Efnisyfirlit

• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• In Memoriam
• Video Contents
• 1 Introduction to the Nervous System
• The Nervous System Has Central and Peripheral Parts
• The Principal Cellular Elements of the Nervous System Are Neurons and Glial Cells
• Suggested Readings
• 2 Development of the Nervous System
• The Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Central Nervous System
• The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Give Rise to the Peripheral Nervous System
• Adverse Events During Development Can Cause Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System
• Suggested Readings
• 3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System
• The Long Axis of the CNS Bends at the Cephalic Flexure
• Hemisecting a Brain Reveals Parts of the Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Ventricular System
• Humans, Relative to Other Animals, Have Large Brains and Many Neurons
• Named Sulci and Gyri Cover the Cerebral Surface
• The Diencephalon Includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
• Most Cranial Nerves Are Attached to the Brainstem
• The Cerebellum Includes a Vermis and Two Hemispheres
• Sections of the Forebrain Reveal the Basal Nuclei and Limbic Structures
• Parts of the Nervous System Are Interconnected in Systematic Ways (Generalizations)
• Suggested Readings
• 4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
• There Are Three Meningeal Layers: The Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater
• The Dura Mater Provides Mechanical Strength
• The Arachnoid Mater
• Pia Mater Covers the Surface of the CNS
• The Vertebral Canal Contains a Spinal Epidural Space
• Bleeding Can Open Up Potential Meningeal Spaces
• Parts of the CNS Can Herniate from One Intracranial Compartment Into Another
• Suggested Readings
• 5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
• The Brain Contains Four Ventricles
• Choroid Plexus Is the Source of Most CSF
• Imaging Techniques Allow Noninvasive Visualization of the CNS
• Disruption of CSF Circulation Can Cause Hydrocephalus
• Suggested Readings
• 6 Blood Supply of the Brain
• The Internal Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries Supply the Brain
• Imaging Techniques Allow Arteries and Veins to Be Visualized
• Blood Flow to the CNS Is Closely Controlled
• A System of Barriers Partially Separates the Nervous System From the Rest of the Body
• Superficial and Deep Veins Drain the Brain
• Suggested Readings
• 7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons
• A Lipid-Protein Membrane Separates Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
• Inputs to Neurons Cause Slow, Local Potential Changes
• Action Potentials Convey Information Over Long Distances
• Resistors, Capacitors, and Neuronal Membranes
• Calculating the Membrane Potential
• Suggested Readings
• 8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons
• There Are Five Steps in Conventional Chemical Synaptic Transmission
• Synaptic Transmission Can Be Rapid and Point-to-Point, or Slow and Often Diffuse
• Synaptic Strength Can Be Facilitated or Depressed
• Most Neurotransmitters Are Small Amine Molecules, Amino Acids, or Neuropeptides
• Gap Junctions Mediate Direct Current Flow From One Neuron to Another
• Suggested Readings
• 9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral Nervous System
• Receptors Encode the Nature, Location, Intensity, and Duration of Stimuli
• Somatosensory Receptors Detect Mechanical, Chemical, or Thermal Changes
• Peripheral Nerves Convey Information To and From the CNS
• Suggested Readings
• 10 Spinal Cord
• The Spinal Cord Is Segmented
• All Levels of the Spinal Cord Have a Similar Cross-Sectional Structure
• The Spinal Cord Is Involved in Sensory Processing, Motor Outflow, and Reflexes
• Spinal Gray Matter Is Regionally Specialized
• Reflex Circuitry Is Built Into the Spinal Cord
• Ascending and Descending Pathways Have Defined Locations in the Spinal White Matter
• The Autonomic Nervous System Monitors and Controls Visceral Activity
• A Longitudinal Network of Arteries Supplies the Spinal Cord
• Spinal Cord Damage Causes Predictable Deficits
• Suggested Readings
• 11 Organization of the Brainstem
• The Brainstem Has Conduit, Cranial Nerve, and Integrative Functions
• The Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain Have Characteristic Gross Anatomical Features
• The Internal Structure of the Brainstem Reflects Surface Features and the Position of Long Tracts
• The Reticular Core of the Brainstem Is Involved in Multiple Functions
• Some Brainstem Nuclei Have Distinctive Neurochemical Signatures
• The Brainstem Is Supplied by the Vertebral-Basilar System
• Suggested Readings
• 12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei
• Cranial Nerve Nuclei Have a Generally Predictable Arrangement
• Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII Contain Somatic Motor Fibers
• Branchiomeric Nerves Contain Axons From Multiple Categories
• Brainstem Damage Commonly Causes Deficits on One Side of the Head and the Opposite Side of the Body
• Suggested Readings
• 13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell
• The Perception of Flavor Involves Gustatory, Olfactory, Trigeminal, and Other Inputs
• Taste Is Mediated by Receptors in Taste Buds Innervated by Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
• Olfaction Is Mediated by Receptors That Project Directly to the Telencephalon
• Suggested Readings
• 14 Hearing and Balance
• Auditory and Vestibular Receptor Cells Are Located in the Walls of the Membranous Labyrinth
• The Cochlear Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Sound
• The Vestibular Division of the Eighth Nerve Conveys Information About Linear and Angular Acceleration of the Head
• Suggested Readings
• 15 Atlas of the Human Brainstem
• 16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule
• The Diencephalon Includes the Epithalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus
• The Thalamus Is the Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex
• Interconnections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical Structures Travel Through the Internal Capsule
• Suggested Readings
• 17 The Visual System
• The Eye Has Three Concentric Tissue Layers and a Lens
• The Retina Contains Five Major Neuronal Cell Types
• Retinal Neurons Translate Patterns of Light Into Patterns of Contrast
• Half of the Visual Field of Each Eye Is Mapped Systematically in the Contralateral Cerebral Hemisphere
• Primary Visual Cortex Sorts Visual Information and Distributes It to Other Cortical Areas
• Early Experience Has Permanent Effects on the Visual System
• Reflex Circuits Adjust the Size of the Pupil and the Focal Length of the Lens
• Suggested Readings
• 18 Overview of Motor Systems
• Each Lower Motor Neuron Innervates a Group of Muscle Fibers, Forming a Motor Unit
• Motor Control Systems Involve Both Hierarchical and Parallel Connections
• The Corticospinal Tract Has Multiple Origins and Terminations
• Suggested Readings
• 19 Basal Nuclei
• The Basal Nuclei Include Five Major Nuclei
• Basal Nuclei Circuitry Involves Multiple Parallel Loops That Modulate Cortical Output
• Interconnections of the Basal Nuclei Determine the Pattern of Their Outputs
• Perforating Branches From the Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) Supply the Basal Nuclei
• Many Basal Nuclei Disorders Result in Abnormalities of Movement
• Suggested Readings
• 20 Cerebellum
• The Cerebellum Can Be Divided Into Both Transverse and Longitudinal Zones
• Cerebellar Cortex Receives Multiple Inputs
• Each Longitudinal Zone Has a Distinctive Output
• Clinical Syndromes Correspond to Functional Zones
• Suggested Readings
• 21 Eye Movements
• Six Extraocular Muscles Move the Eye in the Orbit
• There Are Fast and Slow Conjugate Eye Movements
• Changes in Object Distance Require Vergence Movements
• The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum Participate in Eye Movement Control
• Suggested Readings
• 22 Cerebral Cortex
• Most Cerebral Cortex Is Neocortex
• Neocortical Areas Are Specialized for Different Functions
• The Corpus Callosum Unites the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
• Consciousness and Sleep Are Active Processes
• Suggested Readings
• 23 Drives and Emotions
• The Hypothalamus Coordinates Drive-Related Behaviors
• Limbic Structures Are Interposed Between the Hypothalamus and Neocortex
• Suggested Readings
• 24 Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal Connections
• Both Neurons and Connections Are Produced in Excess During Development
• Synaptic Connections Are Adjusted Throughout Life
• PNS Repair Is More Effective Than CNS Repair
• Suggested Readings
• 25 Atlas of the Human Forebrain
• Glossary
• Index
• IBC