Efnisyfirlit

• Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Front Cover Photograph
• Holocene Rock Art from the Northwestern Flanks of the Ennedi Highlands, Eastern Sahara, Chad
• References
• Foreword
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Chapter 1: Paleoclimatic Reconstruction
• 1.1. Introduction
• 1.2. Sources of Paleoclimatic Information
• 1.3. Levels of Paleoclimatic Analysis
• 1.4. Modeling in Paleoclimatic Research
• Chapter 2: Climate and Climatic Variation
• 2.1. The Nature of Climate and Climatic Variation
• 2.2. The Climate System
• 2.3. Feedback Mechanisms
• 2.4. Energy Balance of the Earth and Its Atmosphere
• 2.5. Timescales of Climatic Variation
• 2.6. Variations of the Earths’ Orbital Parameters
• 2.7. Solar Forcing
• 2.8. Volcanic Forcing
• Chapter 3: Dating Methods I
• 3.1. Introduction and Overview
• 3.2. Radioisotopic Methods
• 3.2.1. Radiocarbon Dating
• 3.2.1.1. Principles of 14C Dating
• 3.2.1.2. Measurement Procedures, Materials, and Problems
• 3.2.1.3. Accuracy of Radiocarbon Dates
• 3.2.1.4. Sources of Error in 14C Dating
• 3.2.1.4.1. Problems of Sample Selection and Contamination
• 3.2.1.4.2. Variations in 14C Content of the Oceanic Reservoir and Ventilation of the Deep Ocean Basi
• 3.2.1.4.3. Fractionation Effects
• 3.2.1.5. Long-Term Changes in Atmospheric 14C Content
• 3.2.1.6. Causes of Temporal Radiocarbon Variations
• 3.2.1.7. Radiocarbon Variations and Climate
• 3.2.2. Potassium-Argon Dating (40K/40Ar)
• 3.2.2.1. Problems of 40K/40Ar Dating
• 3.2.2.2. 40Ar/39Ar Dating
• 3.2.3. Uranium-Series Dating
• 3.2.3.1. Problems of U-Series Dating
• 3.2.4. Luminescence Dating: Principles and Applications
• 3.2.4.1. Thermoluminescence (TL) Dating
• 3.2.4.2. Problems of Thermoluminescence Dating
• 3.2.4.3. Optically and Infrared-Stimulated Luminescence (OSL and IRSL) Dating
• 3.2.5. Surface Exposure Dating
• 3.2.6. Fission-Track Dating
• Chapter 4: Dating Methods II
• 4.1. Paleomagnetism
• 4.1.1. The Earth’s Magnetic Field
• 4.1.2. Magnetization of Rocks and Sediments
• 4.1.3. The Paleomagnetic Timescale
• 4.1.4. Geomagnetic Excursions
• 4.1.5. Relative Paleointensity Variations
• 4.1.6. Secular Variations of the Earths Magnetic Field
• 4.2. Dating Methods Involving Chemical Changes
• 4.2.1. Amino Acid Dating
• 4.2.1.1. Principles of Amino Acid Dating
• 4.2.1.2. Numerical Age Estimates Based on Amino Acid Ratios
• 4.2.1.3. Relative Age Estimates Based on Amino Acid Ratios
• 4.2.1.4. Paleotemperature Estimates from Amino Acid Racemization and Epimerization
• 4.2.2. Obsidian Hydration Dating
• 4.3. Tephrochronology
• 4.4. Biological Dating Methods
• 4.4.1. Lichenometry
• 4.4.1.1. Principles of Lichenometry
• 4.4.1.2. Problems of Lichenometry
• 4.4.1.2.1. Biological Factors
• 4.4.1.2.2. Environmental Factors
• 4.4.1.2.3. Sampling Factors
• 4.4.2. Dendrochronology
• Chapter 5: Ice Cores
• 5.1. Introduction
• 5.2. Stable Isotope Analysis
• 5.2.1. Stable Isotopes in Water: Measurement and Standardization
• 5.2.2. Oxygen-18 Concentration in Atmospheric Precipitation
• 5.2.3. Factors Affecting the Stable Isotope Record in Ice Cores
• 5.2.4. Deuterium Excess
• 5.3. Dating Ice Cores
• 5.3.1. Radioisotopic Methods
• 5.3.2. Seasonal Variations and Episodic Events
• 5.3.2.1. Visual Stratigraphy
• 5.3.2.2. δ18O
• 5.3.2.3. Glaciochemistry
• 5.3.2.4. Electrical Conductivity Measurements (ECM)
• 5.3.2.5. Radioactive Fallout
• 5.3.2.6. Volcanic Sulfate and Tephra
• 5.3.3. Theoretical Models
• 5.3.4. Chronostratigraphic Correlations
• 5.4. Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Ice Cores
• 5.4.1. Ice-Core Records from Greenland
• 5.4.2. Ice-Core Records from Antarctica
• 5.4.3. Past Atmospheric Composition from Polar Ice Cores
• 5.4.4. Greenhouse Gas Records in Ice Cores
• 5.4.5. Ice-Core Records from Low Latitudes
• Chapter 6: Marine Sediments
• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. Paleoclimatic Information from Biological Material in Ocean Cores
• 6.3. Oxygen Isotope Studies of Calcareous Marine Fauna
• 6.3.1. Isotopic Composition of the Oceans
• 6.3.2. Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy
• 6.3.3. Orbital Tuning
• 6.3.4. Orbital Forcing: Evidence from the Marine Record
• 6.3.5. Sea Level Changes and δ18O
• 6.4. Paleotemperatures from Relative Abundance Studies
• 6.5. Paleotemperature Reconstruction from Sediment Geochemistry
• 6.5.1. Paleotemperatures from Alkenones
• 6.5.2. Paleotemperatures from TEX86 and Long-Chain Diols
• 6.5.3. IP25 and Related Sea Ice Proxies
• 6.5.4. Paleotemperatures from Mg/Ca Ratios
• 6.6. Oceanographic Conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
• 6.7. Paleoclimatic Information from Inorganic Material in Marine Sediments
• 6.8. Thermohaline Circulation of the Oceans
• 6.8.1. Tracers in the Ocean
• 6.9. Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: The Role of the Oceans
• 6.10. Abrupt Climate Changes
• 6.10.1. Heinrich Events
• Chapter 7: Loess
• 7.1. Chronology of Loess-Paleosol Sequences
• 7.2. Paleoclimatic Significance of Loess-Paleosol Sequences
• Chapter 8: Speleothems
• 8.1. Isotopic Variations in Speleothems
• 8.2. Tropical and Subtropical Paleoclimate Variability from Speleothems
• 8.3. Speleothems and Glacial Terminations
• 8.4. Millennial to Centennial Scale Changes
• 8.5. Late Glacial and Holocene Records
• 8.6. Stalagmite Records of the Last Two Millennia
• 8.7. Paleoclimatic Information from Periods of Speleothem Growth
• 8.8. Speleothems as Indicators of Sea-Level Variations
• Chapter 9: Lake Sediments
• 9.1. Sedimentology and Inorganic Geochemistry
• 9.2. Varves
• 9.3. Pollen, Macrofossils, and Phytoliths
• 9.4. Ostracods
• 9.5. Diatoms
• 9.6. Stable Isotopes
• 9.7. Organic Biomarkers
• Chapter 10: Nonmarine Geologic Evidence
• 10.1. Introduction
• 10.2. Periglacial Features
• 10.3. Snowlines and Glaciation Thresholds
• 10.3.1. The Climatic and Paleoclimatic Interpretation of Snowlines and ELAs
• 10.3.2. The Age of Former Snowlines
• 10.4. Mountain Glacier Fluctuations
• 10.4.1. Evidence of Glacier Fluctuations
• 10.4.2. The Record of Glacier Front Positions
• 10.5. Lake-level Fluctuations
• 10.5.1. Hydrologic Balance Models
• 10.5.2. Hydrologic-Energy Balance Models
• 10.5.3. Regional Patterns of Lake-Level Fluctuations
• Chapter 11: Insects and Other Biological Evidence from Continental Regions
• 11.1. Introduction
• 11.2. Insects
• 11.2.1. Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Fossil Coleoptera
• 11.2.2. Paleoclimatic Reconstruction Based on Aquatic Insects
• 11.3. Former Vegetation Distribution from Plant Macrofossils
• 11.3.1. Arctic Tree Line Fluctuations
• 11.3.2. Alpine Tree Line Fluctuations
• 11.3.3. Lower Tree Line Fluctuations and Rodent Middens
• 11.4. Peat
• Chapter 12: Pollen
• 12.1. Introduction
• 12.2. The Basis of Pollen Analysis
• 12.2.1. Pollen Grain Characteristics
• 12.2.2. Pollen Productivity and Dispersal: The Pollen Rain
• 12.2.3. Sources of Fossil Pollen
• 12.2.4. Preparation of the Samples
• 12.2.5. Pollen Analysis of a Site: The Pollen Diagram
• 12.2.6. Zonation of the Pollen Diagram
• 12.3. Pollen Rain as a Representation of Vegetation Composition and Climate
• 12.3.1. Maps of Modern Pollen Data
• 12.3.2. Mapping Vegetation Change: Isopolls and Isochrones
• 12.3.3. How Rapidly Does Vegetation Respond to Changes in Climate?
• 12.4. Quantitative Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Pollen Analysis
• 12.5. Paleoclimatic Reconstruction from Long Quaternary Pollen Records
• 12.5.1. Europe
• 12.5.2. Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia
• 12.5.3. Central American Lowlands
• 12.5.4. Amazonia
• 12.5.5. Equatorial and Sub-Saharan Africa
• 12.5.6. Northeastern Siberia
• Chapter 13: Tree Rings
• 13.1. Introduction
• 13.2. Fundamentals of Dendroclimatology
• 13.2.1. Sample Selection
• 13.2.2. Cross Dating
• 13.2.3. Standardization of Ring-Width Data
• 13.2.4. Divergence
• 13.2.5. Calibration of Tree-Ring Data
• 13.2.6. Verification of Climatic Reconstructions
• 13.3. Dendroclimatic Reconstructions
• 13.3.1. Reconstructions of Temperatures over the Northern Hemisphere
• 13.3.2. Drought Reconstruction
• 13.3.3. Reconstruction of Atmospheric Circulation Modes
• 13.3.4. Wildfires and Dendroclimatology
• 13.4. Isotopic Dendroclimatology
• 13.4.1. δ18O and δ2H
• 13.4.2. δ13C
• Chapter 14: Corals
• 14.1. Coral Records of Past Climate
• 14.2. Paleoclimate from Coral Growth Rates
• 14.3. Luminescence in Corals
• 14.4. δ18O in Corals
• 14.5. δ13C in Corals
• 14.6. Delta14C in Corals
• 14.7. Trace Elements in Corals
• 14.8. Fossil Coral Records
• Chapter 15: Historical Documents
• 15.1. Introduction
• 15.2. Historical Records and Their Interpretation
• 15.2.1. Historical Weather Observations
• 15.2.2. Historical Records of Weather-Dependent Natural Phenomena
• 15.2.3. Phenological and Biological Records
• 15.3. Regional Studies Based on Historical Records
• 15.3.1. East Asia
• 15.3.2. Europe
• 15.4. Records of Climate Forcing Factors
• 15.5. Climate Paradigms for the Last Millennium
• Appendix A: Further Considerations on Radiocarbon Dating
• A.1. Calculation of Radiocarbon Age and Standardization Procedure
• A.2. Fractionation Effects
• Appendix B: Internet Resources in Paleoclimatology
• References
• Index