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• Title Page
• Copyright
• PREFACE
• CONTENTS
• CHAPTER 1 PERSONALITY THEORY: FROM EVERYDAY OBSERVATIONS TO SYSTEMATIC THEORIES
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• FIVE GOALS FOR THE PERSONALITY THEORIST
• 1. OBSERVATION THAT IS SCIENTIFIC
• 2. THEORY THAT IS SYSTEMATIC
• 3. THEORY THAT IS TESTABLE
• 4. THEORY THAT IS COMPREHENSIVE
• 5. APPLICATIONS: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
• WHY STUDY PERSONALITY?
• DEFINING PERSONALITY
• QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS: WHAT, HOW, AND WHY
• ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONS SCIENTIFICALLY: UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT,
• STRUCTURE
• PROCESS
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE
• IMPORTANT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY THEORY
• PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE PERSON
• INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
• CONSISTENCY ACROSS SITUATIONS AND OVER TIME
• THE UNITY OF EXPERIENCE AND ACTION AND THE CONCEPT OF SELF
• VARYING STATES OF AWARENESS AND THE CONCEPT OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
• THE INFLUENCE OF THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE ON BEHAVIOR
• CAN WE HAVE A SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY? WHAT KIND OF A SCIENCE CAN IT BE?
• EVALUATING PERSONALITY THEORIES
• THE PERSONALITY THEORIES: AN INTRODUCTION
• THE CHALLENGE OF CONSTRUCTING A PERSONALITY THEORY
• THE PERSONALITY THEORIES: A PRELIMINARY SKETCH
• ON THE EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLE THEORIES: THEORIES AS TOOLKITS
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 2 THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PEOPLE
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• THE DATA OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
• LOTS OF DATA
• HOW DO DATA FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER?
• FIXED VERSUS FLEXIBLE MEASURES
• PERSONALITY AND BRAIN DATA
• PERSONALITY THEORY AND ASSESSMENT
• GOALS OF RESEARCH: RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOR
• RELIABILITY
• VALIDITY
• THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH AND PUBLIC POLICY
• THREE GENERAL STRATEGIES OF RESEARCH
• CASE STUDIES
• CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
• EXPERIMENTS
• EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
• SUMMARY OF STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
• PERSONALITY THEORY AND PERSONALITY RESEARCH
• PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND THE CASE OF JIM
• AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF JIM
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 3 A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST
• FREUD’S VIEW OF THE PERSON
• THE MIND AS AN ENERGY SYSTEM
• THE INDIVIDUAL IN SOCIETY
• FREUD’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY
• FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY
• STRUCTURE
• PROCESS
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 4 FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEM
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: PROJECTIVE TESTS
• THE LOGIC OF PROJECTIVE TESTS
• THE RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
• THE THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
• PROJECTIVE TESTS: DO THEY WORK?
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
• PERSONALITY TYPES
• CONFLICT AND DEFENSE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE
• INSIGHTS INTO THE UNCONSCIOUS: FREE ASSOCIATION AND DREAM INTERPRETATION
• THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS: TRANSFERENCE
• THE CASE OF JIM
• RORSCHACH AND THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) DATA
• RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
• TWO EARLY CHALLENGES TO FREUD: ADLER AND JUNG
• THE CULTURAL AND INTERPERSONAL EMPHASIS: HORNEY AND SULLIVAN
• OBJECT RELATIONS, SELF PSYCHOLOGY, AND ATTACHMENT THEORY
• CRITICAL EVALUATION
• SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION: THE DATABASE
• THEORY: SYSTEMATIC?
• THEORY: TESTABLE?
• THEORY: COMPREHENSIVE?
• APPLICATIONS
• MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 5 A PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: CARL ROGERS’S PERSON?CENTERED THEORY OF PERSONALITY
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• CARL R. ROGERS (1902–1987): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST
• ROGERS’S VIEW OF THE PERSON
• THE SUBJECTIVITY OF EXPERIENCE
• A PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• ROGERS’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY
• THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF CARL ROGERS
• STRUCTURE
• PROCESS
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 6 ROGERS’S PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CON
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE
• THE CASE OF JIM
• SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL: PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY
• COMMENTS ON THE DATA
• RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS
• THE HUMAN POTENTIAL MOVEMENT
• THE POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MOVEMENT
• EXISTENTIALISM
• RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THEORY AND RESEARCH
• DISCREPANCIES AMONG PARTS OF THE SELF
• FLUCTUATIONS IN SELF-ESTEEM AND CONTINGENCIES OF WORTH
• AUTHENTICITY AND INTERNALLY MOTIVATED GOALS
• SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY
• CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH ON THE SELF
• CRITICAL EVALUATION
• SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION: THE DATABASE
• THEORY: SYSTEMATIC?
• THEORY: TESTABLE?
• THEORY: COMPREHENSIVE?
• APPLICATIONS
• MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 7 TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: ALLPORT, EYSENCK, AND CATTELL
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• A VIEW OF THE TRAIT THEORISTS
• TRAIT THEORY’S VIEW OF THE PERSON
• THE TRAIT CONCEPT
• TRAIT THEORY’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY
• SCIENTIFIC FUNCTIONS SERVED BY TRAIT CONSTRUCTS
• TRAIT THEORIES OF PERSONALITY: BASIC PERSPECTIVES SHARED BY TRAIT THEORISTS
• THE TRAIT THEORY OF GORDON W. ALLPORT (1897–1967)
• TRAITS: PERSONALITY STRUCTURE IN ALLPORT’S THEORY
• FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
• IDIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
• COMMENT ON ALLPORT
• IDENTIFYING PRIMARY TRAIT DIMENSIONS: FACTOR ANALYSIS
• THE FACTOR-ANALYTIC TRAIT THEORY OF RAYMOND B. CATTELL (1905–1998)
• SURFACE AND SOURCE TRAITS: PERSONALITY STRUCTURE IN CATTELL’S THEORY
• SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: L-DATA, Q-DATA, AND OT-DATA
• STABILITY AND VARIABILITY IN BEHAVIOR
• COMMENT ON CATTELL
• THE THREE-FACTOR THEORY OF HANS J. EYSENCK (1916–1997)
• “SUPERFACTORS”: PERSONALITY STRUCTURE IN EYSENCK’S THEORY
• BIOLOGICAL BASES OF PERSONALITY TRAITS
• EXTRAVERSION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE
• COMMENT ON EYSENCK
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 8 TRAIT THEORY: THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL—APPLICATIONS AND EVALUATION OF TRAIT APPROACHES TO P
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY: RESEARCH EVIDENCE
• ANALYSIS OF TRAIT TERMS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE AND IN QUESTIONNAIRES
• CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH: ARE THE BIG FIVE DIMENSIONS UNIVERSAL?
• THE BIG FIVE IN PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRES
• THE FIVE-FACTOR THEORY
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• AGE DIFFERENCES THROUGHOUT ADULTHOOD
• STABILITY AND CHANGE IN PERSONALITY
• MAYBE WE MISSED ONE? THE SIX-FACTOR MODEL
• APPLICATIONS OF THE BIG FIVE MODEL
• THE CASE OF JIM
• FACTOR-ANALYTIC TRAIT-BASED ASSESSMENT
• PERSONALITY STABILITY: JIM 5 AND 20 YEARS LATER
• SELF-RATINGS AND RATINGS BY WIFE ON THE NEO-PI
• THE PERSON–SITUATION CONTROVERSY
• CRITICAL EVALUATION
• SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION: THE DATABASE
• THEORY: SYSTEMATIC?
• THEORY: TESTABLE?
• THEORY: COMPREHENSIVE?
• APPLICATIONS
• MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 9 BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PERSONALITY
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• TEMPERAMENT
• CONSTITUTION AND TEMPERAMENT: EARLY VIEWS
• CONSTITUTION AND TEMPERAMENT: LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
• BIOLOGY, TEMPERAMENT, AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH
• EVOLUTION, EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, AND PERSONALITY
• EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
• GENES AND PERSONALITY
• BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
• ENVIRONMENTS AND GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
• MOOD, EMOTION, AND THE BRAIN
• LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE
• NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND TEMPERAMENT: DOPAMINE AND SEROTONIN
• PLASTICITY: BIOLOGY AS BOTH CAUSE AND EFFECT
• FROM EXPERIENCE TO BIOLOGY
• NEUROSCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS OF “HIGHER-LEVEL” PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
• BRAIN AND SELF
• SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 10 BEHAVIORISM AND THE LEARNING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• BEHAVIORISM’S VIEW OF THE PERSON
• BEHAVIORISM’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY
• EXPERIMENTATION, OBSERVABLE VARIABLES, AND SIMPLE SYSTEMS
• WATSON, PAVLOV, AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• WATSON’S BEHAVIORISM
• PAVLOV’S THEORY OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CHANGE
• A REINTERPRETATION OF THE CASE OF LITTLE HANS
• RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
• SKINNER’S THEORY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
• A VIEW OF THE THEORIST
• SKINNER’S THEORY OF PERSONALITY
• CRITICAL EVALUATION
• SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION: THE DATABASE
• THEORY: SYSTEMATIC?
• THEORY: TESTABLE?
• THEORY: COMPREHENSIVE?
• APPLICATIONS
• MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 11 A COGNITIVE THEORY: GEORGE A KELLY’S PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY OF PERSONALITY
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• GEORGE A. KELLY (1905–1966): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST
• KELLY’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY
• KELLY’S VIEW OF THE PERSON
• THE PERSONALITY THEORY OF GEORGE A. KELLY
• STRUCTURE
• CONSTRUCTS AND THEIR INTERPERSONAL CONSEQUENCES
• TYPES OF CONSTRUCTS AND THE CONSTRUCT SYSTEM
• PROCESS
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
• CHANGE AND FIXED-ROLE THERAPY
• THE CASE OF JIM
• REP TEST: PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY
• COMMENTS ON THE DATA
• RELATED POINTS OF VIEW AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
• CRITICAL EVALUATION
• SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION: THE DATABASE
• THEORY: SYSTEMATIC?
• THEORY: TESTABLE?
• THEORY: COMPREHENSIVE?
• APPLICATIONS
• MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 12 SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY: BANDURA AND MISCHEL
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• RELATING SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY TO THE PREVIOUS THEORIES
• A VIEW OF THE THEORISTS
• ALBERT BANDURA (1925–)
• WALTER MISCHEL (1930–)
• SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY’S VIEW OF THE PERSON
• SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY’S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY
• SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: STRUCTURE
• COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS
• BELIEFS AND EXPECTANCIES
• GOALS
• EVALUATIVE STANDARDS
• THE NATURE OF SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSONALITY STRUCTURES
• SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY: PROCESS
• RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
• PERSONALITY AS A COGNITIVE–AFFECTIVE PROCESSING SYSTEM (CAPS)
• SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING (MODELING)
• SELF-REGULATION AND MOTIVATION
• SELF-CONTROL AND DELAY OF GRATIFICATION
• SUMMARY OF THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE VIEW OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 13 SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY: APPLICATIONS, RELATED THEORETICAL CONCEPTIONS, AND CONTEMPORARY
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• COGNITIVE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY: BELIEFS, GOALS, AND EVALUATIVE STANDARDS
• BELIEFS ABOUT THE SELF AND SELF-SCHEMAS
• LEARNING VERSUS PERFORMANCE GOALS
• STANDARDS OF EVALUATION
• A “GENERAL PRINCIPLES” APPROACH TO PERSONALITY
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CHANGE: MODELING, SELF-CONCEPTIONS, AND PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY
• STRESS AND COPING
• ELLIS’S RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY
• BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION
• THE CASE OF JIM
• CRITICAL EVALUATION
• SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION: THE DATABASE
• THEORY: SYSTEMATIC?
• THEORY: TESTABLE?
• THEORY: COMPREHENSIVE?
• APPLICATIONS
• MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 14 PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS, CULTURE, AND DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE COUR
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
• REJECTION SENSITIVITY
• TRANSFERENCE IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
• MEETING ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES: OPTIMISTIC STRATEGIES AND DEFENSIVE PESSIMISM
• PERSONALITY CONSISTENCY IN CONTEXT
• PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
• PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
• PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN THE LATER YEARS
• EMOTIONAL LIFE IN OLDER ADULTHOOD: SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY
• PERSONS IN CULTURES
• TWO STRATEGIES FOR THINKING ABOUT PERSONALITY AND CULTURE
• PERSONALITY AND SELF AS SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED WITHIN CULTURE
• PUTTING PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT INTO PRACTICE
• ASSESSING PERSONALITY IN CONTEXT: A CASE STUDY
• PERSONALITY PROCESSES IN CONTEXT: FOSTERING SOCIAL CHANGE
• SUMMARY
• MAJOR CONCEPTS
• REVIEW
• CHAPTER 15 ASSESSING PERSONALITY THEORY AND RESEARCH
• QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER
• ON STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT, AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE
• PERSONALITY STRUCTURE
• PROCESS
• GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CHANGE
• THE CASE OF JIM
• HOW DID THEY DO? A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PERSONALITY
• THEORIES AND RESEARCH
• SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION: THE DATABASE
• THEORY: SYSTEMATIC?
• THEORY: TESTABLE?
• THEORY: COMPREHENSIVE?
• APPLICATIONS
• A FINAL SUMMING UP: THEORIES AS TOOLKITS
• REVIEW
• GLOSSARY
• REFERENCES
• NAME INDEX
• SUBJECT INDEX
• EULA