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• Periodic Table of the Elements
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• Contents
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1. Matter: Its Properties and Measurement
• 1-1 The Scientific Method
• 1-2 Properties of Matter
• 1-3 Classification of Matter
• 1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units
• 1-5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving
• 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
• 1-7 Significant Figures
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 2. Atoms and the Atomic Theory
• 2-1 Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory
• 2-2 Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics
• 2-3 The Nuclear Atom
• 2-4 Chemical Elements
• 2-5 Atomic Mass
• 2-6 Introduction to the Periodic Table
• 2-7 The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant
• 2-8 Using the Mole Concept in Calculations
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 3. Chemical Compounds
• 3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas
• 3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds
• 3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds
• 3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds
• 3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
• 3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds
• 3-7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions
• 4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
• 4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
• 4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
• 4-4 Determining the Limiting Reactant
• 4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry
• 4-6 The Extent of Reaction
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 5. Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
• 5-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
• 5-2 Precipitation Reactions
• 5-3 Acid–Base Reactions
• 5-4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions: Some General Principles
• 5-5 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations
• 5-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
• 5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 6. Gases
• 6-1 Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure
• 6-2 The Simple Gas Laws
• 6-3 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation
• 6-4 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
• 6-5 Gases in Chemical Reactions
• 6-6 Mixtures of Gases
• 6-7 Kinetic–Molecular Theory of Gases
• 6-8 Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic–Molecular Theory
• 6-9 Nonideal (Real) Gases
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 7. Thermochemistry
• 7-1 Getting Started: Some Terminology
• 7-2 Heat
• 7-3 Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry
• 7-4 Work
• 7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
• 7-6 Application of the First Law to Chemical and Physical Changes
• 7-7 Indirect Determination of ΔrH: Hess’s Law
• 7-8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
• 7-9 Fuels as Sources of Energy
• 7-10 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes: An Introduction
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 8. Electrons in Atoms
• 8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
• 8-2 Prelude to Quantum Theory
• 8-3 Energy Levels, Spectrum, and Ionization Energy of the Hydrogen Atom
• 8-4 Two Ideas Leading to Quantum Mechanics
• 8-5 Wave Mechanics
• 8-6 Quantum Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
• 8-7 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom
• 8-8 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
• 8-9 Multielectron Atoms
• 8-10 Electron Configurations
• 8-11 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 9. The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties
• 9-1 Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
• 9-2 Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions
• 9-3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions
• 9-4 Ionization Energy
• 9-5 Electron Affinity
• 9-6 Magnetic Properties
• 9-7 Polarizability
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 10. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
• 10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview
• 10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction
• 10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps
• 10-4 Writing Lewis Structures
• 10-5 Resonance
• 10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
• 10-7 Shapes of Molecules
• 10-8 Bond Order and Bond Lengths
• 10-9 Bond Energies
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 11. Chemical Bonding II: Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories
• 11-1 What a Bonding Theory Should Do
• 11-2 Introduction to the Valence Bond Method
• 11-3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
• 11-4 Multiple Covalent Bonds
• 11-5 Molecular Orbital Theory
• 11-6 Delocalized Electrons: An Explanation Based on Molecular Orbital Theory
• 11-7 Some Unresolved Issues: Can Electron Density Plots Help?
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 12. Intermolecular Forces: Liquids and Solids
• 12-1 Intermolecular Forces
• 12-2 Some Properties of Liquids
• 12-3 Some Properties of Solids
• 12-4 Phase Diagrams
• 12-5 The Nature of Bonding in Solids
• 12-6 Crystal Structures
• 12-7 Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 13. Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Gibbs Energy
• 13-1 Entropy: Boltzmann’s View
• 13-2 Entropy Change: Clausius’s View
• 13-3 Combining Boltzmann’s and Clausius’s Ideas: Absolute Entropies
• 13-4 Criterion for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• 13-5 Gibbs Energy Change of a System of Variable Composition: ΔrG° and ΔrG
• 13-6 ΔrG° and K as Functions of Temperature
• 13-7 Coupled Reactions
• 13-8 Chemical Potential and Thermodynamics of Spontaneous Chemical Change
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Physical Properties
• 14-1 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology
• 14-2 Solution Concentration
• 14-3 Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process
• 14-4 Solution Formation and Equilibrium
• 14-5 Solubilities of Gases
• 14-6 Vapor Pressures of Solutions
• 14-7 Osmotic Pressure
• 14-8 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
• 14-9 Solutions of Electrolytes
• 14-10 Colloidal Mixtures
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 15. Chemical Kinetics
• 15-1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
• 15-2 Measuring Reaction Rates
• 15-3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law
• 15-4 Zero-Order Reactions
• 15-5 First-Order Reactions
• 15-6 Second-Order Reactions
• 15-7 Reaction Kinetics: A Summary
• 15-8 Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics
• 15-9 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
• 15-10 Reaction Mechanisms
• 15-11 Catalysis
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 16. Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
• 16-1 The Nature of the Equilibrium State
• 16-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression
• 16-3 Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants
• 16-4 The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant
• 16-5 Predicting the Direction of Net Chemical Change
• 16-6 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
• 16-7 Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 17. Acids and Bases
• 17-1 Acids, Bases, and Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
• 17-2 Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale
• 17-3 Ionization of Acids and Bases in Water
• 17-4 Strong Acids and Strong Bases
• 17-5 Weak Acids and Weak Bases
• 17-6 Polyprotic Acids
• 17-7 Simultaneous or Consecutive Acid–Base Reactions: A General Approach
• 17-8 Ions as Acids and Bases
• 17-9 Qualitative Aspects of Acid–Base Reactions
• 17-10 Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Behavior
• 17-11 Lewis Acids and Bases
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 18. Additional Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibria
• 18-1 Common-Ion Effect in Acid–Base Equilibria
• 18-2 Buffer Solutions
• 18-3 Acid–Base Indicators
• 18-4 Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
• 18-5 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
• 18-6 Acid–Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 19. Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
• 19-1 Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
• 19-2 Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp
• 19-3 Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
• 19-4 Limitations of the Ksp Concept
• 19-5 Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness
• 19-6 Fractional Precipitation
• 19-7 Solubility and pH
• 19-8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
• 19-9 Qualitative Cation Analysis
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 20. Electrochemistry
• 20-1 Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement
• 20-2 Standard Electrode Potentials
• 20-3 Ecell, ΔrG, and K
• 20-4 Ecell as a Function of Concentrations
• 20-5 Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions
• 20-6 Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells
• 20-7 Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur
• 20-8 Industrial Electrolysis Processes
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 21. Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14
• 21-1 Periodic Trends and Charge Density
• 21-2 Group 1: The Alkali Metals
• 21-3 Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
• 21-4 Group 13: The Boron Family
• 21-5 Group 14: The Carbon Family
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 22. Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen
• 22-1 Periodic Trends in Bonding
• 22-2 Group 18: The Noble Gases
• 22-3 Group 17: The Halogens
• 22-4 Group 16: The Oxygen Family
• 22-5 Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
• 22-6 Hydrogen: A Unique Element
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 23. The Transition Elements
• 23-1 General Properties
• 23-2 Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
• 23-3 Metallurgy of Iron and Steel
• 23-4 First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese
• 23-5 The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
• 23-6 Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold
• 23-7 Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury
• 23-8 Lanthanides
• 23-9 High-Temperature Superconductors
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 24. Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
• 24-1 Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview
• 24-2 Ligands
• 24-3 Nomenclature
• 24-4 Isomerism
• 24-5 Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory
• 24-6 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory
• 24-7 Color and the Colors of Complexes
• 24-8 Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria
• 24-9 Acid–Base Reactions of Complex Ions
• 24-10 Some Kinetic Considerations
• 24-11 Applications of Coordination Chemistry
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 25. Nuclear Chemistry
• 25-1 Radioactivity
• 25-2 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes
• 25-3 Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity
• 25-4 Transuranium Elements
• 25-5 Rate of Radioactive Decay
• 25-6 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
• 25-7 Nuclear Stability
• 25-8 Nuclear Fission
• 25-9 Nuclear Fusion
• 25-10 Effect of Radiation on Matter
• 25-11 Applications of Radioisotopes
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problems
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 26. Structures of Organic Compounds
• 26-1 Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview
• 26-2 Alkanes
• 26-3 Cycloalkanes
• 26-4 Stereoisomerism in Organic Compounds
• 26-5 Alkenes and Alkynes
• 26-6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• 26-7 Organic Compounds Containing Functional Groups
• 26-8 From Molecular Formula to Molecular Structure
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problem
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 27. Reactions of Organic Compounds
• 27-1 Organic Reactions: An Introduction
• 27-2 Introduction to Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
• 27-3 Introduction to Elimination Reactions
• 27-4 Reactions of Alcohols
• 27-5 Introduction to Addition Reactions: Reactions of Alkenes
• 27-6 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
• 27-7 Reactions of Alkanes
• 27-8 Polymers and Polymerization Reactions
• 27-9 Synthesis of Organic Compounds
• Summary
• Integrative Example
• Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises
• Feature Problem
• Self-Assessment Exercises
• Chapter 28. Chemistry of the Living State
• 28-1 Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview
• 28-2 Lipids
• 28-3 Carbohydrates
• 28-4 Proteins
• 28-5 Aspects of Metabolism
• 28-6 Nucleic Acids
• Appendices
• Appendix A. Mathematical Operations
• Appendix B. Some Basic Physical Concepts
• Appendix C. SI Units
• Appendix D. Data Tables
• Appendix E. Concept Maps
• Appendix F. Glossary
• Appendix G. Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises
• Appendix H. Answers to Concept Assessment Questions
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• The Elements
• Constants, Factors, and Formulas
• Locations of Important Data and Other Useful Information