hemorrhagic Stroke
641.5. Differential Diagnosis of Strokelike Events
Chapter 642. Central Nervous System Vasculitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 643. Central Nervous System Infections
643.1. Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period
643.2. Viral Meningoencephalitis
643.3. Eosinophilic Meningitis
Chapter 644. Brain Abscess
PATHOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 645. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
Chapter 646. Spinal Cord Disorders
646.1. Tethered Cord
646.2. Diastematomyelia (Split-Cord Malformation)
646.3. Syringomyelia
646.4. Spinal Cord Tumors
646.5. Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations
Part XXVI. Neuromuscular Disorders
Chapter 647. Evaluation and Investigation of Neuromuscular Disorders
GENETIC TESTING
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
IMAGING OF MUSCLES AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
MUSCLE BIOPSY
NERVE BIOPSY
CARDIAC ASSESSMENT
Chapter 648. Developmental Disorders of Muscle
MYOGENIC REGULATORY GENES AND GENETIC LOCI OF INHERITED DISEASES OF MUSCLE
648.1. Myotubular Myopathy (Centronuclear Myopathy)
648.2. Congenital Muscle Fiber–Type Disproportion
648.3. Nemaline Rod Myopathy
648.4. Core Myopathies
648.5. Myofibrillar Myopathies
648.6. Brain Malformations and Muscle Development
648.7. Amyoplasia
648.8. Muscular Dysgenesis (Proteus Syndrome Myopathy)
648.9. Benign Congenital Hypotonia
648.10. Arthrogryposis
Chapter 649. Muscular Dystrophies
649.1. Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies
649.2. Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy/Laminopathies
649.3. Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy
649.4. Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
649.5. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
649.6. Congenital Muscular Dystrophies
Chapter 650. Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies
THYROID MYOPATHIES
STEROID-HORMONE INDUCED MYOPATHY
STATIN-INDUCED RHABDOMYOLYSIS WITH MYOGLOBINURIA
MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN TOXIC MYOPATHIES
CRITICAL ILLNESS MYOPATHY
Chapter 651. Metabolic Myopathies and Channelopathies
651.1. Periodic Paralyses and Other Muscle Channelopathies
651.2. Malignant Hyperthermia
651.3. Glycogenoses
651.4. Mitochondrial Myopathies
651.5. Lipid Myopathies
651.6. Vitamin E Deficiency Myopathy
Chapter 652. Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission and of Motor Neurons
652.1. Myasthenia Gravis
652.2. Spinal Muscular Atrophies
652.3. Other Motor Neuron Diseases
Chapter 653. Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies
Introduction
653.1. Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, HMSN Type IIa)
653.2. Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (Axonal Type)
653.3. Congenital Hypomyelinating Neuropathy and Déjèrine-Sottas Disease (HMSN Type III)
653.4. Roussy-Lévy Syndrome
653.5. Refsum Disease (HMSN Type IV) and Infantile Refsum Disease
653.6. Fabry Disease
653.7. Giant Axonal Neuropathy
653.8. Hypermyelinating (Tomaculous) Neuropathy; Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies
653.9. Leukodystrophies
653.10. Congenital Hereditary Sensory Pain Syndromes
Chapter 654. Toxic Neuropathies
Chapter 655. Autonomic Neuropathies
655.1. Familial Dysautonomia
655.2. Other Autonomic Neuropathies
Chapter 656. Guillain-Barré Syndrome
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 657. Bell Palsy
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
FACIAL PALSY AT BIRTH
Part XXVII. Disorders of the Eye
Chapter 658. Growth and Development of the Eye
Chapter 659. Examination of the Eye
VISUAL ACUITY
VISUAL FIELD ASSESSMENT
COLOR VISION TESTING
PUPILLARY EXAMINATION
OCULAR MOTILITY
BINOCULAR VISION
EXTERNAL EXAMINATION
BIOMICROSCOPY (SLIT-LAMP EXAMINATION)
FUNDUS EXAMINATION (OPHTHALMOSCOPY)
REFRACTION
TONOMETRY
Chapter 660. Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation
HYPEROPIA
MYOPIA
ASTIGMATISM
ANISOMETROPIA
ACCOMMODATION
Chapter 661. Disorders of Vision
AMBLYOPIA
DIPLOPIA
SUPPRESSION
AMAUROSIS
NYCTALOPIA
PSYCHOGENIC DISTURBANCES
DYSLEXIA
Chapter 662. Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris
ANIRIDIA
COLOBOMA OF THE IRIS
MICROCORIA
CONGENITAL MYDRIASIS
DYSCORIA AND CORECTOPIA
ANISOCORIA
DILATED FIXED PUPIL
TONIC PUPIL
MARCUS GUNN PUPIL
HORNER SYNDROME
PARADOXICAL PUPIL REACTION
PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANE
HETEROCHROMIA
OTHER IRIS LESIONS
LEUKOCORIA
Chapter 663. Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment
STRABISMUS
CONGENITAL OCULAR MOTOR APRAXIA
NYSTAGMUS
OTHER ABNORMAL EYE MOVEMENTS
Chapter 664. Abnormalities of the Lids
PTOSIS
EPICANTHAL FOLDS
LAGOPHTHALMOS
LID RETRACTION
ECTROPION, ENTROPION, AND EPIBLEPHARON
BLEPHAROSPASM
BLEPHARITIS
HORDEOLUM (STYE)
CHALAZION
COLOBOMA OF THE EYELID
TUMORS OF THE LID
Chapter 665. Disorders of the Lacrimal System
THE TEAR FILM
DACRYOSTENOSIS
ALACRIMA AND “DRY EYE”
Chapter 666. Disorders of the Conjunctiva
CONJUNCTIVITIS
OTHER CONJUNCTIVAL DISORDERS
Chapter 667. Abnormalities of the Cornea
MEGALOCORNEA
MICROCORNEA
KERATOCONUS
NEONATAL CORNEAL OPACITIES
SCLEROCORNEA
PETERS ANOMALY
CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
DERMOIDS
DENDRITIC KERATITIS
CORNEAL ULCERS
PHLYCTENULES
INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS
CORNEAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE
Chapter 668. Abnormalities of the Lens
CATARACTS
ECTOPIA LENTIS
OTHER DISORDERS OF THE LENS
Chapter 669. Disorders of the Uveal Tract
UVEITIS (IRITIS, CYCLITIS, CHORIORETINITIS)
Chapter 670. Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
PERSISTENT FETAL VASCULATURE
RETINOBLASTOMA
INHERITED RETINAL DYSTROPHIES
STARGARDT DISEASE (FUNDUS FLAVIMACULATUS)
BEST VITELLIFORM DEGENERATION
CHERRY-RED SPOT
PHAKOMATOSIS
RETINOSCHISIS
RETINAL DETACHMENT
COATS DISEASE
FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
BLOOD DISORDERS
TRAUMA-RELATED RETINOPATHY
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS
CHORIORETINAL COLOBOMA
Chapter 671. Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve
OPTIC NERVE APLASIA
OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA
OPTIC NERVE COLOBOMA
MORNING GLORY DISC ANOMALY
TILTED DISC
DRUSEN OF THE OPTIC NERVE
PAPILLEDEMA
OPTIC NEURITIS
LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY
OPTIC ATROPHY
OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA
TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHIES
Chapter 672. Childhood Glaucoma
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Chapter 673. Orbital Abnormalities
HYPERTELORISM AND HYPOTELORISM
EXOPHTHALMOS AND ENOPHTHALMOS
ORBITAL INFLAMMATION
TUMORS OF THE ORBIT
Chapter 674. Orbital Infections
DACRYOADENITIS
DACRYOCYSTITIS
PRESEPTAL CELLULITIS
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Chapter 675. Injuries to the Eye
ECCHYMOSIS AND SWELLING OF THE EYELIDS
LACERATIONS OF THE EYELIDS
SUPERFICIAL ABRASIONS OF THE CORNEA
FOREIGN BODY INVOLVING THE OCULAR SURFACE
HYPHEMA
OPEN GLOBE
OPTIC NERVE TRAUMA
CHEMICAL INJURIES
ORBITAL FRACTURES
PENETRATING WOUNDS OF THE ORBIT
CHILD ABUSE
FIREWORKS-RELATED INJURIES
SPORTS-RELATED OCULAR INJURIES AND THEIR PREVENTION
HANDHELD LASER RETINAL INJURY
Part XXVIII. The Ear
Chapter 676. General Considerations and Evaluation of the Ear
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
FACIAL PARALYSIS
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Chapter 677. Hearing Loss
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
TYPES OF HEARING LOSS
ETIOLOGY
EFFECTS OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT
HEARING SCREENING
IDENTIFICATION OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT
CLINICAL AUDIOLOGIC EVALUATION
TREATMENT
GENETIC COUNSELING
677.1. Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Chapter 678. Congenital Malformations of the Ear
PINNA MALFORMATIONS
CONGENITAL STENOSIS OR ATRESIA OF THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
CONGENITAL MIDDLE-EAR MALFORMATIONS
CONGENITAL INNER EAR MALFORMATIONS
CONGENITAL CHOLESTEATOMA
Chapter 679. External Otitis (Otitis Externa)
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
OTHER DISEASES OF THE EXTERNAL EAR
Chapter 680. Otitis Media
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
EXAMINATION OF THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
PREVENTION
IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS AND VACCINATION STATUS
TREATMENT
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS
MANAGEMENT OF OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION
INTRACRANIAL COMPLICATIONS
POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUELAE
Chapter 681. Acute Mastoiditis
ANATOMY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND IMAGING
MANAGEMENT
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Chapter 682. The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth
OTHER DISEASES OF THE INNER EAR
Chapter 683. Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone
AURICLE AND EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE AND MIDDLE EAR
TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES
ACOUSTIC TRAUMA
Chapter 684. Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone
Part XXIX. The Skin
Chapter 685. Morphology of the Skin
EPIDERMIS
DERMIS
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
APPENDAGEAL STRUCTURES
Chapter 686. Dermatologic Evaluation of the Patient
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
BIOPSY OF SKIN
WOOD LAMP
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE PREPARATION
TZANCK SMEAR
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STUDIES
686.1. Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
686.2. Multisystem Medication Reactions
Chapter 687. Principles of Dermatologic Therapy
WET DRESSINGS
BATH OILS, COLLOIDS, AND SOAPS
LUBRICANTS
SHAMPOOS
POWDERS
PASTES
KERATOLYTIC AGENTS
TAR COMPOUNDS
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS
TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS
TOPICAL NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS
SUNSCREENS
LASER THERAPY
Chapter 688. Dermatologic Diseases of the Neonate
SEBACEOUS HYPERPLASIA
MILIA
SUCKING BLISTERS
CUTIS MARMORATA
HARLEQUIN COLOR CHANGE
NEVUS SIMPLEX (SALMON PATCH)
CONGENITAL DERMAL MELANOCYTOSIS (SLATE GRAY NEVUS)
ERYTHEMA TOXICUM
TRANSIENT NEONATAL PUSTULAR MELANOSIS
INFANTILE ACROPUSTULOSIS
EOSINOPHILIC PUSTULAR FOLLICULITIS
Chapter 689. Cutaneous Defects
SKIN DIMPLES
REDUNDANT SKIN
AMNIOTIC CONSTRICTION BANDS
PREAURICULAR SINUSES AND PITS
ACCESSORY TRAGI
BRANCHIAL CLEFT AND THYROGLOSSAL CYSTS AND SINUSES
PILONIDAL SINUS AND ABSCESS
SUPERNUMERARY NIPPLES
APLASIA CUTIS CONGENITA (CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF SKIN)
FOCAL FACIAL DERMAL DYSPLASIAS
FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA (GOLTZ-GORLIN SYNDROME)
DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA (ZINSSER-ENGMAN-COLE SYNDROME)
CUTIS VERTICIS GYRATA
Chapter 690. Ectodermal Dysplasias
HYPOHIDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA
HIDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA (CLOUSTON SYNDROME)
Chapter 691. Vascular Anomalies
VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION
KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY AND PARKES-WEBER SYNDROMES
PHAKOMATOSIS PIGMENTOVASCULARIS
NEVUS ANEMICUS
VASCULAR TUMORS
Chapter 692. Cutaneous Nevi
ACQUIRED MELANOCYTIC NEVUS
ATYPICAL MELANOCYTIC NEVUS
CONGENITAL MELANOCYTIC NEVUS
MELANOMA
HALO NEVUS
SPITZ NEVUS (SPINDLE AND EPITHELIOID CELL NEVUS)
ZOSTERIFORM LENTIGINOUS NEVUS (AGMINATED LENTIGINES)
NEVUS SPILUS (SPECKLED LENTIGINOUS NEVUS)
NEVUS OF OTA AND NEVUS OF ITO
BLUE NEVI
NEVUS DEPIGMENTOSUS (ACHROMIC NEVUS)
EPIDERMAL NEVI
NEVUS COMEDONICUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE NEVUS
SMOOTH MUSCLE HAMARTOMA
Chapter 693. Hyperpigmented Lesions
DISORDERS OF PIGMENTATION
EPHELIDES (FRECKLES)
LENTIGINES
CAFÉ-AU-LAIT MACULES
INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI (BLOCH-SULZBERGER DISEASE)
POSTINFLAMMATORY PIGMENTARY CHANGES
Chapter 694. Hypopigmented Lesions
ALBINISM
MELANOBLAST MIGRATION ABNORMALITIES
Chapter 695. Vesiculobullous Disorders
695.1. Erythema Multiforme
695.2. Reactive Infectious Mucocutaneous Eruption
695.3. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
695.4. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
695.5. Mechanobullous Disorders
695.6. Pemphigus
695.7. Dermatitis Herpetiformis
695.8. Linear Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Dermatosis (Chronic Bullous Dermatosis of Childhood)
Chapter 696. Eczematous Disorders
696.1. Contact Dermatitis
696.2. Nummular Eczema
696.3. Pityriasis Alba
696.4. Lichen Simplex Chronicus
696.5. Acute Palmoplantar Eczema
696.6. Seborrheic Dermatitis
Chapter 697. Photosensitivity
ACUTE SUNBURN REACTION
PHOTOSENSITIVE REACTIONS
PORPHYRIAS
COLLOID MILIUM
HYDROA VACCINIFORME
SOLAR URTICARIA
POLYMORPHOUS LIGHT ERUPTION
ACTINIC PRURIGO
COCKAYNE SYNDROME
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
ROTHMUND-THOMSON SYNDROME
BLOOM SYNDROME
HARTNUP DISEASE
Chapter 698. Diseases of the Epidermis
698.1. Psoriasis
698.2. Pityriasis Lichenoides
698.3. Keratosis Pilaris
698.4. Lichen Spinulosus
698.5. Pityriasis Rosea
698.6. Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
698.7. Darier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis)
698.8. Lichen Nitidus
698.9. Lichen Striatus
698.10. Lichen Planus
698.11. Porokeratosis
698.12. Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome (Papular Acrodermatitis)
698.13. Acanthosis Nigricans
Chapter 699. Disorders of Keratinization
DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION
COLLODION BABY
NONSYNDROMIC ICHTHYOSES
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE CONGENITAL ICHTHYOSES
KERATINOPATHIC ICHTHYOSES
OTHER NONSYNDROMIC ICHTHYOSES
SYNDROMIC ICHTHYOSES
OTHER SYNDROMES WITH ICHTHYOSIS
Chapter 700. Diseases of the Dermis
KELOID
700.1. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
Chapter 701. Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue
CORTICOSTEROID-INDUCED ATROPHY
Raynaud Phenomenon
701.1. Panniculitis and Erythema Nodosum
701.2. Lipodystrophy
Chapter 702. Disorders of the Sweat Glands
ANHIDROSIS
HYPERHIDROSIS
MILIARIA
BROMHIDROSIS
HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
FOX-FORDYCE DISEASE
Chapter 703. Disorders of Hair
HYPERTRICHOSIS
HYPOTRICHOSIS AND ALOPECIA
TRAUMATIC ALOPECIA (TRACTION ALOPECIA, HAIR PULLING, TRICHOTILLOMANIA)
ALOPECIA AREATA
ACQUIRED DIFFUSE HAIR LOSS
CONGENITAL DIFFUSE HAIR LOSS
Chapter 704. Disorders of the Nails
ABNORMALITIES IN NAIL SHAPE OR SIZE
CHANGES IN NAIL COLOR
NAIL SEPARATION
NAIL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN DISEASE
TRACHYONYCHIA (20-NAIL DYSTROPHY)
NAIL INFECTION
PARONYCHIAL INFLAMMATION
PARONYCHIAL TUMORS
Chapter 705. Disorders of the Mucous Membranes
ANGULAR CHEILITIS
APHTHOUS STOMATITIS (CANKER SORES)
FORDYCE SPOTS
EPSTEIN PEARLS (GINGIVAL CYSTS OF THE NEWBORN)
MUCOCELE
FISSURED TONGUE
GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE (BENIGN MIGRATORY GLOSSITIS)
BLACK HAIRY TONGUE
ORAL HAIRY LEUKOPLAKIA
ACUTE NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS (VINCENT STOMATITIS, FUSOSPIROCHETAL GINGIVITIS, TRENCH MOUTH)
NOMA
PTEN HAMARTOMA SYNDROME (COWDEN SYNDROME)
Chapter 706. Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
706.1. Impetigo
706.2. Subcutaneous Tissue Infections
706.3. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter Disease)
706.4. Ecthyma
706.5. Other Cutaneous Bacterial Infections
Chapter 707. Cutaneous Fungal Infections
TINEA VERSICOLOR
DERMATOPHYTOSES
CANDIDAL INFECTIONS (CANDIDIASIS AND MONILIASIS)
Chapter 708. Cutaneous Viral Infections
WART (VERRUCA)
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Chapter 709. Arthropod Bites and Infestations
709.1. Arthropod Bites
709.2. Scabies
709.3. Pediculosis
709.4. Seabather’s Eruption
Chapter 710. Acne
ACNE VULGARIS
DRUG-INDUCED ACNE
NEONATAL CEPHALIC PUSTULOSIS (FORMERLY NEONATAL ACNE)
INFANTILE ACNE
MID-CHILDHOOD ACNE
ACNE FULMINANS (ACUTE FEBRILE ULCERATIVE ACNE)
Chapter 711. Tumors of the Skin
INFUNDIBULAR FOLLICULAR CYST
MILIUM
FIBROFOLLICULOMAS
PILAR CYST (TRICHILEMMAL CYST)
PILOMATRICOMA (PILOMATRIXOMA)
TRICHOEPITHELIOMA
ERUPTIVE VELLUS HAIR CYSTS
STEATOCYSTOMA MULTIPLEX
SYRINGOMA
INFANTILE DIGITAL FIBROMA
DERMATOFIBROMA
JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA
LIPOMA
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
NEVOID BASAL CELL CARCINOMA SYNDROME (BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME, GORLIN SYNDROME)
MELANOMA
MUCOSAL NEUROMA SYNDROME (MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE IIB)
Chapter 712. Nutritional Dermatoses
OVERVIEW
ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY
KWASHIORKOR
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
PELLAGRA
SCURVY (VITAMIN C OR ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY)
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Bone and Joint Disorders
Section 1. Orthopedic Problems
Chapter 713. Orthopedic Growth and Development
IN UTERO POSITIONING
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION
GAIT/FUNCTIONAL MATURATION
Chapter 714. Orthopedic Evaluation of the Child
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
NEUROLOGIC EVALUATION
LIMPING
BACK PAIN
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT
LABORATORY STUDIES
Chapter 715. The Foot and Toes
715.1. Metatarsus Adductus
715.2. Calcaneovalgus Feet
715.3. Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)
715.4. Congenital Vertical Talus
715.5. Hypermobile Pes Planus (Flexible Flatfeet)
715.6. Tarsal Coalition
715.7. Cavus Feet
715.8. Osteochondroses/Apophysitis
715.9. Puncture Wounds of the Foot
715.10. Toe Deformities
715.11. Painful Foot
715.12. Shoes
Chapter 716. Torsional and Angular Deformities of the Limb
716.1. Normal Limb Development
716.2. Limb Evaluation
716.3. Torsional Deformities
716.4. Coronal Plane Deformities
716.5. Congenital Angular Deformities of the Tibia and Fibula
Chapter 717. Leg-Length Discrepancy
DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FINDINGS
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
TREATMENT
Chapter 718. The Knee
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE KNEE
ANATOMY AND RANGE OF MOTION
718.1. Discoid Lateral Meniscus
718.2. Popliteal Cysts (Baker Cysts)
718.3. Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans
718.4. Osgood-Schlatter Disease and Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome
718.5. Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
718.6. Patellofemoral Instability
718.7. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Chapter 719. The Hip
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
VASCULAR SUPPLY
719.1. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
719.2. Transient Monoarticular Synovitis (Toxic Synovitis)
719.3. Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
719.4. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Chapter 720. The Spine
NORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES
OVERVIEW OF ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES
720.1. Idiopathic Scoliosis
720.2. Congenital Scoliosis
720.3. Neuromuscular Scoliosis, Genetic Syndromes, and Compensatory Scoliosis
720.4. Kyphosis
720.5. Back Pain in Children
720.6. Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
720.7. Spine Infection
720.8. Intervertebral Disk Herniation/Slipped Vertebral Apophysis
720.9. Tumors
Chapter 721. The Neck
721.1. Torticollis
721.2. Klippel-Feil Syndrome
721.3. Cervical Anomalies and Instabilities
Chapter 722. The Upper Limb
SHOULDER
ELBOW
WRIST
HAND
Chapter 723. Arthrogryposis
ETIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
MANAGEMENT OF ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS OF ARTHROGRYPOSIS
FOOT PROBLEMS
KNEE PROBLEMS
HIP PROBLEMS
UPPER EXTREMITY PROBLEMS
Chapter 724. Common Fractures
724.1. Unique Characteristics of Pediatric Fractures
724.2. Pediatric Fracture Patterns
724.3. Upper Extremity Fractures
724.4. Lower Extremity Fractures
724.5. Operative Treatment of Fractures
724.6. Complications of Fractures in Children
Chapter 725. Osteomyelitis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 726. Septic Arthritis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Section 2. Sports Medicine
Chapter 727. Prevention of Injuries
PREPARTICIPATION SPORTS EXAMINATION
Chapter 728. Management of Musculoskeletal Injury
MECHANISM OF INJURY
728.1. Growth Plate Injuries
728.2. Shoulder Injuries
728.3. Elbow Injuries
728.4. Low Back Injuries
728.5. Hip and Pelvis Injuries
728.6. Knee Injuries
728.7. Lower Leg Exertional Pain: Shin Splints, Stress Fractures, and Chronic Compartment Syndrome
728.8. Ankle Injuries
728.9. Foot Injuries
Chapter 729. Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)
DEFINITION/TERMINOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGOY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND TOOLS
MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATIONS/LONG-TERM EFFECTS
PREVENTION
Chapter 730. Cervical Spine Injuries
SOFT TISSUE INJURY
SPEAR TACKLER’S SPINE
CERVICAL FRACTURES
STINGERS (BURNERS)
BURNING HANDS SYNDROME
TRANSIENT QUADRIPARESIS
CONGENITAL SPINAL STENOSIS
SPINAL CORD INJURY
Chapter 731. Heat Injuries
Chapter 732. Nutrition and Endocrine Conditions in Athletes
Chapter 733. Performance-Enhancing Aids
Chapter 734. Specific Sports and Associated Injuries
SPORTS PARTICIPATION, EARLY SPECIALIZATION, INJURY RISK, AND BURNOUT
FOOTBALL
BASEBALL/SOFTBALL
BASKETBALL/VOLLEYBALL
TENNIS
LACROSSE
SWIMMING/DIVING
SOCCER
ICE HOCKEY
FIELD HOCKEY
SKIING AND SNOWBOARDING
SKATEBOARDING
CYCLING AND MOTOCROSS
WRESTLING
RUNNING
CHEERLEADING
GYMNASTICS
DANCE
ADAPTIVE SPORTS
Section 3. The Skeletal Dysplasias
Chapter 735. General Considerations in Skeletal Dysplasias
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
MOLECULAR GENETICS OF SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
TREATMENT
Chapter 736. Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins
TYPE 2 COLLAGENOPATHIES
KNIEST DYSPLASIA
PSEUDOACHONDROPLASIA AND MULTIPLE EPIPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA
SCHMID METAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA
Chapter 737. Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors
FGFR3 CHONDRODYSPLASIA GROUP
JANSEN METAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA
Chapter 738. Disorders Involving Ion Transporters
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE MULTIPLE EPIPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA
Chapter 739. Disorders Involving Transcription Factors
CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA
SHOX GENE-RELATED CONDITIONS
NAIL-PATELLA SYNDROME
Chapter 740. Osteopetrosis and Other Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption
OSTEOPETROSIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
PYCNODYSOSTOSIS AND DYSOSTEOSCLEROSIS
Chapter 741. Other Inherited Disorders of Skeletal Development
ELLIS-VAN CREVELD SYNDROME
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY
SHORT-RIB POLYDACTYLY SYNDROMES
CARTILAGE-HAIR HYPOPLASIA-ANAUXETIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
TRPV4-SPECTRUM DISORDERS
METATROPIC DYSPLASIA
SPONDYLOMETAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA, KOZLOWSKI TYPE
DISORDERS INVOLVING FILAMINS
JUVENILE OSTEOCHONDROSES
CAFFEY DISEASE (INFANTILE CORTICAL HYPEROSTOSIS)
FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA
Chapter 742. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
GENETIC COUNSELING
Section 4. Connective Tissue Disorders
Chapter 743. Marfan Syndrome
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
MANAGEMENT
CURRENT THERAPIES
PROGNOSIS
GENETIC COUNSELING
Chapter 744. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SIX MOST COMMON SUBTYPES OF EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
GENERAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
Chapter 745. Cutis Laxa
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
HISTOLOGY
TREATMENT
Section 5. Metabolic Bone Disease
Chapter 746. Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation
Chapter 747. Hypophosphatasia
Chapter 748. Hyperphosphatasia
Chapter 749. Osteoporosis
Part XXXI. Rehabilitation Medicine
Chapter 750. Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SEVERITY
MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS
OUTCOME ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Chapter 751. Spinal Cord Injury and Autonomic Dysreflexia Management
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 752. Spasticity
SYSTEMIC MEDICATIONS
INJECTION MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Chapter 753. Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
EVALUATION
TREATMENT
Chapter 754. Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida)
ETIOLOGY
PREVENTION
PRENATAL SCREENING
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
ADOLESCENCE AND TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD
Chapter 755. Upper and Lower Extremity Assistive Devices
ORTHOSES
PROSTHESES
ASSISTIVE MOBILITY DEVICES
WHEELCHAIR
ROBOTIC DEVICES
Chapter 756. Health and Wellness for Children with Disabilities
DISABILITY
Part XXXII. Environmental Health
Chapter 757. Overview of Environmental Health and Children
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
LOCALIZED ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
TOXINS VERSUS TOXICANTS
MYCOTOXINS
FOOD-BORNE DISEASES CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES
Chapter 758. Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Children
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING, RADIATION THERAPY
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION
RADIATION EXPOSURE IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF CHILDREN
DECREASING UNNECESSARY DIAGNOSTIC RADIATION IN CHILDREN WHILE STILL OBTAINING DIAGNOSTIC IMAGES
RADIATION THERAPY: ACUTE AND LATE EFFECTS
WHOLE BODY IRRADIATION
INTERNAL CONTAMINATION
EXTERNAL CONTAMINATION
Chapter 759. Chemical Pollutants
SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS AND HUMAN HEALTH
759.1. Tobacco
759.2. Marijuana Smoke Exposure
Chapter 760. Heavy Metal Intoxication
ARSENIC
MERCURY
TREATMENT OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY INTOXICATION
Chapter 761. Lead Poisoning
PUBLIC HEALTH HISTORY
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
METABOLISM
CLINICAL EFFECTS
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 762. Nonbacterial Food Poisoning
762.1. Mushroom Poisoning
762.2. Solanine Poisoning
762.3. Seafood Poisoning
762.4. Melamine Poisoning
Chapter 763. Biological and Chemical Terrorism
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PEDIATRIC-SPECIFIC CONCERNS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
Chapter 764. Mass Psychogenic Illness
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Chapter 765. Animal and Human Bites
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 766. Rat Bite Fever
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL COURSE
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 767. Mpox (Monkeypox)
CLINICAL COURSE
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Chapter 768. Envenomations
GENERAL APPROACH TO THE ENVENOMATED CHILD
SNAKE BITES
SPIDER BITES
SCORPION STINGS
HYMENOPTERA STINGS
MARINE ENVENOMATION
Part XXXIII. Laboratory Medicine (available in digital format only)
Chapter 769. Laboratory Testing in Infants and Children
COMMON CHALLENGES IN PEDIATRIC LABORATORY MEDICINE
ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF LABORATORY TESTS
SENSITIVITY, ACCURACY, AND ANALYTIC TESTING
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF LABORATORY TESTS
NEONATAL SCREENING TESTS
TESTING IN REFINING A DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Chapter 770. Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures
Index

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