Efnisyfirlit

• Half-title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Figures
• Tables
• Boxes
• Preface to the third edition
• Preface to the second edition
• Preface to the first edition
• PART I The nature of personality traits
• 1 The trait concept and personality theory
• Introduction: conceptions of traits
• Everyday conceptions of traits
• Scientific conceptions of traits
• A brief history of traits
• The four humours
• Beginnings of the science of traits
• The first empirical studies
• The beginnings of trait theory
• Psychometric approaches to identifying personality dimensions
• Questionnaire construction and psychometrics
• Psychometrics of single scales
• Psychometrics of multiple traits: factor analysis
• Limitations of factor analysis
• Further techniques of factor analysis
• Primary factors of personality: the 16PF and other questionnaires
• The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
• Other systems of primary factors
• Higher-order factors: the ‘Big Five’ or the ‘Gigantic Three’?
• H. J. Eysenck’s three factor model
• Five factor models: Costa and McCrae, and others
• Current conceptions of personality structure
• The consensus from the lexical approach
• The consensus from questionnaire studies
• Remaining doubts: psychometric and theoretical issues
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 2 Persons, situations and interactionism
• Traits and situations
• The situationist critique of traits
• Testing consistency in empirical studies
• Consistency of behaviour: the role of context
• Implications of the situationist controversy for trait research
• Interactionism
• Are traits universal across cultures?
• Cross-cultural research on traits
• Interactions of personality and culture
• Cross-cultural generality of traits: conclusions
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 3 Personality across the life span
• Trait stability
• Empirical studies of stability
• Studies of the Big Five and Eysenck traits
• Stability: further issues
• Temperament
• Measures of temperament
• The relationship between temperament and personality
• Temperament, personality and stability: longitudinal studies
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 4 Stable traits and transient states
• Introduction: the place of states in trait theory
• Trait-state models
• Zuckerman’s criteria for state measures
• States as mediators of trait effects
• State dimensions: affect, mood and self-report arousal
• Two mood dimensions: energy and tension
• Three-dimensional models: separating pleasure from arousal
• Differentiating negative emotions
• Validity of mood scales
• Beyond mood: additional state domains
• Cognitive aspects of state
• Subjective states and the ‘trilogy of mind’
• Traits and states: empirical studies
• Correlational studies: extraversion and neuroticism
• Beyond positive and negative affectivity: other traits, other states
• Experimental studies
• Explaining the state correlates of extraversion and neuroticism
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• Note
• 5 Alternative views of personality: challenges to trait theory
• Traits in psychodynamic theory
• The contribution of psychoanalysis
• Correspondences between psychodynamic and trait approaches to personality structure
• Empirical studies of psychoanalysis and personality
• The unconscious: contemporary studies
• Experimental studies of the unconscious
• Implications for trait theory
• Assessment of implicit traits
• The Implicit Association Test
• Other implicit personality tests
• Critique of implicit tests
• Humanistic and phenomenological approaches
• Investigating the self
• The self-construction of personality
• Conflict and pathology
• Self-actualisation
• Contemporary studies of self-directed motivation
• Conclusions
• PART II Causes of personality traits
• 6 Genes, environments and personality traits
• Introduction
• Three basic designs
• Twin studies
• Adoption studies
• Molecular genetic (quantitative trait loci, QTL) studies
• Twin studies
• A gene–environment model of extraversion in five twin studies
• Non-additive genetic variance
• The equal environments assumption
• Other research designs
• Adoption studies
• Twin family studies
• Separated twin studies
• Modelling all study designs together
• Genes, environment and multiple personality traits
• Further issues in genetic research
• The environment
• Personality change
• Genetic covariation
• Molecular genetic studies of personality
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 7 The psychobiology of traits
• Introduction: neuropsychological approaches to personality
• Ground-plans for neuropsychological theory
• Eysenck’s (1967) arousal theory
• An alternative conceptual nervous system: Gray (1991)
• The complexity of personality: Zuckermans (2005) model
• From brain to behaviour: testing neuropsychological theories
• Psychophysiological techniques: an outline and examples
• Electroencephalography (EEG)
• Brain average evoked potentials (EPs)
• Electrodermal activity
• Heart rate
• Functional brain imaging techniques
• Personality and brain imaging
• PET and SPET studies
• fMRI studies
• MRI, personality traits and molecular genetics
• Personality and arousal: towards an integrated theory?
• The arousal concept
• Predicting relationships between personality and arousal
• Studies of extraversion, the EEG and evoked potentials
• Extraversion and the autonomic nervous system
• Neuroticism and arousal
• Psychoticism, impulsivity and sensation seeking
• Traits and arousal: conclusions
• Personality and sensitivity to motivational stimuli
• Initial studies
• Revisions to RST
• Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: conclusions
• Psychophysiology: where next?
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 8 The social psychology of traits
• Introduction: personality and social behaviour
• Social-cognitive approaches to personality
• Traits and social behaviour
• A social-psychological agenda for trait psychology
• Personality development: social-psychological perspectives
• Interactionist perspectives on development
• Development of self-efficacy
• Individual differences in attachment
• Consistencies in social knowledge and cognition
• The self-schema
• Social-cognitive perspectives on behavioural (in)consistency
• Traits and processes: agreeableness and social behaviour
• Agreeableness and social behaviour
• Cognitive substrate of agreeableness
• ‘Social-psychological’ traits
• Belief and attitude systems
• Self-related traits
• A rapprochement between social psychology and trait theory?
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• PART III Consequences and applications
• 9 Stress
• Introduction: the nature of stress
• Defining stress
• Measuring stress
• Stress and physiological reactivity
• Individual differences in the physiological stress response
• Neuroticism and stress vulnerability
• Neuroticism and stress outcomes in everyday life
• Vulnerability to psychiatric symptoms
• The problem of subjectivity: causal relationships between neuroticism and stress
• Transactional perspectives on personality and stress: mediator and moderator hypotheses
• Transactional models of stress: appraisal
• Coping
• Traits and the transactional model
• Mediators of neuroticism
• Additional traits for stress vulnerability
• Extraversion
• Locus of control
• Optimism and hope
• Dispositional self-consciousness
• Resources influencing secondary cognitive appraisal
• Social support
• Spiritual or religious coping
• Neuroticism, stress and emotional disorders: a self-regulative perspective
• Building a self-regulative model: basic constructs
• Neuroticism within the SREF model
• Vulnerability factors in mental disorder
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 10 Traits and health
• Introduction
• Models of the association between personality and health
• Personality and longevity
• Heart disease
• Personality and myocardial infarction
• Cancer
• Neuroticism as a risk factor for multiple diseases
• Stress and health
• Stress and coronary disease
• Stress and the common cold
• Stress buffers: optimism, hope, spirituality and happiness in relation to illness
• Traits and health-related behaviours
• Life course approaches to personality, stress and illness
• Models of psychosomatic illness
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 11 Abnormal personality traits?
• Personality disorders: concept and classification
• History of personality disorder concepts
• Classificatory schemes for personality disorder
• Personality disorders: descriptions of the individual disorders
• Problems with personality disorders in current categorical systems
• The problems of labelling and tautology
• The problem of construct overlap
• Improving the validity of personality disorder constructs
• Disorder in the DSM system of personality disorder
• Are there abnormal personality traits?
• Dimensional models of abnormal personality
• A dimensional model for the personality disorders
• The four As model of personality disorder
• Individual dimensions of abnormal personality
• Personality disorders and models of normal personality: integrating psychiatry and differential psyc
• The five factor model as a basis for integration
• DSM-IV personality disorders and the Cloninger and Eysenck personality systems
• Similar hierarchies in normal and abnormal personality
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 12 Personality, performance and information processing
• Performance studies and trait theory
• Moderator factors: context-sensitivity and task-dependence
• Key traits in performance research
• Theories of personality and performance
• Psychobiological theories
• Cognitive psychological alternatives
• Cognitive neuroscience approaches
• Extraversion–introversion and performance
• The cognitive patterning of extraversion
• Psychobiological explanations for cognitive patterning
• Cognitive-psychological explanations
• Extraversion and performance: conclusions
• Trait anxiety, neuroticism and performance
• Basic empirical findings
• Anxiety and performance impairment
• Anxiety and attentional bias
• Anxiety and performance: conclusions
• Personality and intelligence
• Empirical associations between personality and intelligence
• Creativity and the personality–intelligence interface
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 13 Applications of personality assessment
• Principles of trait assessment
• Choice of questionnaire
• Comprehensive or targeted assessment?
• General or contextualised measurement?
• Broad or narrow traits
• Evaluation of questionnaires
• Response bias
• Response styles
• Impression management
• Self-deception
• Practical issues
• Decision-making
• Ethical and legal issues
• Educational and clinical applications
• Educational psychology
• Clinical psychology
• Personality and job performance
• Meta-analyses of the Big Five
• Organisational correlates of personality: moderator variables
• Organisational psychology: further applications
• Contextual performance
• Vocational choice
• Career progression and change
• Work satisfaction and stress
• Emotional intelligence
• Assessment of emotional intelligence
• Applications to organisational psychology
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• 14 Conclusions
• Achievements of trait research
• Psychometric issues
• Biological bases of personality
• Integration with mainstream psychology
• Applications of trait theory
• Towards a theory of traits
• Traditional biological theories of personality
• Multi-component approaches
• A cognitive-adaptive theory
• Traits and the coherence of personality theory
• Conclusions
• References
• Author index
• Subject index