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• Cover
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Foreword
• Preface
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Section 1: General Principles of Pharmacology
• Chapter 1. Basic Principles of Pharmacology
• Relevance of Pharmacology in Rehabilitation
• Drug Nomenclature
• Substitution of Generic Drugs for Brand-Name Products
• What Constitutes a Drug: Development and Approval of Therapeutic Agents
• Drug Approval Process
• Orphan Drugs
• Off-Label Prescribing
• Prescription Versus Over-the-Counter Medication
• Controlled Substances
• Basic Concepts in Drug Therapy
• Dose-Response Curves and Maximal Efficacy
• Potency
• Elements of Drug Safety
• Quantal Dose-Response Curves and the Median Effective Dose
• Median Toxic Dose
• Therapeutic Index
• Summary
• Chapter 2. Pharmacokinetics I: Drug Administration, Absorption, and Distribution
• Routes of Administration
• Enteral
• Parenteral
• Transdermal
• Bioavailability and Drug Absorption Across the Cell Membrane
• Membrane Structure and Function
• Movement Across Membrane Barriers
• Distribution of Drugs Within the Body
• Factors Affecting Distribution
• Volume of Distribution
• Drug Storage
• Storage Sites
• Adverse Consequences of Drug Storage
• Newer Techniques for Drug Delivery
• Controlled-Release Preparations
• Implanted Drug Delivery Systems
• Targeting Drug Delivery to Specific Cells and Tissues
• Summary
• Chapter 3. Pharmacokinetics II: Drug Elimination
• Biotransformation
• Cellular Mechanisms of Drug Biotransformation
• Organs Responsible for Drug Biotransformation: Primary is Liver
• Enzyme Induction
• Drug Excretion
• Drug Elimination Rates
• Clearance
• Half-Life
• Dosing Schedules and Plasma Concentration
• Variations in Drug Response and Metabolism
• Genetics
• Disease
• Drug Interactions
• Age
• Diet
• Gender
• Other Factors
• Summary
• Chapter 4. Pharmacodynamics: Target Tissue Receptors
• Receptors Located on the Cell’s Surface
• Surface Receptors Linked Directly to Ion Channels
• Surface Receptors Linked Directly to Enzymes
• Surface Receptors Linked to Regulatory (G) Proteins and the Role of the Second Messenger
• Intracellular Receptors
• Drug-Receptor Interactions
• Functional Aspects of Drug-Receptor Interactions
• Drug Selectivity and Receptor Subtypes
• Dose-Response
• Classification of Drugs: Agonist Versus Antagonist
• Competitive Versus Noncompetitive Antagonists
• Partial Agonists
• Mixed Agonist-Antagonists and Inverse Agonists
• Receptor Regulation
• Receptor Desensitization and Down-Regulation
• Receptor Supersensitivity
• Nonreceptor Drug Mechanisms
• Summary
• Section 2: Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System
• Chapter 5. General Principles of Central Nervous System Pharmacology
• CNS Organization
• Cerebrum
• Basal Ganglia
• Diencephalon
• Mesencephalon and Brainstem
• Cerebellum
• Limbic System
• Spinal Cord
• The Blood-Brain Barrier
• CNS Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine
• Monoamines
• Amino Acids
• Peptides
• Other Transmitters
• The General Mechanisms of CNS Drugs
• Summary
• Chapter 6. Sedative-Hypnotic and Antianxiety Drugs
• Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
• Benzodiazepines
• Nonbenzodiazepines
• Pharmacokinetics
• Problems and Adverse Effects of Sedative-Hypnotics
• Antianxiety Drugs
• Benzodiazepines
• Buspirone
• Use of Antidepressants in Anxiety
• Other Antianxiety Drugs
• Problems and Adverse Effects of Anxiolytics
• Summary
• Chapter 7. Drugs to Treat Affective Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Syndrome
• Depression
• Pathophysiology of Depression
• Antidepressant Drugs
• Pharmacokinetics of Antidepressants
• Problems and Adverse Effects
• Antidepressants and Chronic Pain
• Bipolar Disorder
• Lithium
• Other Drugs for Bipolar Disorder
• Summary
• Chapter 8. Antipsychotic Drugs
• Schizophrenia
• Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
• Neurotransmitter Changes in Schizophrenia
• Antipsychotics Mechanism of Action
• Antipsychotic Drugs
• Traditional Antipsychotics
• Atypical Antipsychotics
• Pharmacokinetics
• Other Uses of Antipsychotics
• Problems and Adverse Effects
• Extrapyramidal Symptoms
• Nonmotor Effects
• Other Side Effects
• Summary
• Chapter 9. Antiepileptic Drugs
• Classification of Epileptic Seizures
• Rationale for Drug Treatment
• Antiseizure Drugs
• First-Generation Antiseizure Drugs
• Second-Generation Agents
• Selection of a Specific Antiepileptic Agent
• Pharmacokinetics
• Special Precautions During Pregnancy
• Treatment of Status Epilepticus
• Withdrawal of Antiseizure Medications
• Summary
• Chapter 10. Pharmacological Management of Parkinson Disease
• Pathophysiology of Parkinson Disease
• Therapeutic Agents in Parkinsonism
• Levodopa
• Pharmacokinetics of Levodopa
• Use of Peripheral Decarboxylase Inhibitors
• Problems and Adverse Effects of Levodopa Therapy
• Drug Holidays From Levodopa
• Other Drugs to Treat Parkinson Disease
• Dopamine Agonists
• Anticholinergic Drugs
• Amantadine
• Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors
• Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors
• Clinical Course of Parkinson Disease: When to Use Specific Drugs
• Neurosurgical Interventions in Parkinson Disease
• Summary
• Chapter 11. General Anesthetics
• Requirements for General Anesthesia
• Induction Stages of General Anesthesia
• General Anesthetic Agents: Classification and Use According to Route of Administration
• Inhalation Anesthetics
• Intravenous Anesthetics
• Pharmacokinetics
• Mechanism of Action
• Adjuvants in General Anesthesia
• Preoperative Medications
• Neuromuscular Blockers
• Nondepolarizing Blockers
• Depolarizing Blocker
• Summary
• Chapter 12. Local Anesthetics
• Types of Local Anesthetics
• Pharmacokinetics
• Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics
• Topical Administration
• Transdermal Administration
• Infiltration Anesthesia
• Peripheral Nerve Block
• Central Neural Blockade
• Sympathetic Blockade
• Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (Bier Block)
• Mechanism of Action
• Differential Nerve Block
• Systemic Effects of Local Anesthetics
• Summary
• Section 3: Drugs Affecting Skeletal Muscle
• Chapter 13. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
• Increased Muscle Tone: Spasticity Versus Muscle Spasms
• Antispasm Drugs
• Diazepam
• Centrally Acting Antispasm Drugs
• Antispasticity Drugs
• Baclofen
• Intrathecal Baclofen
• Dantrolene Sodium
• Diazepam
• Gabapentin
• Tizanidine
• Use of Botulinum Toxin as a Muscle Relaxant
• Mechanism of Action
• Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin
• Limitations and Adverse Effects
• Pharmacokinetics
• Summary
• Section 4: Drugs Used to Treat Pain and Inflammation
• Chapter 14. Opioid Analgesics
• Opioid Analgesics
• Tolerance
• Physical Dependence
• Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia
• Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Addiction
• Sources of Opioid Analgesics
• Classification of Specific Agents
• Strong Agonists
• Mild-to-Moderate Agonists
• Mixed Agonist-Antagonists
• Antagonists
• Pharmacokinetics
• Mechanism of Action
• Sites of Opioid Effects
• Effects of Opioids on Synaptic Activity
• Clinical Applications
• Treatment of Pain
• Use of Opioids in Patient-Controlled Analgesia
• Other Opioid Uses
• Problems and Adverse Effects
• Summary
• Chapter 15. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
• Aspirin and other NSAIDs: General Aspects
• Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes
• Eicosanoid Biosynthesis
• Role of Eicosanoids in Health and Disease
• Mechanism of NSAID Action: Inhibition of Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Synthesis
• Aspirin: The Prototypical NSAID
• Clinical Applications of Aspirinlike Drugs
• Treatment of Pain and Inflammation
• Treatment of Fever
• Treatment of Vascular Disorders
• Prevention of Cancer
• Problems and Adverse Effects of Aspirinlike Drugs
• Gastrointestinal Problems
• Cardiovascular Considerations
• Other Side Effects
• Comparison of Aspirin With Other NSAIDs
• COX-2 Selective Drugs
• COX-2 Drugs and the Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke
• Acetaminophen
• Pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs and Acetaminophen
• Summary
• Chapter 16. Pharmacological Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Immune Basis for Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Overview of Drug Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis
• NSAIDs
• Glucocorticoids
• Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
• Traditional (Nonbiological) DMARDs
• Biological DMARDs
• Other DMARDs
• DMARD Combinations Used in Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Dietary Implications for Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Acetaminophen and NSAIDs
• Viscosupplementation
• Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate
• Summary
• Chapter 17. Patient-Controlled Analgesia
• Pharmacokinetic Basis for PCA
• PCA Dosing Strategies and Parameters
• Types of Analgesics Used for PCA
• PCA Pumps
• Administrations Routes During PCA
• IV PCA
• Epidural
• Regional PCA
• Comparison of PCA to Other Methods of Analgesic Administration
• Comparison of PCA to Continuous Nerve Blocks
• Problems and Adverse Effects of PCA
• Pharmacological Adverse Effects
• Problems With PCA Delivery
• Summary
• Section 5: Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology
• Chapter 18. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology
• Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
• Preganglionic and Neurons
• Sympathetic Organization
• Parasympathetic Organization
• Functional Aspects of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
• Function of the Adrenal Medulla
• Autonomic Integration and Control
• Autonomic Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
• Other Autonomic Neurotransmitters
• Autonomic Receptors
• Cholinergic Receptors
• Adrenergic Receptors
• Pharmacological Significance of Autonomic Receptors
• Summary
• Chapter 19. Cholinergic Drugs
• Cholinergic Receptors
• Cholinergic Stimulants
• Direct-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants
• Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants
• Clinical Applications of Cholinergic Stimulants
• Problems and Adverse Effects of Cholinergic Stimulants
• Anticholinergic Drugs
• Source and Mechanism of Action of Antimuscarinic Anticholinergic Drugs
• Clinical Applications of Antimuscarinic Drugs
• Problems and Adverse Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs
• Summary
• Chapter 20. Adrenergic Drugs
• Adrenergic Receptor Subclassifications
• Adrenergic Agonists
• Alpha-1-Selective Agonists
• Alpha-2-Selective Agonists
• Beta-1-Selective Agonists
• Beta-2-Selective Agonists
• Drugs With Mixed Alpha- and Beta-Agonist Activity
• Adrenergic Antagonists
• Alpha Antagonists
• Beta Antagonists
• Other Drugs That Inhibit Adrenergic Neurons
• Summary
• Chapter 21. Antihypertensive Drugs
• Normal Control of Blood Pressure
• Pathogenesis of Hypertension
• Essential Versus Secondary Hypertension
• Possible Mechanisms in Essential Hypertension
• Drug Therapy
• Diuretics
• Sympatholytic Drugs
• Vasodilators
• Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors
• Calcium Channel Blockers
• Drug Selection for Specific Patients With Hypertension
• Nonpharmacological Treatment of Hypertension
• Summary
• Chapter 22. Treatment of Angina Pectoris
• Drugs Used to Treat Angina Pectoris
• Organic Nitrates
• Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
• Calcium Channel Blockers
• Other Drugs Affecting Myocardial Oxygen Balance in Angina Pectoris
• Use of Anticoagulants in Angina Pectoris
• Treatment of Specific Types of Angina Pectoris
• Stable Angina
• Variant Angina (Prinzmetal Ischemia)
• Unstable Angina
• Nonpharmacological Management of Angina Pectoris
• Summary
• Chapter 23. Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Cardiac Electrophysiology
• Cardiac Action Potentials
• Normal Cardiac Rhythm
• Normal Conduction of the Cardiac Action Potential
• Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Types of Arrhythmias
• Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs
• Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers
• Class II: Beta Blockers
• Class III: Drugs That Prolong Repolarization (Potassium Channel Blockers)
• Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers
• Other Drugs Used to Treat Arrhythmias
• Nonpharmacological Treatment of Arrhythmias
• Summary
• Chapter 24. Treatment of Heart Failure
• Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure
• The Vicious Cycle of Heart Failure
• Congestion in Left and Right Heart Failure
• Pharmacotherapy
• Drugs That Increase Myocardial Contraction Force (Positive Inotropic Agents)
• Digitalis
• Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
• Dopamine and Dobutamine
• Agents That Decrease Cardiac Workload
• Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin System
• Beta Blockers
• Diuretics
• Vasodilators
• Summary
• Chapter 25. Treatment of Coagulation Disorders and Hyperlipidemia
• Normal Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
• Clot Formation
• Clot Breakdown
• Drugs Used to Treat Overactive Clotting
• Anticoagulants
• Antiplatelet Drugs
• Fibrinolytics
• Treatment of Clotting Deficiencies
• Hemophilia
• Deficiencies of Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors
• Antifibrinolytics
• Agents Used to Treat Hyperlipidemia
• HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
• Fibric Acids
• Other Lipid-Lowering Agents
• Adverse Effects of Antihyperlipidemic Agents
• Summary
• Section 6: Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
• Chapter 26. Respiratory Drugs
• Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Tract Irritation and Control Respiratory Secretions
• Antitussives
• Decongestants
• Antihistamines
• Mucolytics and Expectorants
• Drugs Used to Maintain Airway Patency in Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
• Xanthine Derivatives
• Anticholinergic Drugs
• Glucocorticoids
• Cromones
• Leukotriene Inhibitors
• Treatment of Bronchial Asthma
• Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma
• Long-Term Management of Asthma
• Treatment of Reversible Bronchospasm in COPD
• Treatment of Respiratory Problems in Cystic Fibrosis
• Summary
• Chapter 27. Gastrointestinal Drugs
• Drugs Used to Control Gastric Acidity and Secretion
• Antacids
• H2 Receptor Blockers
• Proton Pump Inhibitors
• Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Gastric Ulcer Disease
• Other Agents Used to Control and Treat Gastric Ulcers
• Antidiarrheal Agents
• Opioid Derivatives
• Bismuth Salicylate
• Miscellaneous Agents Used to Treat Diarrhea
• Laxatives and Cathartics
• Specific Agents and Mechanism of Action
• Adverse Effects
• Miscellaneous Gastrointestinal Drugs
• Digestants
• Emetics
• Antiemetics
• Cholelitholytic Agents
• Summary
• Section 7: Endocrine Pharmacology
• Chapter 28. Introduction to Endocrine Pharmacology
• Primary Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Parathyroid Gland
• Pancreas
• Adrenal Gland
• Gonads
• Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology
• Hormone Chemistry
• Synthesis and Release of Hormones
• Feedback Control Mechanisms in Endocrine Function
• Hormone Transport
• Hormone Effects on the Target Cell
• Clinical Use of Endocrine Drugs
• Replacement Therapy
• Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders
• Treatment of Excessive Endocrine Function
• Exploitation of Beneficial Hormone Effects
• Use of Hormones to Alter Normal Endocrine Function
• Use of Hormones in Nonendocrine Disease
• Summary
• Chapter 29. Adrenocorticosteroids
• Steroid Synthesis
• Glucocorticoids
• Role of Glucocorticoids in Normal Function
• Mechanism of Action of Glucocorticoids
• Physiological Effects of Glucocorticoids
• Clinical Uses of Glucocorticoids
• Glucocorticoid Use in Endocrine Disorders
• Glucocorticoid Use in Nonendocrine Conditions
• Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids
• Adrenocortical Suppression
• Drug-Induced Cushing Syndrome
• Breakdown of Supporting Tissues
• Other Adverse Effects
• Drugs That Inhibit Adrenocortical Hormone Biosynthesis
• Mineralocorticoids
• Regulation of Mineralocorticoid Secretion
• Mechanism of Action and Physiological Effects of Mineralocorticoids
• Therapeutic Use of Mineralocorticoid Drugs
• Adverse Effects of Mineralocorticoid Agonists
• Mineralocorticoid Antagonists
• Summary
• Chapter 30. Male and Female Hormones
• Androgens
• Source and Regulation of Androgen Synthesis
• Physiological Effects of Androgens
• Clinical Use of Androgens
• Replacement Therapy
• Catabolic States
• Delayed Puberty
• Breast Cancer
• Anemia
• Hereditary Angioedema
• Specific Agents
• Adverse Effects of Clinical Androgen Use
• Antiandrogens
• Androgen Abuse
• Effects of Androgens on Athletic Performance
• Adverse Effects of Androgen Abuse
• Estrogen and Progesterone
• Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Sexual Maturation
• Regulation and Effects of Hormonal Synthesis During the Menstrual Cycle
• Female Hormones in Pregnancy and Parturition
• Pharmacological Use of Estrogen and Progesterone
• Conditions Treated With Estrogen and Progesterone
• Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy Following Menopause
• Specific Agents
• Adverse Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone
• Other Drugs That Affect Estrogen and Progesterone Activity
• Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
• Antiestrogens
• Antiprogestins
• Hormonal Contraceptives
• Types of Contraceptive Preparations
• Mechanism of Contraceptive Action
• Adverse Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives
• Summary
• Chapter 31. Drugs Affecting Metabolism and Bone Mineralization
• Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
• Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones
• Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Release
• Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones
• Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones
• Treatment of Thyroid Disorders
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Parathyroid Hormone
• Regulation of Bone Mineral Homeostasis
• Parathyroid Hormone and Bone Formation
• Vitamin D
• Calcitonin
• Other Hormones
• Pharmacological Control of Bone Mineral Homeostasis
• Calcium Supplements
• Vitamin D
• Bisphosphonates
• Calcitonin
• Estrogen Therapy
• Other Agents That Promote Bone Mineral Content
• Summary
• Chapter 32. Pancreatic Hormones and the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
• Structure and Function of the Endocrine Pancreas
• Insulin
• Effects of Insulin on Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Effects of Insulin on Protein and Lipid Metabolism
• Cellular Mechanism of Insulin Action
• Glucagon
• Control of Insulin and Glucagon Release
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Effects and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
• Use of Insulin in Diabetes Mellitus
• Therapeutic Effects and Rationale for Use
• Insulin Preparations
• Administration of Insulin
• Intensive Insulin Therapy
• Adverse Effects of Insulin Therapy
• Primary Agents in Type 2 Diabetes
• Drugs That Stimulate Insulin Secretion and Supply
• Insulin Sensitizers
• Other Antidiabetics
• Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The Potential Role of Immune-Based Therapies
• Nonpharmacological Intervention in Diabetes Mellitus
• Dietary Management and Weight Reduction
• Exercise
• Tissue Transplants and Gene Therapy
• Summary
• Section 8: Chemotherapy of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases
• Chapter 33. Treatment of Infections I: Antibacterial Drugs
• Bacteria: Basic Concepts
• Bacterial Structure and Function
• Pathogenic Effects of Bacteria
• Bacterial Nomenclature and Classification
• Spectrum and Activity of Antibacterial Drugs
• Spectrum of Antibacterial Activity
• Bactericidal Versus Bacteriostatic Activity
• Basic Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs
• Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis and Function
• Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
• Inhibition of Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesis and Function
• Specific Antibacterial Agents
• Antibacterial Drugs That Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis and Function
• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Carbapenems
• Other Agents That Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
• Use of Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
• Drugs That Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis
• Aminoglycosides
• Erythromycin and Other Macrolides
• Other Agents That Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis
• Drugs That Inhibit Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesis and Function
• Aminosalicylic Acid
• Clofazimine
• Dapsone
• Fluoroquinolones
• Metronidazole
• Mupirocin
• Rifamycins
• Sulfonamides
• Trimethoprim
• Other Antibacterial Drugs
• Capreomycin
• Daptomycin
• Isoniazid
• Methenamine
• Nitrofurantoin
• Pyrazinamide
• Clinical Use of Antibacterial Drugs: Relationship to Specific Bacterial Infections
• Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs
• Summary
• Chapter 34. Treatment of Infections II: Antiviral Drugs
• Viral Structure and Function
• Classification of Viruses
• Characteristics of Viruses
• Viral Replication
• Specific Antiviral Drugs
• Acyclovir and Valacyclovir
• Amantadine and Rimantadine
• Cidofovir
• Docosanol
• Dolutegravir, Elvitegravir, and Raltegravir
• Enfuvirtide and Maraviroc
• Famciclovir and Penciclovir
• Foscarnet
• Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir
• Imiquimod
• Trifluridine
• Oseltamivir and Zanamivir
• Protease Inhibitors
• Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
• Ribavirin
• Remdesivir
• Viral Resistance
• Interferons
• Synthesis and Cellular Effects of Interferons
• Pharmacological Applications of Interferons
• Adverse Effects of Interferons
• Control of Viral Infection With Vaccines
• HIV and the Treatment of AIDS
• Inhibition of HIV Proliferation in Infected Individuals
• Anti-HIV Drug Combinations: Use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
• HIV Vaccines
• Management of Opportunistic Infections
• Summary
• Chapter 35. Treatment of Infections III: Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs
• Antifungal Agents
• Systemic Antifungal Agents
• Topical Antifungal Agents
• Antiprotozoal Agents
• Antimalarial Agents
• Drugs Used to Treat Protozoal Infections in the Intestines and Other Tissues
• Other Antiprotozoal Drugs
• Anthelmintics
• Albendazole
• Diethylcarbamazine
• Ivermectin
• Mebendazole
• Praziquantel
• Pyrantel Pamoate
• Thiabendazole
• Summary
• Chapter 36. Cancer Chemotherapy
• General Principles
• Cytotoxic Strategy
• Cell-Cycle–Specific Versus Cell-Cycle–Nonspecific Drugs
• Concepts of Growth Fraction and Cell Kill
• Prevalence and Management of Adverse Effects
• Specific Anticancer Drugs
• Alkylating Agents
• Antimetabolites
• Anticancer Antibiotics
• Antimicrotubule Agents
• Topoisomerase Inhibitors
• Anticancer Hormones
• Targeted and Biological Therapies
• Platinum Coordination Complexes
• Aspirin and Other NSAIDs
• Miscellaneous Agents
• Combination Chemotherapy
• Use of Anticancer Drugs With Other Treatments
• Success of Anticancer Drugs
• Resistance to Anticancer Drugs
• Future Perspectives
• Summary
• Chapter 37. Immunomodulating Agents
• Overview of the Immune Response
• Pharmacological Suppression of the Immune Response
• Specific Immunosuppressive Agents
• Azathioprine
• Cyclophosphamide
• Cyclosporine
• Glucocorticoids
• Methotrexate
• Mycophenolate Mofetil
• Sulfasalazine
• Sirolimus and Other mTOR Inhibitors
• Tacrolimus
• Other Methods of Immunosuppression
• Immunostimulants
• Bacille Calmette-Guérin
• Immune Globulin
• Other Immunomodulators
• Summary
• Chapter 38. Complementary and Alternative Medications
• Problems Associated With CAMs
• Misconceptions About CAM Safety
• Failure to Report CAM Use
• Lack of Standards for Quality and Purity of CAMs
• Delayed Use of Conventional Medications
• Potential Adverse Effects of CAMs
• Specific CAMs
• Bee Venom
• Echinacea
• Garlic
• Ginger
• Ginkgo Biloba
• Ginseng
• Glucosamine and Chondroitin
• Kava
• Melatonin
• Saw Palmetto
• St. John’s Wort
• Valerian
• Vitamins and Minerals
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Summary
• Appendix A Drugs Administered by Iontophoresis and Phonophoresis
• Appendix B Drugs of Abuse
• Appendix C Answers to Case Study Questions
• Glossary
• Index