Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Dedication
• List of illustrations
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Preface to the First Edition
• Chapter One The Paleoethnobotanical Approach
• Introduction
• Historical Overview
• Nature and Status of Ethnobotany
• Chapter Two Deposition, Preservation, and Recovery of Macroremains
• Introduction
• Deposition and Preservation of Macroremains
• Deposition of Macroremains
• Preservation of Macroremains
• In Situ Collection of Macroremains
• Screening Techniques
• Water Recovery: Flotation Techniques
• Terminology
• Development of Flotation in the New World
• Development of Flotation in the Old World
• Machine-Assisted Flotation in North America
• Building and Operating Flotation Systems: Sample Designs
• Manual Flotation
• Machine-Assisted Flotation: Water Separators and SMAP Machines
• Machine-Assisted Flotation: Froth Flotation
• Sampling for Macroremains
• Strategies for Sampling
• Sampling Techniques
• Hints for Good Sampling
• Issues and Directions in Recovery of Macroremains
• Choosing a Recovery System
• Problem Soils
• Chemical Flotation
• Testing Flotation Recovery Rates
• Saltwater Flotation
• Chapter Three Identification and Interpretation of Macroremains
• Introduction
• Initial Processing of Samples
• Basic Hand-Sorting Procedures
• Subsampling Large Flotation Samples
• Alternatives to Hand Sorting
• Sorting Desiccated and Waterlogged Samples
• Building a Comparative Collection
• Plant-Collecting Procedures
• Pressing and Drying Specimens
• Identification of Comparative Materials
• Preparing a Working Laboratory Collection
• Basic Identification Techniques
• Seeds
• Fruits and Nuts
• Wood
• Roots and Tubers
• Fibers, Leaves, and Nonwoody Stems
• Cultivated Plant Material
• Specialized Identification Techniques
• Embedding, Sectioning, and Grinding
• Electron Microscopy
• Morphometric Analysis
• Residue Analyses
• Presenting and Interpreting Results
• Approaches to Interpretation
• Qualitative Presentation
• Quantitative Analysis
• Reporting Results
• Case Study 1: Dung Fuel or the Broad-Spectrum Revolution: Interpreting Seed Data from Ali Kosh and Abu Hureyra
• 2014 Case Study 1 Update
• Case Study 2: There Is More to Food Than Diet: Foodways and Political and Social Change in the Americas
• Issues and Directions in Macroremain Analysis
• Interpretation and Macroremain Deposition and Preservation
• The Meaning of Abundance Measures
• Proof and Falsification
• The Roles of Macroremain Analysis in Paleoethnobotany
• Chapter 4 Pollen Analysis
• Introduction
• Nature and Production of Pollen
• Pollen Development
• Pollen Grain Structure
• Pollen Dispersal Mechanisms
• History of Pollen Analysis
• Pollen Deposition and Preservation
• Pollen Deposition
• Pollen Preservation
• Field Sampling
• Sampling Strategies
• Taking Soil and Sediment Samples
• Sampling Modern Vegetation
• Laboratory Analysis
• Sampling a Core
• Soil Extraction Techniques
• Processing Coprolites
• Processing Floral Specimens
• Mounting Slides
• Counting and Identifying Pollen
• Presenting and Interpreting Results
• Presenting Data
• Interpreting Sedimentary Data
• Interpreting Archaeological Pollen Data
• Issues and Directions in Archaeological Pollen Analysis
• Preservation
• Context and Sampling Issues
• Methodological Concerns
• The Roles of Pollen Analysis in Archaeology and Paleoethnobotany
• Chapter 5 Phytolith Analysis
• Introduction
• Nature and Occurrence of Phytoliths
• Phytolith Formation
• Occurrence and Characteristics of Phytoliths
• Phytoliths and Archaeology: A Brief History
• Phytolith Deposition and Preservation
• Phytolith Deposition
• Phytolith Preservation
• Field Sampling
• Sampling Soil and Sediments
• Sampling Vegetation
• Laboratory Analysis
• Phytolith Laboratory
• Processing Procedures for Soil and Sediment
• Processing Comparative Plant Material
• Scanning, Counting, and Identifying Phytoliths
• Presenting and Interpreting Results
• Presenting Results
• Interpreting Phytolith Data
• Issues and Directions in Phytolith Analysis
• Phytolith Production Patterns
• Development of Standard Practices
• Understanding Phytolith Deposition and Preservation
• The Roles of Phytolith Analysis in Archaeology and Paleoethnobotany
• Chapter 6 Starch Analysis
• Introduction
• Nature and Production of Starch
• History of Starch Analysis
• Starch Deposition and Preservation
• Deposition of Starch
• Preservation of Starch
• Field Sampling
• Sediment Sampling
• Collecting Artifacts for Starch Analysis
• Laboratory Analysis
• Sampling Artifacts for Starch
• Extracting Starch from Residues and Sediments
• Sampling Comparative Plant Material
• Mounting Slides
• Counting and Identifying Starch
• Presenting and Interpreting Results
• Presentation of Results
• Interpreting Starch Data
• Issues and Directions in Archaeological Starch Analysis
• Understanding Modes of Starch Preservation and Modification
• Recovering Starch from Sediments and Residues
• Quantification
• Comparative Studies
• The Roles of Starch Research in Archaeology and Paleoethnobotany
• Chapter 7 Integrating Biological Data
• Part I: Indicators of Diet and Health
• Introduction
• Indirect Dietary Indicators
• Direct Indicators
• Part II: The Interplay of Dietary Indicators
• Predictions from Dietary Indicators
• Combined Indicators for Eight Neotropical Diets
• From Model to Reality: Two Archaeological Case Studies
• Conclusions
• References
• Index
• List of Contributors