Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations
• General pathology
• Introduction
• 1 The normal human cell
• Nucleus
• Cytosol
• Cytoskeleton
• Organelles
• 2 Fluid dynamics
• Electrolytes
• Blood and blood filtration
• Lymphatic system
• Transudates
• Exudate
• Tissue damage
• 3 Tissue types and the effect of tissue damage
• Normal tissue types
• Proliferative and regenerative capacity
• Tissue necrosis
• Types of infarction
• 4 Cell death
• Apoptosis
• Necrosis
• Autophagy
• Free radicals
• 5 Harmful agents in the environment
• Environmental pollution
• Physical agents
• Chemical agents
• Water
• Infectious agents
• 6 The effects of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• General observations regarding common therapeutic and addictive drugs
• 7 Nutritional disorders
• Nutritional deficiency
• Obesity
• Inflammation and immunity
• 8 The body’s natural defences
• Epithelial barriers
• Types of immunity
• Cells involved in the innate immune response
• Protein mediators
• Key events in the innate immune response
• Adaptive immunity
• 9 B cells and immunoglobulins
• Immunoglobulin structure and subtypes
• Immunoglobulin variability
• Limitation of the B‐cell response
• 10 T cells and the TCR
• T cell receptor
• T helper cells (Th cells)
• Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)
• Memory T cells (Tm)
• Limiting the T‐cell response
• 11 The major histocompatibility complex
• MHC class I molecules
• MHC class II molecules
• Tissue transplantation
• Bone marrow transplantation
• 12 Primary and secondary lymphoid organs and the monocyte–macrophage (reticuloendothelial) system
• Monocyte–macrophage system (also called the reticuloendothelial system)
• Bone marrow
• Lymphoid organs
• 13 Acute inflammation
• Systemic effects
• 14 Chronic inflammation
• Special types of chronic inflammation
• 15 Wound healing and repair
• Wound healing
• Wound healing at other sites
• Complications of healing
• 16 Infection and immunodeficiency
• Infective agents
• Immunodeficiency
• 17 Shock
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical consequences
• Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS, ‘shock lung’)
• 18 Tolerance and autoimmune disease
• B‐cell tolerance
• T‐cell tolerance
• Autoimmune diseases
• 19 Hypersensitivity reactions
• Type I hypersensitivity (allergic and anaphylactic responses)
• Type II hypersensitivity
• Type III hypersensitivity
• Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed hypersensitivity)
• 20 Overview of inflammation and immunity
• Immune system
• Summary
• Genetics
• 21 Cell division
• Mitosis
• Meiosis
• Terminology
• 22 Genetic disease
• Chromosomal disorders
• Autosomal disorders
• X‐linked disorders
• Mitochondrial disorders
• Neoplasia
• 23 Disordered cell growth
• Developmental disorders
• Non‐tumorous growth disorders
• 24 Basic concepts in neoplasia
• Nomenclature
• Benign tumours
• Malignant tumours
• 25 Tumorigenesis and oncogenesis
• DNA protection
• Control of cell division
• Theories of oncogenesis
• Target cells
• Causes of mutation
• 26 Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes
• Oncogenes
• Tumour suppressor genes
• Telomerase
• Role of genetic testing in tumour investigation and treatment
• 27 Common carcinoma histological subtypes
• Specific carcinomas
• Example generic descriptions
• 28 Tumour prognosis and treatment
• Prognosis
• Treatment
• Cure and tumour‐free survival
• Prevention
• Methods in histocytopathology
• 29 Basic techniques in histopathology
• Dissection
• Tissue processing
• The request form
• 30 Cytopathology
• Gynaecological cytology (the cervical smear)
• Diagnostic cytopathology
• Utility of FNA
• 31 Molecular pathology
• K‐Ras
• EGFR
• B‐Raf
• c‐Kit
• PD‐L1
• Systems pathology
• Multisystems disease
• 32 Sarcoidosis and syphilis
• Sarcoidosis
• Syphilis
• 33 Wilson’s disease and haemochromatosis
• Wilson’s disease
• Haemochromatosis
• 34 Systemic vasculitis
• Common pathology
• Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Microscopic polyarteritis
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Churg–Strauss syndrome
• Giant cell arteritis
• Takayasu’s arteritis
• Cardiovascular disease
• 35 Normal blood vessels and types of aneurysm
• Endothelium
• Vascular smooth muscle cells
• Aneurysms
• 36 Congenital heart disease
• Acyanotic congenital heart disease
• Cyanotic congenital heart disease
• 37 Systemic hypertension
• Control of blood pressure
• Causes
• Complications of hypertension
• Accelerated hypertension
• 38 Atherosclerosis
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Precursor lesion
• Pathogenesis
• Complications
• Treatment
• 39 Coronary heart disease
• Definition
• Angina pectoris
• Myocardial infarction
• 40 Thrombosis
• Normal haemostasis
• Pathologically significant locations of thrombus
• Venous thrombosis
• Thrombolysis
• Sequelae following thrombosis
• 41 Embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Embolism
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• 42 Cardiac valvular disease
• Aortic and pulmonary valves
• Mitral and tricuspid valves
• Causes of cardiac valvular disease
• 43 Myocardial and pericardial disease
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
• Myocarditis
• Pericarditis
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Tamponade
• Respiratory disease
• 44 Pulmonary vascular disorders
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pulmonary infarction
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Clinical correlations
• 45 Pneumonia
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Microbiology
• Pathology
• Clinical correlations
• 46 Bronchiectasis
• Definition
• Causes
• Epidemiology
• Pathology
• Clinical correlations
• 47 Tuberculosis
• Sequelae following TB infection
• Clinical diagnosis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• HIV and TB are synergistic
• 48 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Definition
• Causes
• Epidemiology
• Pathology
• Clinical correlations and complications
• α1‐Antitrypsin deficiency
• 49 Fibrosing alveolitis
• Fibrosing alveolitis
• Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
• 50 Primary lung carcinoma
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Causes
• Histological types
• Macroscopic features
• Spread
• Staging
• Clinical correlations
• Prognosis
• 51 Other tumours of the lung and pleura
• Malignant mesothelioma
• Secondary tumours of the lung and pleura
• Benign lung tumours
• Other malignant lung tumours
• Gastrointestinal tract disease
• 52 Malabsorption
• Malabsorption
• Diarrhoea
• Coeliac disease
• 53 Peptic ulceration and Helicobacter pylori
• Helicobacter pylori
• NSAIDs
• Duodenal peptic ulcer
• Gastric peptic ulcer
• Pathological features of peptic ulcers
• 54 Oesophageal disease
• Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
• Oesophageal cancer
• 55 Tumours of the stomach and small intestine
• Gastric cancer
• Other tumours
• 56 Mechanical disease of the gastrointestinal tract
• Diverticular disease
• Volvulus
• Intussusception
• Other causes of bowel infarction
• 57 Inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
• Epidemiology
• Aetiology and pathogenesis
• Clinical presentation
• Clinical investigations
• Gross features (see diagram)
• Microscopic features (see diagram)
• Clinical course
• Sequelae
• 58 Colorectal polyps, colorectal cancer and anal carcinoma
• Colorectal polyps
• Colorectal carcinoma
• Anal cancer
• Hepatic and pancreaticobiliary disease
• 59 Normal liver and the effects of liver damage
• Normal liver
• Acinar zone 3 is an ‘at risk’ region
• Cirrhotic patients have altered blood flow
• Liver regeneration
• Hepatic failure
• 60 Jaundice, gallstones and carcinoma of the gallbladder
• Causes of jaundice
• Gallstones
• Cholecystitis
• Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder
• 61 Fatty liver disease: alcoholic and non‐alcoholic
• Alcoholic liver disease
• Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
• 62 Autoimmune liver disease: AIH, PBC, PSC
• Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)
• Idiosyncratic (i.e. unpredictable) drug reactions can mimic AIH
• Primary biliary cholangitis
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis
• Secondary biliary sclerosis
• 63 Viral hepatitis
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis D
• Hepatitis E
• Hepatitis G
• Pathology
• 64 Cirrhosis
• Definition
• Causes
• Pathology
• Clinical correlations
• 65 Acute and chronic pancreatitis
• Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis
• Chronic pancreatitis
• 66 Tumours of the liver, biliary tree and pancreas
• Secondary liver tumours
• Benign primary liver tumours
• Malignant primary liver tumours
• Biliary tree tumours
• Ampullary adenocarcinoma
• Primary pancreatic tumours
• Genitourinary tract disease
• 67 Congenital and inherited abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract
• Inherited abnormalities
• Congenital and developmental abnormalities
• 68 The nephron and renal aspects of hypertension
• Vascular diseases of the kidney
• 69 Glomerulonephritis
• Nephritic syndrome
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Secondary glomerulonephritis
• 70 Important types of glomerulonephritis
• Proliferative disease
• Non‐proliferative disease
• 71 Tubulointerstitial diseases
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Tubulointerstitial nephritis
• Acute and chronic pyelonephritis
• Renal calculi
• 72 Renal neoplasms
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Urothelial carcinoma
• Other tumours
• 73 Bladder tumours
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Risk factors
• Pathology
• Pattern of spread
• Staging
• Prognosis
• 74 Testicular cancer
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Risk factors
• Pathology
• Pattern of spread
• Prognosis
• 75 Prostatic disease
• Prostate cancer
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Gynaecological and obstetric disease
• 76 Vulval and vaginal pathology
• Vulval carcinoma
• Other vulval neoplasms
• Non‐neoplastic vulvovaginal conditions
• 77 Cervical cancer
• Epidemiology
• Aetiology and risk factors
• Precursor lesions
• Cervical screening
• HPV vaccination
• Pathology
• Spread
• Staging
• Treatment
• 78 Benign uterine conditions
• Endometrial polyps
• Adenomyosis/adenomyoma
• Endometriosis
• Infections
• Benign neoplasms
• 79 Uterine malignancies
• Epithelial malignancies
• Mesenchymal malignancies
• Future developments
• 80 Ovarian neoplasia: part one
• Benign neoplasms
• Borderline ovarian neoplasms (atypically proliferating neoplasms)
• Ovarian carcinoma
• 81 Ovarian neoplasia: part two
• Germ cell tumours
• Sex cord stromal tumours
• Small cell carcinoma hypercalcaemic type
• Paraneoplastic syndromes
• Metastatic disease
• 82 Obstetric pathology
• Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Placenta creta
• 83 Paediatric tumours
• Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma)
• Neuroblastoma
• Retinoblastoma
• Nervous system disease
• 84 Cerebrovascular accidents
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Types
• Risk factors
• Pathophysiology
• Gross features
• Microscopic features
• Clinical correlations
• 85 Cerebrovascular accident syndromes
• 86 Raised intracranial pressure
• Definition
• Causes
• Pathophysiology
• 87 Traumatic injury and intracranial haemorrhage
• Extradural haemorrhage
• Chronic subdural haemorrhage
• Acute subdural haemorrhage
• Subarachnoid haemorrhage
• Cerebral contusions
• Diffuse axonal injury
• 88 Central nervous system tumours
• Primary tumours
• Secondary tumours
• 89 Infections of the nervous system
• Bacterial meningitis
• Other forms of meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Brain abscess
• Other infections
• 90 Movement disorders
• General principles
• Motor neurone disease
• Parkinson’s disease
• Huntington’s chorea
• 91 Acquired disorders of myelination
• Multiple sclerosis
• Other forms of CNS demyelination
• Guillain–Barré syndrome
• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
• 92 Dementia
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Pick’s disease
• Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
• Vascular dementia
• General considerations
• Endocrine disease
• 93 Pituitary pathology
• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
• Diabetes insipidus
• Hypopituitarism
• Pituitary tumours
• Craniopharyngioma
• 94 Non‐neoplastic pathology of the thyroid
• Hyperthyroidism, e.g. Graves’ disease
• Hypothyroidism, e.g. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
• De Quervain’s thyroiditis
• Riedel’s thyroiditis
• Goitre
• 95 Thyroid neoplasms
• Follicular adenoma
• Follicular carcinoma
• Papillary carcinoma
• Medullary carcinoma
• Anaplastic carcinoma
• General staging
• 96 Parathyroid gland pathology
• Hyperparathryoidism
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism
• Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia
• 97 Adrenal pathology
• Phaeochromocytoma
• Addison’s disease
• Secondary hypoadrenalism
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Mineralocorticoid excess
• 98 Diabetes mellitus
• Epidemiology
• Aetiology and pathogenesis
• Clinical features
• Clinical diagnosis
• Gross features
• Microscopic features
• Complications
• Head and neck pathology
• 99 Head and neck pathology
• Cholesteatoma
• Salivary glands
• Nasal polyps
• Tumours
• Lymphoreticular disease
• 100 Assorted haematological conditions
• Bone marrow failure
• 101 Leukaemia
• Acute leukaemia
• Chronic leukaemia
• 102 Lymphoma
• Hodgkin lymphoma
• Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
• Staging
• Prognosis
• 103 Myeloma
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Pathology
• Clinical diagnosis
• Complications
• Prognosis
• 104 Myeloproliferative disorders
• Molecular aspects
• Diagnosis
• Polycythaemia vera
• Essential thrombocythaemia
• Primary myelofibrosis
• Secondary myelofibrosis
• Musculoskeletal disease
• 105 Muscle disorders
• Myasthenia gravis
• Eaton–Lambert syndrome
• Polymyositis
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• 106 Arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Gout
• Other forms of arthritis
• 107 Miscellaneous non‐neoplastic osteoarticular pathology
• Osteoporosis
• Osteomalacia
• Paget’s disease
• Osteomyelitis
• Septic arthritis
• 108 Bone tumours
• Secondary tumours
• Osteosarcoma
• Ewing’s sarcoma
• Chondrosarcoma
• Giant cell tumour
• Osteoid osteoma
• Skin disease
• 109 Inflammatory dermatoses
• Terminology
• Basic categories
• Clinical correlations
• 110 Benign skin tumours
• Fibroepithelial polyp
• Seborrhoeic keratosis
• Epidermoid cyst
• Pilar cyst
• Dermatofibroma
• Melanocytic naevi
• 111 Malignant skin tumours
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Melanoma
• Actinic keratosis and Bowen’s disease
• Breast disease
• 112 Benign breast disease
• Fibroadenoma
• Hamartoma
• Fibrocystic/benign breast change
• Papilloma
• Epithelial hyperplasia
• Others
• 113 Breast carcinoma
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Risk factors
• Pathology
• Pattern of spread
• Staging
• Prognosis
• Case studies and questions
• Case 1: Acute collapse with chest pain
• Case 2: Recent weakness and malaise
• Case 3: At the breast clinic
• Case 4: Recent‐onset neurological signs
• Case 5: Shortness of breath
• Case 6: Facial rash and joint problems
• Case 7: Long‐standing upper GI tract problems
• Case 8: The wisdom of the ancients
• Case 9: A small boy with big problems
• Case 10: A pregnant woman with viral hepatitis
• Answers
• Case 1
• Case 2
• Case 3
• Case 4
• Case 5
• Case 6
• Case 7
• Case 8
• Case 9
• Case 10
• Glossary
• Reference ranges
• Biochemistry
• Blood gases (room air)
• Haematology
• Hormones
• Index
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