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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of figures
• List of tables
• List of boxes
• List of contributors
• Foreword to the third edition
• Foreword to the second edition
• Foreword to the first edition
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Part I: Assessing the evidence
• 1 Introduction
• Early observations
• Modern trends
• Prevalence of physical activity/inactivity worldwide
• Sedentary behaviour
• Therapeutic potential of physical activity
• Costs of physical inactivity
• Definitions of key terms
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• 2 The nature of the evidence
• Introduction
• Observational research
• Measures of health-related outcomes in epidemiological studies
• Experimental research
• Outcome measures in experimental studies
• Types of experimental study design
• Error: nature, sources and implications
• Statistical analysis of data
• Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, cardiorespiratory fitness and strength: concepts and inter-relationships
• Measurement of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, cardiorespiratory fitness and strength
• Summarising the evidence base: systematic reviews and meta-analysis
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• 3 Physical activity and mortality
• Introduction
• Physical activity and mortality
• Population-attributable risk for mortality associated with physical inactivity
• Sedentary behaviour and mortality
• Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality
• Muscular strength and mortality
• Is fitness or physical activity more important for mortality risk?
• Changes in physical activity and mortality
• Changes in fitness and mortality
• Physical activity, fitness, body composition and mortality
• Are randomised controlled trials of physical activity and mortality risk possible?
• Some final thoughts
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• Part II: Influence of physical activity on the risk of disease
• 4 Cardiovascular disease
• Introduction
• What is CVD?
• Global impact of CVD
• Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis – genetic and environmental influences
• Epidemiology of physical activity and CHD
• Sedentary behaviour and CVD
• Epidemiology of physical fitness and CHD
• Changes in physical activity and fitness and CHD
• Dose–response: what level of activity or fitness confers protection against CHD?
• Interaction of physical activity, fitness and genetics with CVD risk
• Are physical inactivity and low fitness causal factors for CHD?
• Epidemiology of physical activity and fitness with stroke
• Epidemiology for the prevention of other cardiovascular diseases
• Risk factors for CVD
• Combined healthy lifestyle behaviours
• Healthy lifestyle and CVD prevention in high-risk groups
• Physical activity and secondary prevention of CVD
• Physical activity as therapy for CVD
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• 5 Type 2 diabetes
• Introduction
• What is diabetes?
• What are the consequences of insulin resistance?
• Non-modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes
• Obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
• Physical activity and sedentary behaviour as risk factors
• Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength as risk factors
• Lifestyle intervention trials for diabetes prevention
• Lifestyle intervention in the management of type 2 diabetes
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• 6 Obesity
• Introduction
• Definition
• Prevalence
• Health risks
• Aetiology
• Genetic contribution
• Physical inactivity as a risk factor
• Exercise as therapy
• Physical activity recommendations
• Summary
• Study Tasks
• Note
• Further reading
• References
• 7 Cardio-metabolic risk factors
• Introduction
• Physical activity and risk factors for cardio-metabolic disease
• Lipids and lipoproteins
• Blood pressure
• Endothelial function
• Insulin resistance and glucose tolerance
• Thrombotic risk
• Systemic inflammation
• Clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors
• Synergistic effects of exercise on multiple cardio-metabolic risk factors
• Independent effects of physical activity not explained by known risk factors
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• 8 Cancer
• Introduction
• How cancer develops
• Why might physical activity influence cancer risk?
• Epidemiology of physical activity and cancer
• Dose–response issues
• Sedentary behaviour and cancer risk
• Population-attributable risk
• Physical activity in cancer survivors
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Notes
• Further reading
• References
• 9 Skeletal health
• Introduction
• Biology of bone
• Osteoporosis: definition, prevalence and consequences
• Physical activity and bone
• Physical activity in prevention and management of osteoporosis
• Physical activity and osteoarthritis
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Notes
• Further reading
• References
• 10 Mental health
• Introduction
• Aetiology of mental disorders
• Prevalence of mental disorders
• Burden of mental disorders
• Diagnostic criteria
• Physical inactivity as a risk factor
• Depressive disorders
• Anxiety disorders
• Mechanisms of interactions with physical activity
• Management of mental health with physical activity
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• Part III: Physical activity in youth and old age
• 11 Child and adolescent health
• Introduction
• Physical activity, physical fitness and sedentary behaviour
• Obesity
• Type 2 diabetes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Bone health
• Mental health and cognitive function
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• 12 Ageing
• Introduction
• Decline in physical function
• Exercise training and physical function
• Mobility, disability and independent living
• Cognitive function
• Dementia
• Exercise and survival
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• Part IV: Physical activity – risks and opportunities
• 13 Hazards
• Introduction
• Musculoskeletal injuries
• Adverse cardiovascular events
• Female athlete triad (relative energy deficiency in sport)
• Impaired immune function
• Prevention
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• 14 Public health
• Introduction
• Recommendations for physical activity
• Rationale for recommendations
• Walking – the nearest to perfect exercise
• Active travel, commuting
• Changing physical activity behaviours
• Benefits versus risks
• Physical activity: a ‘best buy’ in public health?
• Summary
• Study tasks
• Further reading
• References
• Epilogue
• Glossary
• Index