Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Measurements and uncertainties
• 1.1: Measurements in physics
• Making observations
• Measurement
• Summary of SI units
• 1.2: Uncertainties and errors
• Uncertainty and error in measurement
• Errors in measurement
• Relationships
• 1.3: Vectors and scalars
• Vector and scalar quantities
• Addition of vectors
• Pythagoras
• Vectors in one dimension
• Subtracting vectors
• Chapter 2: Mechanics
• 2.1: Motion
• Displacement and distance
• Velocity and speed
• Acceleration
• The signs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
• Free fall motion
• Acceleration of free fall
• Graphical representation of motion
• Projectile motion
• Projectile motion with air resistance
• 2.2: Forces
• Force (F)
• Newton’s first law of motion
• Types of force
• 2.3: Momentum and impulse
• The relationship between force and acceleration
• Newton’s second law of motion
• Newton’s third law of motion
• Collisions
• The law of the conservation of momentum
• Momentum and force
• Pressure (P)
• 2.4: Work, energy, and power
• Work
• Energy
• Forms of energy
• Energy and collisions
• Power
• Chapter 3: Thermal physics
• 3.1: Thermal concepts
• The particle model of matter
• The three states of matter
• Internal energy
• Temperature (T)
• Heat transfer
• Thermal capacity (C )
• Specific heat capacity (c)
• Phase change
• Specifi c latent heat (L)
• Graphical representation of heating
• Measuring thermal quantities by the method of mixtures
• 3.2: Modelling a gas
• The ideal gas
• Defining the state of a gas
• Relationships between P, V, and T
• Boyle’s law (constant temperature)
• Pressure law (constant volume)
• Charles’ law (constant pressure)
• Avogadro’s hypothesis
• The ideal gas equation
• Chapter 4: Circular motion and gravitation
• 4.1: Circular motion
• Quantities of circular motion
• Angular velocity and speed
• Centripetal acceleration
• Examples of circular motion
• 4.2: Gravitational field and orbits
• Gravitational force and field
• Gravitational field
• Gravitational potential in a uniform field
• Equipotentials and field lines
• Escape speed
• The solar system
• Chapter 5: Oscillations and waves
• 5.1: Oscillations
• The simple pendulum
• Equations for SHM
• Graphical representation of SHM
• Representing SHM with circular motion
• Energy changes during simple harmonic motion (SHM)
• Graphical representation
• Phase
• 5.2: Waves and wave behaviour
• Wave pulse in a string
• Continuous wave in a string (transverse wave)
• Graphical representation of a transverse wave
• Standing waves in strings
• Stringed instruments
• Waves in a slinky spring (longitudinal waves)
• 5.3: Two-dimensional waves (water waves)
• Reflection of water waves
• Refraction of water waves
• Diffraction of water waves
• Interference of water waves
• 5.4: Sound waves
• Properties of sound waves
• Standing waves in closed pipes
• Standing waves in open pipes
• The Doppler effect
• 5.5: Light waves
• The electromagnetic spectrum
• Refraction of light
• Dispersion
• Diffraction of light at a single slit
• Resolution
• Interference of light
• Multiple-slit diffraction
• Thin film interference
• The Doppler effect and EM radiation
• Polarization of light
• Chapter 6: Electricity and magnetism
• 6.1: Electric fields
• Electric force
• Charge (Q)
• Electric field
• Coulomb’s law
• Potential (V)
• 6.2: Electric current
• Movement of charge
• Ohm’s law
• 6.3: Electric circuits
• Electric cells and batteries
• Simplest circuit
• Electrical power
• Combinations of components
• Electrical measurement
• 6.4: Magnetic effects of electric currents
• Magnetic field
• Field caused by currents
• Definition of the ampere
• Charges in magnetic fields
• 6.5: Electromagnetic induction
• Conductor moving in a magnetic field
• Faraday’s law
• Lenz’s law
• 6.6: Power generation and transmission
• Coil rotating in a uniform magnetic field
• Power in AC circuits
• Rectification
• 6.7: Capacitance
• Capacitors in series
• Capacitors in parallel
• Energy stored in a capacitor
• Chapter 7: Atomic, nuclear, and particle physics
• 7.1: Discrete energy and the interaction of matter with radiation
• The arrangement of charge in the atom
• The Rutherford model
• The connection between atoms and light
• The quantum nature of light
• The wave nature of matter
• 7.2: Properties of the nucleus and radioactivity
• Charge and mass
• Size of the nucleus
• The nuclear force
• Binding energy
• Radioactive decay
• Untitled
• Nuclear fusion
• Nuclear fission
• 7.3: The structure of matter
• Classifying particles
• Exchange forces
• Electromagnetic force
• Feynman diagrams
• Baryons and mesons
• Quarks
• Feynman diagrams for strong interactions
• Weak interactions
• The standard model
• Chapter 8: Energy production
• 8.1: Energy production
• Energy sources
• Fuels
• Generating electricity
• Nuclear power
• The nuclear power station
• Solar power
• Hydroelectric power
• Wind power
• The wind turbine
• Wave power
• Generating electricity from water waves
• Tidal power
• World energy usage
• 8.2: Global thermal energy transfer
• Energy from the Sun
• Radiation from the Sun
• Interaction between solar radiation and the atmosphere
• Radiation reaching the Earth
• Energy balance
• Earth with atmosphere
• Global warming
• Chapter 9: Option A: Relativity
• 9.1: The beginnings of relativity
• Reference frames
• Galilean relativity
• The nature of light
• 9.2: Lorentz transformations
• The two postulates of special relativity
• Lorentz transformations
• The muon experiment
• Space–time interval
• 9.3: Space–time diagrams
• Frames of reference in space–time diagrams
• The twin paradox
• 9.4: Relativistic mechanics
• Simplifying the units (MeV)
• Neutral pion decay
• Pair production
• 9.5: General relativity
• The equivalence principle
• Gravitational mass and inertial mass
• Curvature in space–time
• Black holes
• General relativity and the Universe
• Curvature and the future of the Universe
• Chapter 10: Option B: Engineering physics
• 10.1: Rigid bodies and rotational dynamics
• Rotational motion
• Equilibrium
• Non-perpendicular forces
• Constant angular acceleration
• Newton’s second law applied to angular motion
• Some common shapes and their moments of inertia
• Angular momentum (L)
• 10.2: Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamic systems
• The first law of thermodynamics
• Constant pressure compression (isobaric)
• Cyclic processes
• The second law of thermodynamics
• 10.3: Fluids and their dynamics
• Static fluids
• Fluid pressure
• Fluid dynamics
• The continuity equation
• The Bernoulli equation
• Real fluids
• 10.4: Forced vibration and resonance
• Damped harmonic motion
• The Q factor
• Forced vibration
• Resonance
• Chapter 11: Option C: Imaging
• 11.1: Introduction to imaging
• Lenses
• Objects and images
• Image formation in convex lenses
• Image formation in concave lenses
• The lens formula
• The human eye
• The magnifying glass
• Angular magnification (M)
• Lens aberrations
• Spherical mirrors
• The mirror formula
• 11.2: Imaging instrumentation
• The optical compound microscope
• The astronomical telescope
• The reflecting telescope
• 11.3: Fibre optics
• Fibre optic basics
• The ophthalmoscope
• Optical fibres and digital communication
• Attenuation
• 11.4: Medical imaging
• Detection and recording of X-ray images
• Producing an X-ray image
• Further improvements
• Ultrasound
• Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
• Chapter 12: Option D: Astrophysics
• 12.1: Stellar quantities
• The view from here
• Astronomical distances
• EM radiation from stars
• 12.2: Stellar characteristics
• Stellar spectra
• 12.3: Stellar evolution
• The birth of a star
• Main sequence
• After the main sequence
• 12.4: Cosmology
• The cosmological principle
• Critical density (ρc)
• The expanding Universe
• The BIG Bang
• The early development of the Universe
• Theory of Knowledge
• The scientific method
• Theories must be falsifiable
• Paradigm shifts
• Use of language
• Laws
• Sense and perception
• Imagination
• Physics or intuition?
• Peer review
• Ethics and physics
• Internal assessment
• A hands-on laboratory investigation
• Spreadsheet analysis and modelling
• Databases
• Simulations
• Assessment criteria
• Extended essay
• Choosing a topic
• The research question
• Performing the practical work
• Research
• Writing the essay
• What can go wrong
• Extended Essay assessment
• Index
• Back Cover