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• Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Overview: Causes and effects of 20th-century wars
• Why is the study of war important?
• What terms do we use to describe different types of war?
• Interstate war
• A war of total mobilization
• A war of limited mobilization
• Civil wars
• Guerrilla warfare
• Key terms
• Chapter 2: Cross-regional war: World War One – Causes
• The Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)
• What were the key characteristics of the Great European Powers, c.1900?
• Germany
• France
• Britain
• Austria-Hungary
• Russia
• Turkey
• Long-term causes of World War One
• Bismarck’s web of alliances
• The New Course and Weltpolitik
• Imperialism
• The emergence of the alliance system
• The naval race
• The situation in the Balkans
• Short-term causes: the crisis years (1905–1913)
• The Moroccan Crisis (1905)
• The Bosnian Crisis (1908)
• The Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis (1911)
• The First Balkan War (1912)
• The Second Balkan War (1913)
• The international situation by 1913
• Other developments 1900–1913
• The will to make war
• The arms race and militarism
• War plans
• The impact of the July Crisis (1914)
• During the July Crisis, what was the contribution of each of the European powers to the outbreak of
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Russia
• France
• Britain
• Historiography: Causes of World War One
• Fritz Fischer
• After Fischer
• John Keegan
• James Joll
• Niall Ferguson
• Chapter 3: Cross-regional war: World War One – Practices
• Overview of the war: the Western Front
• The failure of the Schlieffen Plan
• 1915: stalemate
• 1916: Verdun and the Somme
• The Battle of the Somme
• 1917: the USA joins the war
• 1918: victory for the Allies
• The Armistice
• The Eastern Front 1914
• 1915
• 1916–1917
• The Balkan Front
• The Italian Front
• Turkey and the Middle Eastern Fronts
• War in the colonial territories
• How was World War One fought?
• War on land – the Western Front
• Why did trench warfare lead to a stalemate?
• How did new technologies impact the fighting on the Western Front?
• Machine guns and grenades
• Heavy artillery
• Chemical warfare
• Tanks
• What impact did the technological advances of World War One have on the outcome of the fighting?
• War at sea
• What was the importance of naval warfare in World War One?
• Mines and submarines
• Why was Britain able to survive the U-boat blockade?
• The Battle of Jutland
• War in the air
• Airships, bombs, and civilian targets
• Aircraft: reconnaissance, dog-fights, and ground attack
• World War One controversy
• What were the reasons for Germany’s defeat in World War One?
• Germany’s weaknesses/failures
• Allied strengths/successes
• World War One as a war of total mobilization
• The aims of the belligerents
• The use of weaponry
• The role of civilians
• The growth of government power
• Controlling human resources
• Controlling production
• Controlling morale
• Controlling the economy
• Chapter 4: Cross-regional war: World War One – Effects
• The impact of the war on Europe – the situation in 1919
• The human cost of the war
• Economic consequences
• Political consequences
• Impact of the war outside of Europe – thes ituation in 1919
• America
• Japan and China
• Problems facing the peacemakers in 1919
• The aims of the peacemakers
• The Armistice settlement and the mood of the German population
• The popular mood in Britain, France, Italy, and the USA
• The terms of the Treaty of Versailles
• War guilt
• Disarmament
• Territorial changes
• Mandates
• Reparations
• Punishment of war criminals
• What was the contemporary response to the Treaty of Versailles?
• Criticisms of the Treaty of Versailles
• Alternative views of the Treaty of Versailles
• The settlement of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe
• The Treaty of St Germain (1919)
• The Treaty of Trianon (1920)
• The Treaty of Neuilly (1919)
• The Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
• The Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
• What were the criticisms of the peace settlements in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe?
• What was the impact of the war and the peace treaties by the early 1920s?
• Political issues
• Economic issues
• Social changes
• How were women affected by the war?
• Chapter 5: Cross-regional war: World War Two – Causes I: The failure of collective security
• The failure of ‘collective security’
• Collective security and the League of Nations
• The Covenant of the League of Nations
• Dealing with international disputes
• Problems for the League of Nations in the 1920s
• Changing membership of the League
• Absence of major powers
• Absence of the USSR
• Absence of Germany
• Weakness of Central European states
• How successful was the League of Nations in the 1920s?
• Peacekeeping 1920–1925
• Attempts to strengthen the League
• The Ruhr Crisis (1923)
• The Rapallo Treaty
• The Locarno Era
• The Locarno Conference and the ‘Locarno spirit’ (1925)
• The Young Plan (1929)
• The Kellogg–Briand Pact (August 1928)
• Why did collective security fail in the 1930s?
• The Depression
• The Manchurian dispute
• Why did the League fail to resolve the Manchurian Crisis?
• What was the impact of the Manchurian Crisis on the League of Nations?
• What was the impact of the Manchurian Crisis on the growth of Japanese militarism?
• The Abyssinian Crisis (1935)
• What were the effects of the Abyssinian Crisis on the League of Nations?
• The failure of disarmament
• The Washington Conference (1921–1922)
• The London Naval Conference (1930)
• The London Naval Treaty (1936)
• The Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932–1934)
• Why did the League fail to achieve disarmament?
• Chapter 6: Cross-regional war: World War Two – Causes II: Hitler’s war
• Hitler’s foreign policy aims 1919–1933
• Hitler’s rise to power
• Hitler and the short-term causes of World War Two (1933–1938)
• Revising the Treaty of Versailles
• The European response
• German remilitarization of the Rhineland
• Hitler’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War
• Rome–Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact
• The Hossbach Memorandum
• Anschluss
• Hitler, Poland, and the Nazi–Soviet Pact
• The invasion of Poland
• Appeasement as a cause of World War Two
• Can appeasement as a policy in the 1930s be justifi ed?
• Chamberlain and appeasement
• Reviewing the causes of war
• Britain
• France
• USSR
• Italy
• Chapter 7: Cross-regional war: World War Two – Causes III: The war in the Pacific
• Japan’s responsibility for war in the Pacific: the historical debate
• Japan and the long-term causes of World War Two in the Pacific
• Background: Japanese relations with the West
• Japan and World War One
• Japan and Versailles: a ‘mutilated victory’
• The liberal 1920s: a peaceful Japan?
• Japan and the short-term causes of the Pacific War: ‘the dark valley’
• Sino-Japanese War: no retreat
• What was the impact of Japan’s relationship with Germany?
• What was the impact of Japan’s relationship with the USSR?
• To what extent was the USA responsible for the war in the Pacific?
• War in the Pacific: historiography
• The role of the emperor in Japan’s road to war
• Chapter 8: Cross-regional war: World War Two – Practices
• The war in Europe
• Blitzkrieg – the invasion of Poland (September 1939)
• The Phoney War
• The invasion of Denmark and Norway (April 1940)
• The invasion of Holland, Belgium, and France (May–June 1940)
• The Battle of Britain (1940)
• The Mediterranean and the Balkans (1940–1941)
• Operation Barbarossa (22 June 1941)
• Why were the Soviets able to defeat the German army?
• The defeat of Nazi Germany
• El Alamein (1942)
• The fall of Italy (1943–1945)
• Operation Overlord (June 1944)
• Why did the Allies defeat Hitler?
• The weakness of the Axis powers
• The strengths of the Allies
• War in the East: an overview
• The Battle of Midway (June 1942)
• Japanese retreat
• The atomic bomb, and the Japanese surrender
• Why were the Allies successful in defeating the Japanese?
• How was World War Two fought?
• The war on land
• The successes and failures of blitzkrieg
• The war at sea
• The war in the air
• To what extent did World War Two see the total mobilization of resources?
• The aims of the belligerents
• The use of weaponry
• The impact of war on civilians
• Deportation and genocide
• Mobilization of human resources
• Resistance movements
• Economic mobilization and the growth of government power
• Britain
• Germany
• The Soviet Union
• The USA
• Japan
• Propaganda
• Chapter 9: Cross-regional war: World War Two – Effects
• The impact of the war in Europe
• Human cost
• Economic cost
• Political consequences
• The effects of the war on international relations
• The USA and USSR emerge as superpowers
• The impact of the superpowers
• Western Europe
• What was the impact of the war on the position of women?
• Eastern Europe
• Conclusions on the effect of the war in Europe
• The impact of World War Two in Asia
• Japan
• China
• Decolonization: the decline of European influence in Asia
• Other effects of the war
• The establishment of war tribunals
• The United Nations
• Chapter 10: Comparative study of cross-regional wars
• Comparative study of cross-regional wars
• Change and continuity
• Compare and contrast the causes of two 20th-century wars
• Practices of 20th-century war and their impact on the outcome
• Comparing the effects of World War One and World War Two
• Peace treaties of World War One and World War Two
• What was the social impact of the First World War and the Second World War?
• Chapter 11: Europe region: Spanish Civil War
• Long-term causes of the Spanish Civil War: political instability (1820–1931)
• Weakness of government
• The role of the Spanish army
• The role of the church
• Economic causes
• The role of the regions
• Political opposition
• The fall of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic
• Short-term causes of the Spanish Civil War: political polarization
• The Left Republic (April 1931–November 1933)
• The Right Republic (November 1933–February 1936)
• The Popular Front (February–July 1936)
• The course of the Spanish Civil War
• Why did the Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War?
• Nationalist strengths
• Republican weaknesses
• Overview: foreign intervention
• Britain
• France
• The United States
• The USSR
• Germany
• Italy
• Portugal
• The nature of the Spanish Civil War
• Effects of the civil war on Spain
• Human cost
• Impact on the role of women
• Economic cost
• Political effects
• The international effects of the Spanish Civil War
• USSR and Communism
• Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy
• Britain and France
• The USA
• Was the Spanish Civil War a cause of World War Two?
• Chapter 12: Asia and Oceania region: Chinese Civil War
• Long-term causes of the Chinese Civil War
• Socio-economic factors
• Political weakness and the influence of foreign powers
• The overthrow of the Manchu dynasty
• The rule of Yuan Shikai
• Short-term causes of the Chinese Civil War
• Political weakness: regionalism – the warlords 1916–1928
• The May Fourth Movement
• Communists and Nationalists
• Attempt to unify China: the First United Front
• End of the First United Front: the GMD attacks the CCP
• The course of the war
• The Jiangxi Soviet
• Division within the CCP
• The GMD attempts to exterminate the CCP
• The Long March
• Key events of the Long March
• Mao and revolutionary warfare
• End of the first stage of the Chinese Civil War – the Second United Front, 1937
• Why was the CCP able to survive the first stage of the Chinese Civil War?
• The Sino-Japanese War
• The impact of the war on the GMD
• The impact of the war on the CCP
• Second phase of the Civil War, 1946–1949
• Failure of the USA
• Initial victories for the GMD (1945–1947
• The CCP on the offensive (1947–1948)
• Collapse of GMD resistance
• What were the reasons for the Communist success?
• Strengths of the CCP
• Jiang Jieshi’s errors
• What was the role of foreign support in the final outcome?
• The USA
• The USSR
• Results of the Chinese Civil War
• For China
• For Asia
• For the USSR
• China’s relations with the USA and the West
• Chapter 13: Comparative: Civil wars
• Comparative study of civil wars
• Comparative study of the causes of two 20th-century civil wars
• Compare and contrast the practices of two civil wars
• Chapter 14: Africa and the Middle East region: Algerian War
• Long-term causes of the Algerian War
• Tensions in Algeria before World War Two
• The impact of World War Two on French rule in Algeria
• Short-term causes of the Algerian war
• The ‘era of broken promises’
• The outbreak of war
• The nature of the fighting in the Algerian War
• The international dimension of guerrilla tactics
• The Battle of Algiers
• What was the role of de Gaulle in the crisis?
• Barricades Week and the Generals’ Insurrection
• The formation of the OAS
• The peace talks
• What were the results of the Algerian Civil War?
• For Algeria
• For the colons
• For the harkis
• For France
• Chapter 15: Comparative: Guerrilla wars
• Comparative study of guerrilla wars
• The reasons for the choice of guerrilla tactics
• Which elements of guerrilla warfare were used by each side?
• What was the impact of these tactics on the final outcome of the war?
• Chapter 16: Americas region: Falklands/Malvinas War
• Long-term causes of the Falklands War
• Legacy of colonialism and territorial claims
• Short-term causes of the Falklands War
• Economic issues
• Political issues
• Communication
• Military causes
• The role of the navies
• The invasion
• Failure of diplomacy
• The crisis intensifies
• Brinkmanship
• Why did the search for peace fail?
• Practices of the war and their impact on the outcome
• War in the air
• War at sea
• War on the land
• The extent of mobilization: war on the home front
• The role of the UN
• The role of the USA
• Why did Britain win the Falklands/Malvinas war?
• British advantages
• Argentine disadvantages
• Results of the Falklands War
• Results for Argentina
• Results for Britain
• Results for the USSR
• Results for the USA
• Results for the Falkland islanders
• Results for the United Nations
• Chapter 17: Africa and the Middle East region: First Gulf War
• Long-term causes of the Gulf War
• The war between Iraq and Iran
• The relationship between Iraq and the West
• The decline of Soviet infl uence
• Short-term causes of the Gulf War
• Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
• International reaction to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
• The countdown to war
• Why was a peaceful settlement not possible?
• Why did Saddam not respond to the military threat that faced him?
• The outbreak of war
• Overview of the war
• The nature of the fighting
• The war in the air
• The impact of the bombing
• The land war
• The sea war
• Reasons for Allied success
• Results of the Gulf War
• Casualties
• Economic effects
• Environmental damage
• Political effects
• Chapter 18: Comparative: Limited wars
• Comparative study of limited wars
• Causes of war
• Practices of war and their impact on the outcome
• Theory of Knowledge
• Introduction
• Ways of knowing
• Areas of knowledge
• Historical development
• Personal and shared knowledge
• Conclusion
• Further Reading
• Books
• Websites
• Glossary
• Index
• Back Cover