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Neurology and Clinical Neuroanatomy on the Move

Neurology and Clinical Neuroanatomy on the Move

Höfundur Matthew Tate; Johnathan Cooper-Knock; Zoe Hunter; Elizabeth Wood

Útgefandi Taylor & Francis

Snið ePub

Print ISBN 9781444138320

Útgáfa 1

Útgáfuár 2015

6.190 kr.

Description

Efnisyfirlit

  • Front Matter
  • Preface
  • AUTHORS
  • EDITORIAL ADVISOR
  • EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
  • SERIES EDITORS
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of abbreviations
  • An explanation of the text
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-print
  • MICRO-case
  • MICRO-reference
  • Inside Front Cover
  • Part I Clinical neurology
  • 1 Neurological symptoms and signs
  • 1.1 SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS FLOW CHARTS
  • Fig. 1.1 Causes of altered facial expression.
  • Fig. 1.2 Causes of limb weakness. NMJ, neuromuscular junction.
  • Table 1.1 Causes of weakness by location of lesion and speed of onset
  • Fig. 1.3 Causes of sensory loss.
  • Fig. 1.4 Causes of ptosis.
  • Fig. 1.5 Causes of pupillary abnormalities.
  • Fig. 1.6 Causes of visual loss.
  • 1.2 MOVEMENT DISORDERS
  • TREMOR
  • CHOREA
  • HEMIBALLISMUS
  • Table 1.2 Types of tremor
  • DYSTONIA
  • ATHETOSIS
  • TIC
  • MYOCLONUS
  • AKATHISIA
  • ASTERIXIS
  • 1.3 BULBAR SYMPTOMS
  • DYSARTHRIA
  • DYSPHONIA
  • DYSPHAGIA
  • Table 1.3 Types of dysarthria
  • 1.4 HEARING LOSS
  • MICRO-facts
  • 1.5 ABNORMALITIES OF EYE MOVEMENT
  • STRABISMUS
  • NYSTAGMUS
  • 1.6 ABNORMAL GAIT
  • Gait abnormalities
  • 2 Neurological history and examination
  • 2.1 THE NEUROLOGICAL HISTORY
  • HISTORY OF PRESENTING COMPLAINT
  • Table 2.1 Speed of onset of neurological symptoms
  • PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
  • Drug history
  • Social history
  • Collateral history
  • 2.2 THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
  • CRANIAL NERVES
  • Olfactory nerve (I)
  • Optic nerve (II)
  • Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV) and abducens (VI) nerves
  • Trigeminal nerve (V)
  • Facial nerve (VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves
  • Accessory nerve (XI)
  • Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
  • LIMB EXAMINATION
  • Inspection
  • Tone
  • Power
  • Reflexes
  • Coordination
  • Sensation
  • Gait
  • 2.3 COMMON INVESTIGATIONS
  • NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
  • IMAGING
  • LUMBAR PUNCTURE (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS)
  • Part II Neurological zones
  • 3 Anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres
  • 3.1 ANATOMICAL DIAGRAMS (FIGS. 3.1 AND 3.2)
  • Fig. 3.1 Diagram of the brain, including frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes with major sulci marked.
  • Fig. 3.2 Diagram of primary motor (frontal lobe) and primary sensory (parietal lobe) cortex separated by the central sulcus.
  • 3.2 GROSS ANATOMY AND FUNCTION
  • 3.3 PRIMARY MOTOR AND PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX
  • Fig. 3.3 Diagram showing representation of the body across S1.
  • MICRO-print
  • Fig. 3.4 Diagram of a parasagittal meningioma imposed on the M1 topographic map.
  • 3.4 BROCA’S AREA AND WERNICKE’S AREA
  • MICRO-print
  • 3.5 PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX (V1)
  • Fig. 3.5 Primary visual cortex (VI) is located at the occipital pole.
  • Fig. 3.6 Diagram of retinotopic map across VI.
  • MICRO-facts
  • 3.6 MENINGES
  • Fig. 3.7 Diagram of the meninges layers in cross section, including skin, periosteum, bone, dura mater (periosteal and meningeal layer), epidural potential space, subdural potential space, arachnoid space, subarachnoid space filled with CSF, pia mater, brain. Also included are bridging veins.
  • MICRO-print
  • 3.7 VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
  • THE ANTERIOR CIRCULATION
  • Fig. 3.8 Angiogram of the anterior circulation, including the internal and external carotids.
  • Fig. 3.9 Diagram of area supplied by the ACA, MCA and PCA.
  • THE POSTERIOR/VERTEBROBASILAR CIRCULATION (SEE FIG. 3.10)
  • MICRO-print
  • Fig. 3.10 Angiogram showing the posterior circulation including vertebral arteries, anterior spinal artery, basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries.
  • Fig. 3.11 Specimen demonstrating circle of Willis. 1: Left and right vertebral arteries; 2: Basilar artery; 3: Superior cerebellar artery; 4: Posterior cerebral artery; 5: Internal carotid artery; 6: Middle cerebral artery; 7: Anterior cerebral artery.
  • 3.8 THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS (SEE FIG. 3.11)
  • 3.9 VENOUS CIRCULATION AND VENOUS SINUSES (SEE FIG. 3.12)
  • Fig. 3.12 Diagram of the system of venous sinuses and their relations.
  • 4 Basal ganglia and subcortical structures
  • 4.1 ANATOMY OF THE SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES
  • BASAL GANGLIA
  • Fig. 4.1 Diagram of the brain in cross section showing the position of the various components of the basal ganglia.
  • Fig. 4.2 Diagram of the direct and indirect pathways and their effect on basal ganglia inhibitory output to cortex and motor pathways. Loss of dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra pars compacta increases activity in the indirect pathway and reduces activity in the direct pathway. STN: subthalamic nucleus; GPe: external globus pallidus; GPi: internal blobus pallidus; SNr: substantia nigra pars reticulate.
  • OTHER SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES
  • MICRO-print
  • 4.2 PARKINSONIAN SYNDROMES
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • IDIOPATHIC PARKINSON’S DISEASE
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY (MSA)
  • PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY
  • MICRO-print
  • Corticobasal degeneration
  • WILSON’S DISEASE
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • MICRO-facts
  • CLINICAL FEATURES (TABLE 4.1)
  • Table 4.1 Clinical features of Wilson’s disease
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 4.3 HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-case
  • Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
  • 5 Cerebrospinal fluid and ventricular system
  • 5.1 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND ANATOMY OF THE VENTRICLES (SEE FIG. 5.1)
  • 5.2 HYDROCEPHALUS
  • DEFINITION
  • Fig. 5.1 (a) Diagram of the lateral ventricles, third and fourth ventricles and cerebral aqueduct. (b) Diagram showing the location CSF production, circulation and reabsorption.
  • MICRO-facts
  • Lumbar puncture in hydrocephalus
  • MICRO-print
  • Ex vacuo hydrocephalus
  • MICRO-print
  • Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • Table 5.1 Causes of hydrocephalus
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 6 Brainstem and cerebellum
  • 6.1 ANATOMY OF BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM (SEE FIG. 6.1)
  • BRAINSTEM
  • MICRO-print
  • Subcortical loops
  • Fig. 6.1 Diagrams of the brainstem and cerebellum. (a) External features and position of the cardiovascular centres and respiratory centres; (b) Section through medulla oblongata.
  • CEREBELLUM
  • CRANIAL NERVES (SEE FIG. 6.2)
  • Fig. 6.2 Diagram of origins of cranial nerves from the brainstem.
  • MICRO-print
  • Anatomical relations of cranial nerve courses
  • Table 6.1 Cranial nerves
  • 6.2 CRANIAL NERVE PALSIES
  • OLFACTORY NERVE (I)
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • OPTIC NERVE (II)
  • OCULOMOTOR (III), TROCHLEAR (IV) AND ABDUCENS (VI) NERVES
  • Oculomotor (III) nerve
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-facts
  • Surgical versus medical III nerve palsy
  • Trochlear (IV) nerve
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • Abducens (VI) nerve
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V)
  • AETIOLOGY
  • Fig. 6.3 Diagram showing the skin supplied by the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • FACIAL NERVE (VII)
  • AETIOLOGY
  • MICRO-facts
  • Bell’s palsy
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (VIII)
  • LOWER CRANIAL NERVES
  • Table 6.2 Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • 6.3 BRAINSTEM INFARCTION
  • 6.4 BRAINSTEM DEATH
  • MICRO-case
  • Bell’s palsy
  • 6.5 CEREBELLAR DISEASE
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • Ataxia-telangiectasia
  • MICRO-facts
  • Symptoms of cerebellar disease
  • AETIOLOGY
  • MICRO-print
  • Friedriech’s ataxia
  • MICRO-print
  • Arnold–Chiari malformation
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MICRO-case
  • Cerebellar infarction
  • 7 Vestibular system
  • 7.1 OVERVIEW
  • 7.2 BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO
  • DEFINITION
  • Fig. 7.1 Diagram of the semicircular canals and cochlea.
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • Nystagmus in BPPV
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • Fig. 7.2 Dix–Hallpike manoeuvre.
  • 7.3 MéNIèRE’S DISEASE (IDIOPATHIC ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS)
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 7.4 VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS AND LABYRINTHITIS
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • Clinical differentiation of central and peripheral causes of vestibular dysfunction
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-case
  • Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
  • 8 Visual tracts
  • 8.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
  • 8.2 PATTERNS OF VISUAL LOSS
  • MONOCULAR VISUAL LOSS
  • AETIOLOGY
  • Fig. 8.1 The field defects produced when pathological lesions effect the visual tract. Note that information from the right side of each retina passes to the right side of the brain and vice versa.
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • BINOCULAR VISUAL LOSS
  • DEFINITIONS
  • AETIOLOGY
  • 8.3 OPTIC NERVE DISORDERS
  • PAPILLOEDEMA
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MANAGEMENT
  • OPTIC NEURITIS
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • MICRO-print
  • Nutritional deficiency/toxic optic neuropathy
  • MICRO-print
  • Leber’s optic neuropathy
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MICRO-case
  • Pituitary adenoma
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 9 Spinal cord
  • 9.1 SPINAL CORD ANATOMY
  • SENSORY PATHWAYS
  • Fig. 9.1 Diagram of the spinal cord in cross section with dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts, central canal and anterior white commissure.
  • Fig. 9.2 Schematic of the spinothalamic and dorsal column systems showing points of decussation and levels of synapse.
  • Table 9.1 Ascending spinal tracts
  • Fig. 9.3 Diagram of dermatomes supplied by each spinal cord root.
  • MOTOR PATHWAYS
  • Fig. 9.4 Schematic of the pyramidal tract showing points of decussation and synapse.
  • MICRO-facts
  • AUTONOMIC PATHWAYS (SEE FIG. 9.5)
  • Fig. 9.5 Diagram of the autonomic supply with sympathetic and parasympathetic centres.
  • SPINAL CORD BLOOD SUPPLY (SEE FIG. 9.6)
  • Fig. 9.6 Diagram of spinal cord blood supply, including anterior and posterior spinal arteries.
  • 9.2 ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-print
  • Transverse myelitis
  • 9.3 TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD TRANSECTION
  • DEFINITION
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-print
  • Brown-Séquard syndrome
  • 9.4 VERTEBRAL DISC PROLAPSE
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 9.5 SYRINGOMYELIA
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • Fig. 9.7 The lesions in this case involves the decussating fibres of the ALS, or spinothalamic tract, for the entire cervical spinal cord. The shaded area shows the cape distribution of sensory loss.
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-print
  • Spinal cord metastases
  • 9.6 DISCITIS AND EPIDURAL ABSCESS
  • DEFINITION
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 9.7 SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION (OF THE SPINAL CORD)
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 9.8 MOTOR NEURON DISEASE
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-case
  • Vertebral disc prolapse
  • 10 Peripheral nervous system
  • 10.1 ANATOMY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • IMPORTANT PERIPHERAL NERVES
  • Fig. 10.1 Diagram of the peripheral nerves of the arm (median, radial and ulnar) illustrating their origin as spinal root and their formation via the brachial plexus.
  • Fig. 10.2 Illustration of the area of skin supplied by each of the median, radial and ulnar nerves.
  • Fig. 10.3 Diagram of the peripheral nerves of the leg illustrating (a) their origin as spinal root.
  • (b) their formation via the lumbosacral plexus.
  • Fig. 10.4 Illustration of the area of skin supplied by the common peroneal and saphenous vein nerve.
  • 10.2 ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHIES
  • CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • ULNAR NERVE PALSY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-print
  • Common peroneal nerve palsy
  • Radial nerve palsy (‘Saturday Night’ palsy)
  • Median nerve palsy (proximal)
  • MICRO-print
  • Mononeuritis multiplex
  • 10.3 PLEXOPATHIES
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • 10.4 POLYNEUROPATHIES
  • OVERVIEW
  • DEFINITION
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • AETIOLOGY
  • MICRO-print
  • Pattern of neurological symptoms in peripheral neuropathies
  • GUILLAIN–BARRé SYNDROME (GBS)
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-print
  • Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
  • DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATION
  • MANAGEMENT
  • HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHY (CHARCOT–MARIE–TOOTH DISEASE)
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATION
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 10.5 HORNER’S SYNDROME
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • INVESTIGATION
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-case
  • Guillain–Barré syndrome
  • 11 Neuromuscular junction and muscle
  • 11.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
  • 11.2 MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • Fig. 11.1 Diagram of neuromuscular junction: (a) a motor unit and (b) ultrastructure of the neuromuscular synapse.
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-facts
  • Management
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 11.3 LAMBERT–EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 11.4 BOTULISM
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-case
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • 11.5 INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY
  • DEFINITIONS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 11.6 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
  • DEFINITIONS
  • DYSTROPHINOPATHIES
  • MICRO-facts
  • Gower’s sign
  • Table 11.1 Comparison of Duchenne’s and Becker’s muscular dystrophy
  • MICRO-print
  • Other muscular dystrophies
  • MICRO-print
  • 11.7 MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-facts
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 11.8 ENDOCRINE AND TOXIC MYOPATHIES
  • ENDOCRINE MYOPATHIES
  • TOXIC MYOPATHIES
  • Alcoholic myopathy
  • Drug-induced myopathies
  • Part III Neurological disorders
  • 12 Cerebrovascular disease
  • 12.1 STROKE
  • 12.2 ISCHAEMIC STROKE AND TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • MICRO-facts
  • Risk factors for ischaemic stroke
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • Neglect
  • MICRO-facts
  • Features of TIA
  • MICRO-print
  • Bamford classification of stroke
  • Fig. 12.1 CT image showing left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory stroke.
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT OF TIA
  • MICRO-print
  • ABCD2 score to calculate seven-day stroke risk in TIA
  • MANAGEMENT OF ISCHAEMIC STROKE
  • MICRO-print
  • MICRO-print
  • Carotid artery dissection
  • MICRO-case
  • Ischaemic stroke
  • 12.3 INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE
  • DEFINITION
  • MICRO-print
  • Intracranial pressure in intracranial haemorrhage
  • MICRO-print
  • Head injury
  • SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • MICRO-print
  • Berry aneurysms
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MICRO-print
  • Lumbar puncture in SAH
  • MANAGEMENT
  • COMPLICATIONS
  • PROGNOSIS
  • SUBDURAL HAEMATOMA
  • EXTRADURAL HAEMATOMA
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • Fig. 12.2 CT image showing subdural haematoma.
  • PARENCHYMAL HAEMORRHAGE
  • Fig. 12.3 CT image showing frontal extradural haematoma.
  • MICRO-print
  • Stroke and anticoagulation therapy
  • 12.4 VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
  • DEFINITION
  • Table 12.1 Features of intracranial haemorrhages
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-facts
  • Glasgow Coma Scale
  • 13 Intracranial tumours
  • 13.1 OVERVIEW
  • DEFINITION
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 13.2 MENINGIOMA
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • Fig. 13.1 CT scan (with contrast) showing a frontal meningioma.
  • 13.3 GLIOMA
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 13.4 HEMANGIOBLASTOMA
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 13.5 PITUITARY NEOPLASIA
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-facts
  • Pituitary apoplexy
  • MICRO-case
  • Cerebral neoplasia
  • 14 Demyelinating disorders
  • 14.1 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-facts
  • MICRO-facts
  • Uhthoff’s phenomenon
  • MICRO-print
  • Neuromyelitis optica/Devic’s disease
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MICRO-print
  • Revised MacDonald diagnostic criteria for MS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-facts
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 14.2 ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 14.3 OTHER DEMYELINATING DISEASES
  • PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUCOENCEPHALOPATHY
  • CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS
  • LEUCODYSTROPHIES
  • VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
  • 15 Dementia
  • 15.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
  • DEFINITION
  • MICRO-facts
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • Table 15.1 Causes of dementia
  • Table 15.2 Rationale for investigations in dementia/delirium
  • MICRO-facts
  • GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
  • 15.2 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 15.3 DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 15.4 FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA (PICK’S DISEASE)
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 15.5 VASCULAR DEMENTIA
  • DEFINITION
  • Epidemiology/Pathophysiology
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-case
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • 16 Seizures and epilepsy
  • 16.1 OVERVIEW
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • COMPLICATIONS
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 16.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SEIZURES
  • GENERALISED SEIZURES
  • FOCAL SEIZURES (PARTIAL SEIZURES)
  • STATUS EPILEPTICUS
  • 16.3 EPILEPSY
  • DEFINITION
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MANAGEMENT
  • Table 16.1 Common anticonvulsant agents
  • MICRO-print
  • Epilepsy in women of childbearing age
  • 16.4 NON-EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
  • MICRO-print
  • MICRO-case
  • Generalised tonic-clonic seizures
  • 17 Headache and facial pain
  • 17.1 OVERVIEW
  • Table 17.1 Red flag features of headache
  • 17.2 ACUTE-ONSET HEADACHE
  • MICRO-facts
  • SINUSITIS
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATION
  • MANAGEMENT
  • COMPLICATIONS
  • 17.3 ACUTE-ONSET RECURRENT HEADACHES
  • MIGRAINE
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • MIGRAINE TRIGGERS
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • CLUSTER HEADACHE
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-print
  • Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
  • TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-facts
  • GLAUCOMA
  • 17.4 CHRONIC HEADACHES
  • TENSION HEADACHE
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-print
  • Analgesic overuse headache
  • RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-print
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
  • MICRO-case
  • Migraine
  • 18 Neurocutaneous disorders
  • 18.1 OVERVIEW
  • 18.2 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
  • DEFINITION
  • NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 (VON RECKLINGHAUSEN’S DISEASE)
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • Diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type 1
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • Diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type 2
  • INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-print
  • Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)
  • 18.3 TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MICRO-print
  • Diagnostic criteria for tuberous sclerosis
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 18.4 STURGE–WEBER SYNDROME
  • DEFINITION
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • 19 Neurological infections
  • 19.1 MENINGITIS
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • Table 19.1 Bacterial causes of meningitis
  • Table 19.2 CSF examination in meningitis
  • MANAGEMENT
  • COMPLICATIONS
  • PROGNOSIS
  • VIRAL MENINGITIS
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • FUNGAL MENINGITIS
  • AETIOLOGY
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-case
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • 19.2 ENCEPHALITIS
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 19.3 CEREBRAL ABSCESS
  • DEFINITION
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 19.4 DISCITIS AND EPIDURAL ABSCESS
  • 19.5 HIV/AIDS AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
  • OVERVIEW
  • DIRECT EFFECTS OF HIV INFECTION
  • OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS IN AIDS
  • Cryptococcal meningitis
  • HSV/VZV encephalitis
  • Cytomegalovirus encephalitis
  • Cerebral toxoplasmosis
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • Table 19.3 CD4 counts associated with neurological manifestations in HIV
  • Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • HIV-RELATED MALIGNANCY
  • Primary CNS lymphoma
  • 19.6 NEUROSYPHILIS
  • Overview/Aetiology
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • Investigations (table 19.4)
  • Table 19.4 Investigation findings in different stages of syphilis
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 19.7 LYME DISEASE
  • Definition/Aetiology
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 19.8 CEREBRAL MALARIA
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 19.9 POLIOMYELITIS
  • Overview/Aetiology
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 19.10 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
  • MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
  • MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE AND MYCOBACTERIUM LEPROMATOSIS
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • 19.11 PRION DISEASES
  • CREUTZFELD–JAKOB DISEASE
  • AETIOLOGY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • PROGNOSIS
  • MICRO-case
  • HSV encephalitis
  • 20 Metabolic and toxic disorders
  • 20.1 OVERVIEW
  • 20.2 METABOLIC DISTURBANCES DUE TO ORGAN FAILURE
  • CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
  • HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • Clinical features of hepatic encephalopathy
  • MICRO-facts
  • Asterixis
  • DIAGNOSIS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • RENAL FAILURE
  • 20.3 ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
  • THYROID DISEASE
  • DIABETES MELLITUS
  • 20.4 ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES
  • 20.5 ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS
  • ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • MANAGEMENT
  • WERNICKE’S ENCEPHALOPATHY AND KORSAKOFF’S SYNDROME
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • COMPLICATIONS/PROGNOSIS
  • 20.6 PORPHYRIAS
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-case
  • Wernicke’s encephalopathy
  • 21 Neurological involvement in systemic disease and paraneoplastic syndromes
  • 21.1 AUTOIMMUNE AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
  • SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • NEUROLOGICAL CLINICAL FEATURES IN SLE
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • SARCOIDOSIS
  • DEFINITION
  • CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • GIANT CELL ARTERITIS/TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
  • DEFINITION
  • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • NEUROLOGICAL CLINICAL FEATURES
  • INVESTIGATIONS
  • MANAGEMENT
  • MICRO-print
  • Neurological vasculitis
  • 21.2 NEUROLOGICAL PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES (TABLE 21.1)
  • Table 21.1 Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes
  • MICRO-case
  • Sarcoid neuropathy
  • Part IV Self-assessment: Neurological zones
  • 22 Anatomy of cerebral hemispheres
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Areas of the brain
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Intracranial structures
  • Question 4
  • Question 5
  • Question 6
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Answer 4
  • Answer 5
  • Answer 6
  • 23 Basal ganglia and subcortical structures
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Options
  • Question 7
  • Question 8
  • Question 9
  • Investigation: SBA
  • Question 10
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 7
  • Answer 8
  • Answer 9
  • Investigation: SBA
  • Answer 10
  • 24 Brain stem and cerebellum
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Cranial nerves
  • Question 11
  • Question 12
  • Question 13
  • Investigation: SBA
  • Question 14
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 15
  • Question 16
  • Question 17
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 11
  • Answer 12
  • Answer 13
  • Investigation: SBA
  • Answer 14
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 15
  • Answer 16
  • Answer 17
  • 25 Vestibular system
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 18
  • Question 19
  • Question 20
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 18
  • Answer 19
  • Answer 20
  • 26 Visual tracts
  • Questions
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Question 21
  • Question 22
  • Question 23
  • Question 24
  • Answers
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Answer 21
  • Answer 22
  • Answer 23
  • Answer 24
  • 27 Spinal cord
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Investigations
  • Question 25
  • Question 26
  • Question 27
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 25
  • Answer 26
  • Answer 27
  • 28 Peripheral nervous system
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 28
  • Question 29
  • Question 30
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Question 31
  • Question 32
  • Question 33
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 28
  • Answer 29
  • Answer 30
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Answer 31
  • Answer 32
  • Answer 33
  • 29 Neuromuscular junction and muscle
  • Questions
  • Investigations: EMQs
  • Question 34
  • Question 35
  • Question 36
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 37
  • Question 38
  • Question 39
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Question 40
  • Question 41
  • Answers
  • Investigations: EMQs
  • Answer 34
  • Answer 35
  • Answer 36
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 37
  • Answer 38
  • Answer 39
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Answer 40
  • Answer 41
  • 30 Cerebrovasular disease
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 42
  • Question 43
  • Question 44
  • Options
  • Question 45
  • Question 46
  • Question 47
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 42
  • Answer 43
  • Answer 44
  • Answer 45
  • Answer 46
  • Answer 47
  • 31 Demyelinating disorders
  • Questions
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Question 48
  • Question 49
  • Question 50
  • Question 51
  • Question 52
  • Answers
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Answer 48
  • Answer 49
  • Answer 50
  • Answer 51
  • Answer 52
  • 32 Dementia
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 53
  • Question 54
  • Question 55
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 53
  • Answer 54
  • Answer 55
  • 33 Seizures and epilepsy
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Seizure types
  • Question 56
  • Question 57
  • Question 58
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 56
  • Answer 57
  • Answer 58
  • 34 Headache and facial pain
  • Questions
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Question 59
  • Question 60
  • Question 61
  • Answers
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Answer 59
  • Answer 60
  • Answer 61
  • 35 Neurocutaneous disorders
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: SBAs
  • Question 62
  • Question 63
  • Question 64
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: SBAs
  • Answer 62
  • Answer 63
  • Answer 64
  • 36 Neurological infections
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Causative organisms
  • Question 65
  • Question 66
  • Question 67
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 68
  • Question 69
  • Question 70
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Question 71
  • Question 72
  • Question 73
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 65
  • Answer 66
  • Answer 67
  • Answer 68
  • Answer 69
  • Answer 70
  • Investigations: SBAs
  • Answer 71
  • Answer 72
  • Answer 73
  • 37 Metabolic and toxic disorders
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: SBAs
  • Question 74
  • Question 75
  • Management: SBA
  • Question 76
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: SBAs
  • Answer 74
  • Answer 75
  • Management: SBA
  • Answer 76
  • 38 Neurological involvement in systemic diseases
  • Questions
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Diagnostic options
  • Question 77
  • Question 78
  • Question 79
  • Answers
  • Diagnoses: EMQs
  • Answer 77
  • Answer 78
  • Answer 79
  • Back Matter
  • Index

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