Efnisyfirlit

• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• About The Authors
• Dedication
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• About The Artists
• Video Contents
• Section I. Overview of the Nervous System
• 1. Neurons and Their Properties
• Anatomical and Molecular Properties
• 1.2. 3D Neuronal Structure and Neurohistology
• 1.3. Neuronal Ultrastructure
• 1.4. Types of Synapses
• 1.5. Neuronal Cell Types
• 1.6. Molecular Techniques for Studying Neurons
• 1.7. Genetic Models for Studying Neurons and Their Disorders
• 1.8. Glial Cell Types
• 1.9. Astrocyte Biology
• 1.10. Microglial Biology
• 1.11. Oligodendrocyte Biology
• 1.12. Neuronal Growth Factors and Trophic Factors
• 1.13. Stem Cells in the CNS: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms
• 1.14. Stem Cell Therapy
• 1.15. Blood-Brain Barrier
• 1.16. Inflammation in the CNS
• 1.17. Axonal Transport in the CNS And PNS
• 1.18. Myelination of CNS AND PNS Axons
• 1.19. Development of Myelination and Axon Ensheathment
• Electrical Properties
• 1.21. Neuronal Membrane Potential and Sodium Channels
• 1.22. Graded Potentials in Neurons
• 1.23. Mechanisms of Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
• 1.24. Action Potentials
• 1.25. Propagation of the Action Potential
• 1.26. Node Of Ranvier And Conduction Velocity
• 1.27. Classification of Peripheral Nerve Fibers by Size and Conduction Velocity
• 1.28. Electromyography and Conduction Velocity Studies
• 1.29. Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Inhibition
• 1.30. Spatial and Temporal Summation
• 1.31. Normal Electrical Firing Patterns of Cortical Neurons and the Origin and Spread of Seizures
• 1.32. Electroencephalography
• 1.33. Types of Electrical Discharges in Generalized Seizures and Sites of Action of Antiseizure Medications
• 1.34. Visual and Auditory Evoked Potentials
• Neurotransmitter and Signaling Properties
• 1.36. Mechanisms of Molecular Signaling in Neurons
• 1.37. Neurotransmitter Release
• 1.38. Multiple Neurotransmitter Synthesis, Release, and Signaling from Individual Neurons
• 1.39. Neuronal Signal Transduction: Local Regulation of Synaptic Strength at an Excitatory Synapse
• 1.40. Neuronal Signal Transduction: Regulation of Nuclear Signaling
• 1.41. Glucocorticoid Regulation of Neurons and Apoptosis
• 1.42. Chemical Neurotransmission (CONTINUED)
• 2. Skull and Meninges
• 2.1. Interior View of the Base of the Adult Skull
• 2.2. Foramina in the Base of the Adult Skull
• 2.3. Bony Framework of the Head and Neck
• 2.4. Schematic of the Meninges and Their Relationships to the Brain and Skull
• 2.5. Hematomas
• 3. Brain
• 3.1. Surface Anatomy of the Forebrain: Lateral View
• 3.2. Lateral View of the Forebrain: Functional Regions
• 3.3. Lateral View of the Forebrain: Brodmann’s Areas
• 3.4. Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain in Situ
• 3.5. Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain, with Brainstem Removed
• 3.6. Medial Surface of the Brain
• 3.7. Anatomy of the Basal Surface of the Brain, with the Brainstem and Cerebellum Removed
• 3.8. Basal Surface of the Brain: Functional Areas and Brodmann’s Areas
• 3.9. Brain Imaging: Computed Tomography Scans, Coronal and Sagittal
• 3.10. Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T1-Weighted Images
• 3.11. Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T2-Weighted Images
• 3.12. Positron Emission Tomography Scanning
• 3.13. Horizontal Brain Sections Showing the Basal Ganglia
• 3.14. Major Limbic Forebrain Structures
• 3.15. Corpus Callosum
• 3.16. Color Imaging of the Corpus Callosum by Diffusion Tensor Imaging
• 3.17. Hippocampal Formation and Fornix
• 3.18. Thalamic Anatomy
• 3.19. Thalamic Nuclei
• 4. Brainstem and Cerebellum
• 4.1. Brainstem Surface Anatomy: Posterolateral View
• 4.2. Brainstem Surface Anatomy: Anterior View
• 4.3. Cerebellar Anatomy: External Features
• 4.4. Cerebellar Anatomy: Internal Features
• 5. Spinal Cord
• 5.1. Spinal Column: Bony Anatomy
• 5.2. Lumbar Vertebrae: Radiography
• 5.3. Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy in Situ
• 5.4. The Spinal Cord: Its Meninges and Spinal Roots
• 5.5. Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional Anatomy in Situ
• 5.6. Spinal Cord: White and Gray Matter
• 6. Ventricles and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
• 6.1. Ventricular Anatomy
• 6.2. Ventricular Anatomy in Coronal Forebrain Section
• 6.3. Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Posterior View with Cerebellum Removed
• 6.4. Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Lateral View
• 6.5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ventricles: Axial and Coronal Views
• 6.6. Circulation of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
• 6.7. Hydrocephalus and Shunting of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
• 6.8. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
• 7. Vasculature
• Arterial System
• 7.2. Arterial Supply to the Brain and Meninges
• 7.3. Common Sites of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease
• 7.4. Internal Carotid and Ophthalmic Artery Course and Cavernous Sinus Fistula
• 7.5. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Basal View
• 7.6. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Cutaway Basal View Showing the Circle of Willis
• 7.7. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Frontal View with Hemispheres Retracted
• 7.8. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Coronal Forebrain Section
• 7.9. Types of Strokes
• 7.10. Lacunar Infarcts
• 7.11. Schematic of Arteries to the Brain
• 7.12. Circle of Willis: Schematic Illustration and Vessels in Situ
• 7.13. Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
• 7.14. Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Lateral and Medial Views
• 7.15. Territories of the Cerebral Arteries
• 7.16. Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Frontal and Lateral Views
• 7.17. Angiographic Anatomy of the Internal Carotid Circulation
• 7.18. Vertebrobasilar Arterial System
• 7.19. Angiographic Anatomy of the Vertebrobasilar System
• 7.20. Occlusive Sites of the Vertebrobasilar System
• 7.21. Vascular Supply to the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
• 7.22. Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord: Longitudinal View
• 7.23. Anterior and Posterior Spinal Arteries and Their Distribution
• 7.24. Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional View
• Venous System
• 7.26. Veins: Superficial Cerebral, Meningeal, Diploic, and Emissary
• 7.27. Venous Sinuses
• 7.28. Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain
• 7.29. Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain: Relationship to the Ventricles
• 7.30. Carotid Venograms: Venous Phase
• 7.31. Magnetic Resonance Venography: Coronal and Sagittal Views
• 7.32. Venous Drainage of the Brainstem and the Cerebellum
• 7.33. Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord
• 8. Developmental Neuroscience
• 8.1. Formation of the Neural Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest
• 8.2. Neurulation
• 8.3. Neural Tube Development and Neural Crest Formation
• 8.4. Development of Peripheral Axons
• 8.5. Somatic Versus Splanchnic Nerve Development
• 8.6. Limb Rotation and Dermatomes
• 8.7. Neural Proliferation and Differentiation: Walls of the Neural Tube
• 8.8. Neural Tube and Neural Crest Derivatives
• 8.9. Early Brain Development: The 28-Day-Old Embryo
• 8.10. Early Brain Development: The 36-Day-Old Embryo
• 8.11. Early Brain Development: The 49-Day-Old Embryo and the 3-Month-Old Embryo
• 8.12. Forebrain Development: 7 Weeks Through 3 Months
• 8.13. The 6-Month and 9-Month Central Nervous Systems
• 8.14. Neurogenesis and Cell Migration in the Developing Neocortex
• 8.15. Postnatal and Adult Neurogenesis
• 8.16. Comparison of 5½-Week and Adult Central Nervous System Regions
• 8.17. Alar And Basal Plate Derivatives in the Brainstem
• 8.18. Adult Derivatives of the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain
• 8.19. Cranial Nerve Primordia
• 8.20. Cranial Nerve Neuron Components
• 8.21. Development of Motor and Preganglionic Autonomic Nuclei in the Brainstem and Spinal Cord
• 8.22. Development of the Eye and Orbit
• 8.23. Development of the Ear
• 8.24. Development of the Pituitary Gland
• 8.25. Development of the Ventricles
• 8.26. Development of the Fourth Ventricle
• 8.27. Neural Tube Defects
• 8.28. Defects of the Brain and Skull
• 8.29. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Section II. Regional Neuroscience
• 9. Peripheral Nervous System
• Introduction and Basic Organization
• 9.2. Anatomy of a Peripheral Nerve
• 9.3. Nerve Compression and Pressure Gradients
• 9.4. Peripheral Nerve Injury and Degeneration in a Compression Neuropathy
• 9.5. Relationship of Spinal Nerve Roots to Vertebrae
• 9.6. Lumbar Disc Herniation: L4–L5 and L5–S1
• 9.7. Sensory Channels: Reflex and Cerebellar
• 9.8. Sensory Channels: Lemniscal
• 9.9. Motor Channels: Basic Organization of Lower and Upper Motor Neurons
• 9.10. Autonomic Channels
• 9.11. Cutaneous Receptors
• 9.12. Pacinian Corpuscles
• 9.13. Interoceptors
• 9.14. Skin and Its Nerves
• 9.15. The Neuromuscular Junction and Neurotransmission
• 9.16. Physiology of the Neuromuscular Junction
• 9.17. Major Structures and Proteins in the Normal Neuromuscular Junction
• 9.18. Neuroeffector Junctions
• Somatic Nervous System
• 9.20. Cutaneous Distribution of Peripheral Nerves
• 9.21. Cutaneous Nerves of the Head and Neck
• 9.22. Cervical Plexus in Situ
• 9.23. Cervical Plexus
• 9.24. Phrenic Nerve
• 9.25. Thoracic Nerves
• 9.26. Brachial Plexus
• 9.27. Dermatomes of the Upper Limb
• 9.28. Cervical Disc Herniation
• 9.29. Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
• 9.30. The Scapular, Axillary, and Radial Nerves above the Elbow
• 9.31. Radial Nerve in the Forearm
• 9.32. Musculocutaneous Nerve
• 9.33. Median Nerve
• 9.34. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• 9.35. Ulnar Nerve
• 9.36. Lumbar Plexus
• 9.37. Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
• 9.38. Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves
• 9.39. Obturator Nerve
• 9.40. Sciatic and Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves
• 9.41. Tibial Nerve
• 9.42. Common Peroneal Nerve
• Autonomic Nervous System
• 9.44. Autonomic Innervation of the Immune System and Metabolic Organs
• 9.45. Reflex Pathways
• 9.46. Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses
• 9.47. Schematic of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Distribution to Motor and Autonomic Structures
• 9.48. Autonomic Distribution to the Head and Neck: Medial View
• 9.49. Autonomic Distribution to the Head and Neck: Lateral View
• 9.50. Schematic of Autonomic Distribution to the Head and Neck
• 9.51. Autonomic Distribution to the Eye
• 9.52. Autonomic Innervation of the Nasal Cavity
• 9.53. Schematic of the Pterygopalatine and Submandibular Ganglia
• 9.54. Schematic of the Otic Ganglion
• 9.55. Innervation of the Limbs
• 9.56. Thoracic Sympathetic Chain and Splanchnic Nerves
• 9.57. Innervation of the Tracheobronchial Tree
• 9.58. Innervation of the Heart
• 9.59. Abdominal Nerves and Ganglia
• 9.60. Nerves of the Esophagus
• 9.61. Innervation of the Stomach and Proximal Duodenum
• 9.62. Nerves of the Stomach and Duodenum
• 9.63. Innervation of the Small and Large Intestines
• 9.64. Nerves of the Small Intestine
• 9.65. Nerves of the Large Intestine
• 9.66. Enteric Nervous System: Longitudinal View
• 9.67. Enteric Nervous System: Cross-Sectional View
• 9.68. Autonomic Innervation of the Liver and Biliary Tract
• 9.69. Autonomic Innervation of the Pancreas
• 9.70. Schematic of Innervation of the Adrenal Gland
• 9.71. Innervation of the Adrenal Gland
• 9.72. Autonomic Pelvic Nerves and Ganglia
• 9.73. Nerves of the Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder
• 9.74. Innervation of the Kidneys and Upper Ureter
• 9.75. Innervation of the Urinary Bladder and Lower Ureter
• 9.76. Innervation of the Male Reproductive Organs
• 9.77. Innervation of the Female Reproductive Organs
• 10. Spinal Cord
• 10.1. Cytoarchitecture of the Spinal Cord Gray Matter
• 10.2. Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral
• 10.3. Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (Continued)
• 10.4. Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (Continued)
• 10.5. Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (Continued)
• 10.6. Spinal Cord Histological Cross Sections
• 10.7. Spinal Cord Histological Cross Sections (Continued)
• 10.8. Spinal Cord Imaging
• 10.9. Spinal Cord Syndromes
• 10.10. Syringomyelia
• 10.11. Spinal Cord Lower Motor Neuron Organization and Control
• 10.12. Spinal Somatic Reflex Pathways
• 10.13. Muscle and Joint Receptors and Muscle Spindles
• 10.14. The Muscle Stretch Reflex and Its Central Control via Gamma Motor Neurons
• Brainstem and Cerebellum
• Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy
• 11.2. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 2
• 11.3. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 3
• 11.4. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 4
• 11.5. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 5
• 11.6. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 6
• 11.7. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 7
• 11.8. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 8
• 11.9. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 9
• 11.10. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 10
• 11.11. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 11
• 11.12. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 12
• 11.13. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 13
• 11.14. Brainstem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 14
• 11.15. Brainstem Arterial Syndromes
• Cranial Nerves and Cranial Nerve Nuclei
• 11.17. Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei: Schematic View From Above
• 11.18. Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei: Schematic Lateral View
• 11.19. Nerves of the Orbit
• 11.20. Nerves of the Orbit (continued)
• 11.21. Extraocular Nerves (III, IV, and VI) and the Ciliary Ganglion: View in Relation to the Eye
• 11.22. Trigeminal Nerve (V)
• 11.23. Innervation of the Teeth
• 11.24. Facial Nerve (VII)
• 11.25. Facial Nerve Branches and the Parotid Gland
• 11.26. Facial Nerve Lesions and Their Manifestations
• 11.27. Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
• 11.28. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
• 11.29. Accessory Nerve (XI)
• 11.30. Vagus Nerve (X)
• 11.31. Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
• Reticular Formation
• 11.33. Reticular Formation: Nuclei and Areas in the Brainstem and Diencephalon
• 11.34. Major Afferent and Efferent Connections to the Reticular Formation
• 11.35. Sleep-Wakefulness Control
• Cerebellum
• 11.37. Cerebellar Anatomy: Lobules
• 11.38. Cerebellar Anatomy: Deep Nuclei and Cerebellar Peduncles
• Diencephalon
• 12.1. Thalamic Anatomy and Interconnections with the Cerebral Cortex
• 12.2. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• 12.3. Hypothalamic Nuclei
• Telencephalon
• 13.1A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Mid Pons
• 13.1B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Mid Pons
• 13.2A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Rostral Pons
• 13.2B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Rostral Pons
• 13.3A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Midbrain
• 13.3B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Midbrain
• 13.4A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Rostral Midbrain and Hypothalamus
• 13.4B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Rostral Midbrain and Hypothalamus
• 13.5A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 5—Anterior Commissure and Caudal Thalamus
• 13.5B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level5—Anterior Commissure and Caudal Thalamus
• 13.6A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6—Head of Caudate and Midthalamus
• 13.6B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6—Head of Caudate and Midthalamus
• 13.7A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
• 13.7B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
• 13.8A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Dorsal Caudate, Splenium, and Genu of Corpus Callosum
• 13.8B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Dorsal Caudate, Splenium, and Genu of Corpus Callosum
• 13.9A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Body of Corpus Callosum
• 13.9B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Body of Corpus Callosum
• 13.10A. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Centrum Semiovale
• 13.10B. Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Centrum Semiovale
• 13.11A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Genu of Corpus Callosum
• 13.11B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Genu of Corpus Callosum
• 13.12A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Head of Caudate Nucleus/Nucleus Accumbens
• 13.12B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Head of Caudate Nucleus/Nucleus Accumbens
• 13.13A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Anterior Commissure/Columns of Fornix
• 13. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Anterior Commissure/Columns of Fornix
• 13.14A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Amygdala, Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule
• 13.14B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Amygdala, Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule
• 13.15A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 5—Mammillary Body
• 13.15B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 5—Mammillary Body
• 13.16A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6— Mammillothalamic Tract/ Substantia Nigra, Rostral Hippocampus
• 13.16B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6—Mammillothalamic Tract/Substantia Nigra, Rostral Hippocampus
• 13.17A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Midthalamus
• 13.17B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Midthalamus
• 13.18A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Geniculate Nuclei
• 13.18B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Geniculate Nuclei
• 13.19A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Caudal Pulvinar and Superior Colliculus
• 13.19B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Caudal Pulvinar and Superior Colliculus
• 13.20A. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Splenium of Corpus Callosum
• 13.20B. Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Splenium of Corpus Callosum
• 13.21. Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
• 13.22. Cortical Neuronal Cell Types
• 13.23. Vertical Columns: Functional Units of the Cerebral Cortex
• 13.24. Efferent Connections of the Cerebral Cortex
• 13.25. Neuronal Origins of Efferent Connections of the Cerebral Cortex
• 13.26. Cortical Association Pathways
• 13.27. Major Cortical Association Bundles
• 13.28. Color Imaging of Association Pathways
• 13.29. Color Imaging of Projection Pathways from the Cerebral Cortex
• 13.30. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• 13.31. Noradrenergic Pathways
• 13.32. Serotonergic Pathways
• 13.33. Dopaminergic Pathways
• 13.34. Central Cholinergic Pathways
• 13.35. Endogenous Cannabinoid Systems
• 13.36A. Endogenous Opioid Systems: Beta-Endorphin, Dynorphins, and met-Enkephalin
• 13.36B. Endogenous Opioid Systems: Beta-Endorphin, Dynorphins, and met-Enkephalin
• 13.37. The Olfactory Nerve and Nerves of the Nose
• Section III. Systemic Neuroscience
• Sensory Systems
• Somatosensory Systems
• 14.2. Spinal Somatic Reflex Actions and Pathways
• 14.3. Somatosensory System: Spinocerebellar Pathways
• 14.4. Somatosensory System: The Dorsal Column System and Epicritic Modalities
• 14.5. Somatosensory System: Neuronal Organization of Dorsal Column and Thalamic Nuclei
• 14.6. Somatosensory System: The Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular Systems and Protopathic Modalities
• 14.7. Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular Nociceptive Processing in the Spinal Cord
• 14.8. Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain and Sympathetically Maintained Pain
• 14.9. Descending Control of Ascending Somatosensory Systems
• Trigeminal Sensory System
• 14.11. Trigeminal System Peripheral and Central Connections
• 14.12. Pain-Sensitive Structures of the Head and Pain Referral
• 14.13. Mechanisms of Migraine Headaches
• Sensory System for Taste
• 14.15. Taste Pathways
• Auditory System
• 14.17. Bony and Membranous Labyrinths
• 14.18. VIII Nerve Innervation of Hair Cells of the Organ of Corti
• 14.19. Cochlear Receptors
• 14.20. Afferent Auditory Pathways
• 14.21. Afferent Auditory Pathways (Continued)
• 14.22. Centrifugal (Efferent) Auditory Pathways
• Vestibular System
• 14.24. Vestibular Pathways
• 14.25. Nystagmus
• Visual System
• 14.27. Anterior and Posterior Chambers of the Eye
• 14.28. The Retina: Retinal Layers
• 14.29. The Retina: Photoreceptors
• 14.30. The Retina: Optic Nerve
• 14.31. Arteries and Veins of the Eye
• 14.32. Anatomy and Relationships of the Optic Chiasm
• 14.33. Damage Affecting the Optic Chiasm
• 14.34. Visual Pathways: Retinal Projections to the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Brainstem
• 14.35. Pupillary Light Reflex
• 14.36. Visual Pathway: The Retino- Geniculo-Calcarine Pathway
• 14.37. Visual Pathways in the Parietal and Temporal Lobes
• 14.38. Visual System Lesions
• Motor Systems
• Lower Motor Neurons
• 15.2. Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons in the Spinal Cord
• 15.3. Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons in the Brainstem
• Upper Motor Neurons
• 15.5. Color Imaging of Cortical Efferent Pathways
• 15.6. Corticobulbar Tract
• 15.7. Corticospinal Tract
• 15.8. Corticospinal Tract Terminations in the Spinal Cord
• 15.9. Rubrospinal Tract
• 15.10. Vestibulospinal Tracts
• 15.11. Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular Pathways
• 15.12. Tectospinal Tract and Interstitiospinal Tract
• 15.13. Spinal Cord Terminations of Major Descending Upper Motor Neuron Tracts
• 15.14. Central Control of Eye Movements
• 15.15. Central Control of Respiration
• 15.16. Neural Circuitry of Swallowing
• Cerebellum
• 15.18. Cerebellar Neuronal Circuitry
• 15.19. Circuit Diagrams of Afferent Connections in the Cerebellum
• 15.20. Afferent Pathways to the Cerebellum
• 15.21. Cerebellar Efferent Pathways
• 15.22. Cerebellovestibular and Vestibulocerebellar Pathways
• 15.23. Schematic Diagrams of Efferent Pathways from the Cerebellum to Upper Motor Neuron Systems
• Basal Ganglia
• 15.25. Simplified Schematic of Basal Ganglia Circuitry and Neurochemistry
• 15.26. Surgical Approaches to Movement Disorders
• 15.27. Neurotransmitter Involvement in Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington’s Disease
• 15.28. Parallel Loops of Circuitry through the Basal Ganglia
• 15.29. Connections of Nucleus Accumbens
• Autonomic-Hypothalamic-Limbic systems
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary
• 16.3. Sections through the Hypothalamus: Preoptic and Supraoptic Zones
• 16.4. Sections through the Hypothalamus: Tuberal Zone
• 16.5. Sections through the Hypothalamus: Mammillary Zone
• 16.6. Schematic Reconstruction of the Hypothalamus
• 16.7. Forebrain Regions Associated with the Hypothalamus
• 16.8. Afferent and Efferent Pathways Associated with the Hypothalamus
• 16.9. Schematic Diagram of Major Hypothalamic Afferent Pathways
• 16.10. Schematic Diagram of Major Hypothalamic Efferent Pathways
• 16.11. Summary of General Hypothalamic Connections
• 16.12. Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Regulation of Pituitary Neurohormonal Outflow, Autonomic Preganglionic Outflow, and Limbic Activity
• 16.13. Mechanisms of Cytokine Influences on the Hypothalamus and Other Brain Regions and on Behavior
• 16.14. Circumventricular Organs
• 16.15. Circumventricular Organs: Functional Considerations
• 16.16. The Hypophyseal Portal Vasculature
• 16.17. Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion
• 16.18. Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophyseal) Hormones: Oxytocin and Vasopressin
• 16.19. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) Regulation of Water Balance and Fluid Osmolality
• 16.20. The Hypothalamus and Thermoregulation
• 16.21. Hypothalamic Regulation of Cardiac Function
• 16.22. Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure
• 16.23. Long-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure
• 16.24. Neural Control of Appetite and Hunger
• 16.25. Signaling Systems Involved in Regulation of Food Intake, Body Weight, and Metabolism
• 16.26. Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep and Waking States
• 16.27. Neural and Neuroendocrine Roles in the Fight-or-Flight Response
• 16.28. Neuroimmunomodulation
• Limbic System
• 16.30. Hippocampal Formation: General Anatomy
• 16.31. Neuronal Connections in the Hippocampal Formation
• 16.32. Major Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Hippocampal Formation
• 16.33. Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Entorhinal Cortex
• 16.34. Major Afferent Connections of the Amygdala
• 16.35. Major Efferent Connections of the Amygdala
• 16.36. Summary of Major Afferents, Efferents, and Interconnections of the Amygdala
• 16.37. Major Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Septal Nuclei
• 16.38. Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
• 16.39. Major Connections of the Cingulate Cortex
• 16.40. Insular Cortex
• 16.41. Prefrontal Cortex
• 16.42. Key Forebrain Regions Associated With Limbic and Cortical Reactivity and Their Functional Roles
• Olfactory System
• 16.44. Olfactory Pathways
• Section IV. Global Brain Functions
• Global Brain Functions
• 17.1. Dementia
• 17.2. Alzheimer’s Disease: Distribution of Pathology in the Brain
• 17.3. Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathology
• 17.4. Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Schizophrenia
• 17.5. Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
• 17.6. Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Panic and Anxiety Disorders
• 17.7. Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Posttraumatic Stress
• 17.8. Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• 17.9. Traumatic Brain Injury
• 17.10. Aphasias and Cortical Areas of Damage
• 17.11. Aphasias: Magnetic Resonance Images and Characteristic Language Dysfunction
• 17.12. Brain Substrates of Addictive Behaviors
• 17.13. Memory Circuits
• 17.14. Consciousness and Coma Assessment
• 17.15. Differential Diagnosis of Coma
• 17.16. Aging and the Nervous System
• Index