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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Contributing Authors of Past Editions
• Contributing Authors of Eighth Edition
• User’s Guide
• Contents
• Section 1 Occupational Function
• 1 Conceptual Foundations for Practice
• Introduction
• The Occupational Functioning Model
• Sense of Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem
• Satisfaction with Life Roles [Occupations]
• Self-Advancement Roles [Work and Education]
• Competency in Tasks of Life Roles [Occupations]
• Activities and Habits [Occupations and Performance Patterns]
• Abilities and Skills [Performance Skills]
• Developed Capacities [Client Factors]
• First-Level Capacities [Client Factors—Body Functions]
• Organic Substrate [Client Factors—Body Structure]
• Environment and Context [Context and Environment]
• The Process of Occupational Therapy for Persons with Physical Dysfunction
• Assessment [Evaluation]
• Treatment [Intervention]
• Summary
• Case Study
• 2 Occupation: Philosophy and Concepts
• Occupation Defined
• Importance of Occupation in People’s Lives
• Occupational Balance
• Occupation as Therapy
• Occupation-as-End
• Occupation-as-Means
• Effectiveness of Therapeutic Occupation
• Evidence that Occupation Restores a Sense of Self-Efficacy or Self-Esteem
• Evidence that Occupation-as-End Restores Self-Maintenance, Self-Enhancement, and Self-Advancement Roles
• Evidence that Occupation-as-Means Remediates Impairments
• Implementation of Therapeutic Occupation in Practice
• Case Study
• 3 Occupational Selection, Analysis, Gradation, and Adaptation
• Introduction
• Activity Selection
• Selection of Occupation-as-End Activities
• Selection of Occupation-as-Means Activities
• Activity Analysis
• Analysis of the Activity
• Analysis of Patient Performance
• Analysis of the Environment
• Gradation
• Adaptation
• Parameters Used to Adapt or Modify Activities
• Case Study
• 4 The Teaching and Learning Process
• The Occupational Therapist as a Facilitator of Learning
• Contexts for Teaching and Learning within the Occupational Therapy Process
• Stages of Learning: Acquisition, Retention, Transfer, and Generalization
• Acquisition
• Retention
• Transfer
• Generalization
• Applying Teaching and Learning Theories in Occupational Therapy
• Model of Mastery
• Teaching Thinking: Facilitating Metacognition
• Assessing Patient Learning Capacities
• Learning with Disability
• Functional Observation
• Performance in Standardized Assessments
• Patient, Family, and Caregiver Interview
• Using Teaching-Learning Principles in the Therapy Process
• Identification of Patient’s Meaningful Occupational Goals
• Selection of Teaching-Learning Modes Compatible with Patients’ Learning Capacities
• Addressing Patient’s Health and Reading Literacy
• Assessing Patient’s Readiness for Behavioral and Lifestyle Change
• Structuring the Environment to Facilitate Learning
• Feedback and Practice
• Summary
• Case Study
• 5 Clinical Reasoning and the Art of Practice
• Introduction
• History and Background of Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy
• What Is Clinical Reasoning?
• Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy
• Definitions and Descriptions of Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy
• Scientific Reasoning
• Procedural Reasoning
• Interactive Reasoning
• Narrative Reasoning
• Conditional Reasoning
• Pragmatic Reasoning
• Ethical Reasoning
• Developing an Art of Practice through Clinical Reasoning
• Therapeutic Use of Self in Clinical Reasoning Approaches
• Influence of Theories and Frames of Reference
• Developing and Advancing Professional Reasoning
• Areas for Future Study
• Conclusion
• Case Study
• 6 Documentation of Occupational Therapy Services
• Introduction
• Purpose of OT Documentation
• Formats of Documentation
• Narrative Format
• Template Format
• Acronym Format
• Types of Documentation
• The Electronic Medical Record
• General Principles of OT Documentation
• Legal and Ethical Issues
• The Medical Record
• Ethical Considerations
• Case Study
• Section 2 Assessment and Intervention
• 7 Visual Function Assessment
• Visual Function and Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Warren Model of Visual Functioning
• Populations and Vision Impairments
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Visual Function
• Visual Acuity
• Oculomotor
• Visual Fields
• Impairments of Visual Function
• Visual Acuity
• Oculomotor
• Visual Fields
• Screening of Visual Skills
• Setup and Procedure
• Step 1: Visual History and Observation
• Step 2: Visual Acuity Function
• Step 3: Contrast Sensitivity
• Step 4: Oculomotor
• Step 5: Visual Fields
• Case Study
• 8 Visual Function Intervention
• Introduction
• Conceptual Foundation Underlying Interventions for Visual Impairment
• Remediation
• Compensation
• Adaptation
• LV Disorders
• Psychosocial Aspects of LV
• Neurological Vision Disorders
• Specific Interventions for Visual Impairments
• Decreased Acuity and Refractive Errors
• Oculomotor Dysfunction
• Visual Fields
• Remediation of Visual Deficits
• Compensatory Strategies for Visual Deficits
• Preferred Retinal Loci Training
• Scanning Training
• Organization
• Sensory Substitution
• Adaptations for Visual Deficits
• Lighting
• Glare Management
• Contrast Enhancement
• Magnification
• Prism Systems
• Occlusion
• Technology
• Client/Family Education
• Summary
• Case Study
• 9 Visual Perceptual Assessment and Intervention
• Introduction
• Visual Perceptual Function and Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Visual Perceptual Function
• Screening of Visual Perceptual Skills
• Visual Perceptual Screening Procedures
• Evaluation of Visual Perception
• Conceptual Foundation Underlying Interventions for Visual Perceptual Impairment
• Specific Interventions for Visual Perceptual Skill Dysfunction
• Pattern Recognition
• Unilateral Inattention
• Depth Perception
• Case Study
• Acknowledgment
• 10 Cognitive Assessment
• Cognitive Function and Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Neuroplasticity
• Cognitive Hierarchy
• Integration of Cognitive Processes
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Cognitive Function
• Attention and Processing
• Memory
• Executive Functions
• Self-Awareness
• Screening of Cognitive Skills
• The Process of Cognitive Assessment
• Factors That Influence Cognitive Function
• Screening of Orientation, Attention, and Processing.
• Screening of Memory
• Screening of Executive Functions
• Screening of Self-Awareness
• Case Study
• 11 Cognitive Intervention
• Conceptual Foundation Underlying Interventions for Cognitive Dysfunction
• Cognitive Rehabilitation
• Approaches to Cognitive Intervention in Occupational Therapy
• Addressing Client Self-Awareness across Intervention Approaches
• Skill–Habit Training
• Compensatory Cognitive Strategy Training
• Environmental Modification/Adaptation
• Evidence-Informed Cognitive Intervention in Occupational Therapy
• Case Study
• Acknowledgments
• 12 Sensory Assessment and Intervention
• Sensory Function in Daily Occupation
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Sensory Function
• Impairment of Centrally Mediated Sensation
• Cortical Impairment
• Impairment of the Spinal Cord
• Impairment with Loss of Limb
• Impairment of Peripheral Sensation
• Sensory Evaluation
• Types of Evaluation
• Documenting Sensory Assessment Results
• Common Procedures
• Nonstandardized Assessment: Quantitative Sensory Testing and Skilled Observation within Occupational Performance
• Conceptual Foundation Underlying Intervention for Sensory Impairment
• Choosing an Intervention Strategy
• Compensatory Intervention
• Desensitization Intervention
• Sensory Reeducation Intervention
• Rationale for Sensory Reeducation after Peripheral or Cortical Injury
• Sensory Reeducation Intervention Procedures
• Task-Specific Sensory Training
• Case Study
• 13 Motor Function Assessment: Range of Motion, Strength, and Endurance
• Functional Upper Extremity Screening
• Functional Lower Extremity Screening
• Impact of Motor Function on Occupational Performance
• Range of Motion Measurement
• End-Feel
• Goniometry
• Range of Motion of the Upper Extremity
• Muscle Strength Measurement
• Dynamometry
• Grip and Pinch Strength Measurement
• Endurance Measurement
• Cardiorespiratory Aspects
• Muscular Aspects
• Case Study
• 14 Motor Function Intervention
• Musculoskeletal System
• Biomechanical Aspects
• Physiological Aspects
• Stress and Strain
• Viscoelasticity: Creep and Stress Relaxation
• Stimulating Tissue Growth
• Prolonged Strain in the EZ
• Considerations for Lengthening Contractile (Muscle) Tissue
• Considerations for Strengthening Muscle Tissue
• Therapeutic Intervention for Edema
• Vascular Status
• Stages of Edema
• Interventions for Acute Edema
• Interventions for Subacute Edema
• MEM Principles
• MEM Techniques
• Interventions for Chronic Edema
• Lymphedema
• Therapeutic Intervention for ROM
• Therapeutic Intervention to Prevent Loss of PROM
• Therapeutic Intervention for Limited ROM
• Therapeutic Intervention for Impaired Muscle Performance
• Parameters for Therapeutic Exercise
• Types of Exercise
• Methods of Resistance
• Occupation-Based Exercise
• Strength Training versus Endurance Training
• Intervention to Prevent Loss of Muscle Strength
• Intervention to Increase Muscle Endurance
• Intervention to Increase Muscle Strength
• Considerations for Client Training Handouts
• Case Study
• 15 Motor Control Assessment
• Introduction
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Motor Control
• Impact of Motor Control Dysfunction on Daily Occupation
• UMN versus LMN Signs
• Dysfunction Caused by Cortical Lesions
• Dysfunction Caused by Cerebellar Lesions
• Dysfunction Caused by Basal Ganglia Lesions
• Motor Control Assessment
• Assessment of Motor Control Skills in Daily Living
• Muscle Tone and Deep Tendon Reflexes
• Postural Control
• Paresis and Selective Motor Control
• Coordination
• Motor Planning
• Case Study
• 16 Motor Control Intervention
• Introduction
• Task-Oriented Training Approaches
• Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
• Augmenting Task-Oriented Approaches
• Use of Cognitive Strategies
• Use of Technology
• Management of Specific Neurological Impairments
• Intervention for Paresis and Inability to Fractionate Movement
• Intervention for Flaccidity, Spasticity, and Rigidity
• Intervention for Deficits Associated with Hyperkinetic and Hypokinetic Movement Disorders
• Intervention for Apraxia
• Case Study
• 17 Balance Assessment and Intervention
• Balance and Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Balance
• Screening of Balance Skills
• Signs Indicating Dysfunction in Balance
• Possible Causes of Impairment
• Screening Instructions
• Assessing Impact on Daily Occupational Function
• Overview of Interventions for Balance Impairment
• Specific Interventions for Balance Impairment
• Remediation of Balance Impairments
• Compensating for Balance Impairments
• Adapting for Balance Impairments
• Functional Mobility
• Case Study
• 18 Communication Assessment and Intervention
• Communication Function and Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Communication
• Neuroanatomical Structures and Functions
• Anatomy and Physiology of Speech
• Conceptual Foundation Underlying the Role of Occupational Therapy for Communication Impairment
• Communication: Disorders, Signs and Symptoms, and Causes
• Speech Disorders
• Language Disorders
• Communication: Assessing Impact on Occupational Performance
• Screening
• Assessing Impact on Daily Occupational Function
• Specific Interventions for Communication Dysfunction
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication
• Partner Training
• Script Training
• Participation as Intervention
• Adaptive Strategies
• Case Study
• Intervention
• 19 Swallowing and Eating Assessment and Intervention
• Swallowing and Eating Function and Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Neurological and Physiological Bases of Swallowing and Eating
• Preoral Stage
• Oral Preparatory Stage
• Oral Stage
• Pharyngeal Stage
• Esophageal Stage
• Impaired Swallowing
• Types of Dysphagia
• Evaluation of Swallowing and Eating Skills
• Clinical Assessment
• Instrumental Evaluation
• Conceptual Foundations Underlying Interventions for Swallowing and Eating Impairment
• Remedial and Compensatory Dysphagia Therapy
• Indirect and Direct Therapy
• Compensatory and Remedial Interventions for Specific Eating and Swallowing Problems
• Specific Eating and Swallowing Problems
• Compensatory Swallowing Maneuvers
• Progression of Diet with Swallowing Therapy
• Dysphagia Diets
• Patient and Caregiver Training
• Case Study
• 20 Cranial Nerve Assessment
• Cranial Nerve Function and Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Neurological and Physiological Basis of Cranial Nerve Function
• Cranial Nerve Screening Procedures
• Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve
• Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve
• Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve
• Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve
• Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve
• Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens Nerve
• Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve
• Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
• Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
• Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve
• Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve
• Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve
• Case Study
• 21 Environmental Assessment and Modification: Home, Work, and Community
• Environmental Assessment and Modification
• History and Legislative Standards
• Universal Design
• Equitable Use
• Flexibility in Use
• Simple and Intuitive Use
• Perceptible Information
• Tolerance for Error
• Low Physical Effort
• Size and Space for Approach and Use
• Measuring for Fit: Understanding Anthropometrics
• Steps to Use Anthropometric Measurements to Design Space
• Purposes for Environmental Assessments
• Overall Independence
• Home Safety and Fall Prevention
• Aging in Place
• Community Livability
• Injury Prevention and Productivity
• Home Environment Assessment and Modification
• Understanding the Client: The Occupational Profile
• Team Approach: Including a Variety of Stakeholders
• Funding Options
• Creating the Problem List
• The Process of Home Assessment and Modification
• Entryways, Ramps, and Home Exteriors
• Exterior Stairs, Elevators, and Lifts
• Stairs: Exterior and Interior
• Doors
• Lighting and Outlets
• Interior Floors, Hallways, Doorways, and Windows
• Bathrooms
• Kitchen
• Living and Dining Rooms
• Bedrooms
• Closets
• Home Safety Technologies
• Workplace Environmental Assessment
• Purpose of Conducting a Workplace Assessment
• Preparing for the Worksite Visit
• Components of an Environmental Assessment
• Task Requirements and Workstation Design
• Seated Workstations
• Standing Workstations
• Lifting Workstations
• Lighting
• Noise
• Temperature
• Flooring
• Interventions for Work Environments
• Workplace Layout
• Workstation Design
• Seated Workstation Adjustments
• Standing Workstation Adjustments
• Lifting Workstation Adjustments
• Sit–Stand Workstations and Physical Activity
• Community Environmental Assessment and Modification
• Community Environmental Assessment
• Community Environmental Modification
• Case Study
• Section 3 Rehabilitation Technology
• 22 Upper Extremity Orthoses
• Introduction
• Classification of Orthoses
• Basic Types of Orthoses
• Orthosis Terminology
• Orthosis Selection
• Orthosis Adherence
• Theoretical Foundations for the Use of Orthoses as a Therapeutic Intervention
• Purposes of Orthoses
• Immobilization to Support a Painful Joint
• Immobilize for Healing or to Protect Tissues
• Provide Stability or Restrict Unwanted Motion
• Restore Mobility
• Substitute for Weak or Absent Muscles
• Prevent Contractures or Modify Tone
• Efficacy and Outcomes
• Case Study
• 23 Upper Extremity Orthoses Fabrication
• Orthosis Fabrication Introduction
• Anatomical and Biomechanical Considerations When Fabricating Custom Orthoses
• Anatomy
• Biomechanical Principles Applied to Custom Orthosis Fabrication
• Mechanical Principles Applied to Orthosis Construction
• Patient Considerations When Choosing to Incorporate Orthoses into the Treatment Plan
• Considerations for Designing an Orthosis
• Theoretical Foundations for the Use of Orthoses as a Therapeutic Intervention
• Phases of Tissue Healing
• Reasons to Use Orthoses
• Influence of Orthosis Use on Tissue Remodeling
• Patient Adherence to Orthosis Use
• Considerations Regarding Thermoplastic Orthosis Construction
• Material Properties
• Necessary Basic Equipment for Orthosis Fabrication
• Custom Orthosis Construction
• Orthosis Design
• Thermoplastic Material Selection
• Steps in Custom Orthosis Fabrication
• Making a Proper Pattern
• Cutting Thermoplastic Material
• Heating Thermoplastic Material
• Forming the Material into an Orthosis
• Proper Patient Positioning during Orthosis Fabrication
• Finishing Edges of the Orthosis
• Applying the Straps
• Outrigger Attachments
• Process for Creating a Custom Outrigger
• The Use of Padding
• Evaluating Fit and Comfort
• Training and Education
• Orthosis Checkout
• Case Study
• 24 Physical Agent Modalities and Biofeedback
• Introduction
• Competency and Regulatory Issues
• Theoretical Framework for Clinical Application
• Phase I: Inflammatory Phase
• Phase II: Proliferative Phase
• Phase III: Maturation Phase
• Pain
• Incorporating Physical Agents into Typical Occupational Therapy Treatment
• Superficial Thermal Agents
• Thermotherapy or Heat Agents
• Cryotherapy or Cold Agents
• Mechanisms Underlying Function/Action
• Thermotherapy: Hot Packs
• Thermotherapy: Whirlpool
• Thermotherapy: Fluidotherapy
• Thermotherapy: Paraffin Baths
• Cryotherapy
• Ultrasound
• Effect
• Energy Distribution
• Types of Clinical Conditions: Heal (Nonthermal) or Heat (Thermal) Ultrasound
• Phonophoresis
• Contraindications
• Precautions
• General Instructions or Directions for Ultrasound Use
• Precautions for Ultrasound Use
• Electrotherapy
• Forms of Electrotherapy
• Principles of Electricity
• Effects
• Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
• Iontophoresis
• Laser Therapy (Low-Level Laser Therapy)
• Mechanism of Action
• Clinical Conditions for Which Modality Can Be Used
• General Instructions
• Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback
• Clinical Conditions for Which Modality Can Be Used
• Mechanism of Action
• General Instructions
• Case Study
• 25 Wheelchair and Seating Selection
• Wheelchair Seating and Mobility in Daily Occupation
• Motor, Visual, Cognitive and Sensory Impairments That Underlie the Need for Seating and Mobility Devices
• Wheelchair Seating and Mobility Screening and Assessment
• Wheelchair Seating Screening
• The Wheelchair Seating and Mobility Assessment Team
• Wheelchair Seating Assessment
• Wheelchair Mobility Screening
• Wheelchair Mobility Assessment
• Conceptual Foundation Underlying Interventions for Seating and Mobility Impairment
• Specific Interventions for Skill Dysfunction
• Wheelchair Seating System Categories
• Common Positioning Challenges and Strategies
• Wheeled Mobility Categories
• Manual Wheelchair Self-propulsion Considerations
• Power Wheelchair Considerations
• Case Study
• 26 Assistive Technology
• Technology as an Enabling Part of Occupational Performance
• Theoretical Foundations for the Use of Technology in Occupational Therapy
• Assessment and Clinical Considerations for Using Technology
• Interprofessional Team
• Foundational Concepts for Access and Positioning
• Technology Used for Remediation: Occupational-as-a-Means
• General Guidelines for Therapeutic Use of Technology
• Virtual Reality
• Assistive Technology for Occupational Performance
• Device Access
• Text Entry
• More Complex Trials for Text Entry
• Electronic Aids to Daily Living
• Case Study
• Section 4 Restoration of Independent and Community Living Roles
• 27 Restoring Activities of Daily Living
• Activities of Daily Living
• Evaluation of Activities of Daily Living
• Chart Review
• Occupational Profile
• Assessment of Activity of Daily Living Performance
• Other Factors to Consider in Activities of Daily Living Evaluations
• Settings for Activities of Daily Living Evaluation and Intervention
• Activities of Daily Living Intervention Techniques
• Weakness
• Low Endurance and Fatigue
• Limited or Restricted Range of Motion
• Incoordination and Poor Dexterity
• Decreased Sensation
• Loss of Use of One Upper Extremity or One Side of Body
• Lower Extremity Amputation
• Low or Limited Vision
• Bariatric Considerations
• Memory Deficits
• Case Study
• 28 Restoring Family, Parenting, and Social Roles
• Role Disruption after Physical Disability
• Family Roles
• Restoring or Newly Assuming Parenting Roles
• Restoring or Newly Assuming Caregiving Roles of Pets and Animal Assistants
• Social Roles
• Restoring Dating and Courtship Roles
• Case Study
• 29 Restoring Home, Work, and Recreation Roles
• Introduction
• Occupational Performance Assessments for Home Management, Work, and Recreation Roles
• Selecting the Intervention Approach: Remediation, Compensation, or Adaptation
• Restoring Home Management Roles
• Performance-Based Measures of Home Management Occupational Roles
• Intervention to Restore Home Management Occupational Roles
• Efficacy of Interventions for Home Management
• Restoring Work Roles
• Background
• Performance-Based Measures of Worker Roles
• Intervention
• Efficacy of Interventions for Restoring Work Roles
• Restoring Recreation Roles
• Background
• Assessment of Recreation Roles
• Intervention for Quiet and Active Leisure or Recreational Pursuits
• Efficacy of Interventions for Restoring Recreation Roles
• Case Study
• 30 Restoring Transfers and Functional Mobility
• Introduction
• Transfers
• Assessment for Transfers
• Intervention for Transfers
• Functional Mobility
• Assessment for Functional Mobility
• Intervention for Functional Mobility
• Documentation of Wheelchair Mobility Skills
• Case Study
• 31 Restoring Driving and Community Mobility
• Driving as an Instrumental Activity of Daily Living
• Overview of Crashes in the United States
• Driver Rehabilitation
• Screening
• Driving Assessment
• Interventions to Support Driving
• Community Mobility
• Case Study: Julio
• Assessment of Community Mobility
• Interventions to Support Community Mobility
• Case Study: Tristen
• Section 5 Frames of Reference for Physical Disability Rehabilitation
• 32 The Biomechanical Frame of Reference
• Introduction
• The Biomechanical Frame of Reference Theoretical Base
• Function/Dysfunction Continua
• Range of Motion
• Strength
• Endurance
• Evaluation: Indicators of Function and Dysfunction
• Range of Motion
• Strength
• Endurance
• Intervention: Postulates Regarding Change
• Range of Motion
• Strength
• Endurance
• Evidence Regarding the Biomechanical Frame of Reference
• Case Study
• 33 The Rehabilitation Frame of Reference
• Overview of the Rehabilitation Frame of Reference
• Background
• Characteristics of Clients
• Settings and Situations
• Theoretical Base and Related Models
• The Medical Model and the Rehabilitation Model
• The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Model
• The Client-Centered Model
• Theoretical Assumptions
• Evaluation (Function/Dysfunction Continua and Indicators)
• Function and Dysfunction Continua
• Indicators of Function and Dysfunction
• Intervention (Postulates Regarding Change)
• Intervention Techniques
• Evidence
• Case Study
• 34 Motor Learning and Task-Oriented Approaches
• Introduction
• Motor Learning
• Motor Learning Theories
• Key Principles
• Occupational Therapy Task-Oriented Approach
• Theoretical Foundation
• Evaluation Principles
• Intervention Principles
• Evidence
• Case Study
• 35 Functional Uses of Neurological Approaches: Rood, Brunnstrom, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, and Neuro-Developmental Treatment
• Introduction
• Rood Frame of Reference
• Background and Historical Significance
• Evaluation and Intervention Principles
• Use of the Rood Frame of Reference Today
• Brunnstrom Frame of Reference
• Background and Historical Significance
• Evaluation and Intervention Principles
• Use of Brunnstrom Frame of Reference Today
• Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Frame of Reference
• Background and Historical Significance
• Evaluation and Intervention Principles of PNF
• Use of the PNF Frame of Reference Today
• Neuro-Developmental Frame of Reference
• Background and Historical Significance
• Definition of Neuro-Developmental Treatment
• Evaluation and Intervention Principles for NDT
• Use of the NDT Frame of Reference Today
• Case Study
• Section 6 Guidelines for Physical Dysfunction Diagnostic Categories
• 36 Cerebrovascular Accident
• Introduction
• Stroke Epidemiology
• Stroke Etiology
• Ischemia
• Hemorrhage
• Transient Ischemic Attack
• Common Stroke Syndromes
• Anterior Circulation Strokes
• Posterior Circulation Strokes
• Boarder Zone (Watershed) Infarcts
• Medical Management
• The Impact of Stroke on Daily Occupation
• Trunk and Postural Control Impairments
• Upper Extremity Impairments
• Cognitive and Perceptual Impairments
• Language Impairments
• Visual Impairments
• Psychosocial Impairments
• Evaluation and Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Stroke
• Evaluation Approaches
• Evaluation of Areas of Occupation
• Evaluation of Performance Skills and Client Factors
• Intervention Approaches
• Prevention of Future Strokes
• Case Study
• 37 Acquired Brain Injury
• Introduction
• Incidence, Prevalence, and Causation
• Mechanisms of Injury and Clinical Implications
• Focal Versus Diffuse Injuries
• Cranial Nerve Damage Associated with Brain Injury
• Brain Tumors
• Classifications of Brain Injury
• Severe Disorders of Consciousness
• Moderate Brain Injury
• Mild Brain Injury
• Phases of Recovery
• Occupational Therapy Assessments
• Physical Assessments
• Activities of Daily Living Assessments
• Cognitive Assessments
• Emotional Assessments
• Behavioral Assessments
• Assessments Used by the Interprofessional Team
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupations
• Occupational Therapy Interventions
• Physical Interventions
• Sensory Stimulation
• Vision and Visual Perception
• Management of Agitation
• Cognition
• Self-Awareness
• Functional Training
• Psychosocial
• Support Systems
• Case Study
• 38 Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Introduction
• Occupational Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation
• Occupational Therapy Intervention Process
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Course and Prognosis
• Signs and Symptoms
• Medical Management
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation
• Occupational Therapy Intervention Process
• Perspective on Intervention
• Adjusting to Multiple Sclerosis
• Parkinson Disease
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Course and Prognosis
• Signs and Symptoms
• Medical Management
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation
• Occupational Therapy Intervention Process
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Course and Prognosis
• Signs and Symptoms
• Medical Management
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation
• Occupational Therapy Intervention Process
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Course and Prognosis
• Signs and Symptoms
• Medical Management
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation
• Occupational Therapy Intervention Process
• Case Study
• 39 Spinal Cord Injury
• Introduction
• Description of Spinal Cord Injury
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Course
• Prognosis
• Secondary Conditions
• Spinal Stabilization
• Paralysis and Loss of Sensation
• Respiration
• Autonomic Dysreflexia
• Orthostatic Hypotension
• Pressure Injuries
• Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel
• Sexual Function
• Temperature Regulation
• Pain
• Fatigue and Sleep Disturbance
• Changes in Muscle Tone
• Thromboembolism
• Psychosocial Adaptation
• Medical Management
• Paralysis and Impaired Sensation
• Respiration
• Autonomic Dysreflexia
• Orthostatic Hypotension
• Pressure Injuries
• Neurogenic Bowel and Bladder
• Sexual Function
• Temperature Regulation
• Pain
• Fatigue and Sleep Disturbance
• Changes in Muscle Tone
• Thromboembolism
• Heterotopic Ossification
• Psychosocial Adaptation
• Polytrauma
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupations
• Evaluation and Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury
• The Initial Occupational Therapy Evaluation
• Occupational Therapy Intervention
• Case Study
• 40 Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases
• Introduction
• Description of Cardiac Disease
• Hypertension
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Acute Coronary Syndrome
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation Resulting from Cardiac Disease
• Evaluation and Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Cardiac Disease
• Description of Pulmonary Disease
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Interstitial Lung Disease
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation Resulting from Pulmonary Disease
• Evaluation and Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Pulmonary Disease
• Case Study
• 41 Orthopedic Conditions
• Introduction
• Purpose and Role of Occupational Therapy in Orthopedics
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation in Orthopedics
• Participation in Life Roles
• Impairments of Abilities and Capacities
• Occupational Therapy Treatment in Orthopedics
• Upper Extremity Fractures
• Shoulder Fractures
• Elbow Fractures
• Rotator Cuff Pathologies
• Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
• Rotator Cuff Tendonitis and Bicipital Tendonitis
• Bursitis
• Rotator Cuff Tear
• Hip Fractures
• Occupational Therapy Following a Hip Fracture and Surgery
• Degenerative Hip Disease
• Occupational Therapy after Elective Hip Surgery
• Case Study
• 42 Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Definition, Prevalence, and Background
• Rheumatoid Arthritis Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Rheumatoid Arthritis Course and Prognosis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis Signs and Symptoms
• Rheumatoid Arthritis Medical Management
• Rheumatoid Arthritis–Related Functional Impairments in Daily Occupation
• Osteoarthritis: Definition, Prevalence, and Background
• Osteoarthritis Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Osteoarthritis Course and Prognosis
• Osteoarthritis Signs and Symptoms
• Osteoarthritis Medical Management
• Osteoarthritis-Related Functional Impairments in Daily Occupation
• Evaluation of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
• Initial Interview
• Body Functions and Activity Limitations
• Mobility and Upper Limb Function
• Interventions for Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
• Physical Agent Modalities
• Edema Management
• Orthotics
• Therapeutic Activities and Exercises
• Ergonomics in Arthritis
• Fatigue Management
• Vocational Rehabilitation
• Postoperative Management
• Theoretical Frameworks and Clinical Outcomes
• Case Study
• 43 Hand Impairments
• Description of Common Hand Diagnoses
• Tissue Healing
• Tendinopathy
• Nerve Injury
• Fractures
• Ligament Injury
• Tendon Injury
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation Resulting from Hand Impairments
• Evaluation and Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Hand Impairments
• Psychosocial Factors Affecting Therapeutic Outcomes
• Goal Setting
• Basic Interventions
• Edema Control
• Scar Management
• Differential Digital Tendon Gliding Exercises
• Blocking Exercises
• Diagnosis-Specific Interventions
• Conclusion
• Case Study
• Sage: A Case Study of de Quervain Tenosynovitis
• 44 Amputations and Prosthetics
• Amputation Epidemiology
• Sequelae
• Use of Prosthetic Devices
• Amputation Medical Management
• Phases of Rehabilitation
• Patient Education
• Managing Expectations of an Upper Limb Prosthesis
• Upper Limb Prosthetic Options
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation after Amputation
• Emotional Impact
• Evaluation after Amputation
• Evaluation of Pain Associated with Amputation
• Evaluation of Neuromusculoskeletal and Sensory Impairments after Amputation
• Evaluation of ADL and IADL after Amputation
• Evaluation of the Prosthesis after Amputation
• Intervention for Pain, Neuromusculoskeletal, and Sensory Impairment after Amputation
• Residual Limb Management
• Maintain or Increase Range of Motion and Strength
• Change of Dominance
• Intervention for Independence in ADLs after Amputation
• Intervention to Prepare for Prosthetic Fitting
• Intervention with the Upper Limb Prosthesis
• Don and Doff the Prosthesis
• Residual Limb Inspection and Device Care
• Prosthesis Wear Schedule
• Prosthetic Controls Training
• Functional Training with the Upper Limb Prosthesis
• Driving and Community Mobility
• Rehabilitation after Lower Limb Amputation
• Conclusion
• Case Study
• 45 Diabetes
• Diabetes Epidemiology
• Diabetes: Prevalence and Importance of the Problem
• Definition of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
• Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria
• Diabetes Risk Factors
• Complications
• Impact of Diabetes on Daily Occupations across the Life Span
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Psychosocial Adaptation
• Self-Management of Diabetes
• Diabetes Self-Management as an Occupation
• Behavioral Change Models
• Self-Regulation Theory
• Goal Setting and Goal Striving Theory
• Self-Efficacy Theory
• Transtheoretical Model
• Chronic Care Model
• Self-Management Education and Self-Management Support Programs
• Self-Management Education and Support
• Chronic Disease Self-Management Program
• Team Care Approach for Diabetes Management
• Occupational Therapy for People Living with Diabetes
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation
• Occupational Therapy Intervention
• Conclusion
• Case Study
• 46 Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
• Description of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
• Epidemiology
• Definition
• Prevalence and Background
• Etiology
• Dementia Course, Prognosis, Signs, and Symptoms
• Medical Management
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Early-Stage Functional Impairments
• Middle-Stage Functional Impairments
• Late-Stage Functional Impairments
• Evaluation and Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
• Assessment and Evaluation for Dementia
• Intervention Procedures for Impairments Associated with Alzheimer Dementia
• Case Study
• 47 Cancer
• Cancer: Background
• Breast Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Brain Cancer
• Head and Neck Cancer
• Sarcoma
• Colorectal Cancer
• Phases of the Cancer Journey
• Diagnosis
• Medical Treatment
• Survivorship
• Palliative Care
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation and Intervention for People Living with Cancer
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation Procedures and Methods
• Occupational Therapy Intervention Approaches
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Case Study
• 48 Burn Injuries
• Introduction
• Burn Classification
• Superficial Burns
• Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns
• Deep Partial-Thickness Burns
• Full-Thickness Injury Burns
• Total Body Surface Area
• Phases of Burn Management and Rehabilitation
• Emergent Phase
• Acute Phase
• Rehabilitation Phase
• Potential Complications
• Reconstructive Surgery
• OT Related to Reconstructive Procedures
• Return to Work
• Special Considerations for Hand Burns
• Evaluation of Hand Burns
• Treatment of Hand Burns
• Potential Complications of Hand Burns
• Future Directions
• Case Study
• 49 Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia
• Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia: Definition, Prevalence, and Background
• Fibromyalgia: Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Medical Management
• Low Back Pain: Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Medical Management
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation Secondary to Chronic Pain
• Activities of Daily Living
• Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
• Work and Education
• Other Occupational Domains
• Evaluation of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Chronic Pain
• Patient History
• Occupational Profile
• Pain Diaries
• Visual Analog Scales
• Pain Disability Index
• Brief Pain Inventory
• Canadian Occupational Performance Measure
• Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Chronic Pain
• Client Education and Lifestyle Modification
• Body Mechanics
• Energy Conservation and Work Simplification
• Strength and Endurance Training
• Adaptive Equipment
• Physical Agent Modalities
• Complementary and Alternative Therapies
• Case Study
• 50 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Description of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Introduction
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Course, Prognosis, and Contextual Factors
• Signs and Symptoms
• Aging with HIV
• Medical Management
• Functional Impairment in Daily Occupation
• Evaluation and Intervention of Functional Skill Deficits Secondary to Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Occupation Specific Assessments
• Assessment and Intervention for Common Signs and Symptoms
• Prevention Strategies throughout the Disease Trajectory
• Case Study
• 51 Sleep Disorders Secondary to Orthopedic and Neurological Disorders
• Sleep Disorders: Definition, Prevalence, and Background
• The Physiology of Sleep
• The Impact of Sleep Disorders on Daily Occupation
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation and Intervention of Sleep Disorders
• Evaluation and Intervention of the Environment
• Evaluation and Intervention of Routines and Habits Related to the Sleep–Wake Cycle
• Evaluation and Intervention of Daily Activity Levels Impacting Sleep Initiation and Maintenance
• Case Study
• 52 Psychosocial Adaptation to Disability
• The Disability Experience
• Adjustment to Disability
• Denial, Anger, Depression, and Acceptance
• Psychodynamic Model, Cognitive–Behavioral Model, and Transtheoretical Change Model
• Disability Culture and the Independent Living Movement
• How Occupational Therapists Facilitate Psychosocial Adjustment
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation and Intervention of Role Loss
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation and Intervention of Depression
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation and Intervention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Occupational Therapy Evaluation and Intervention of Substance Abuse
• Case Study
• Index