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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Part I: Introduction to Physical Activity Epidemiology
• 1. Origins of Physical Activity Epidemiology
• Ancient History of Physical Activity and Health
• Modern History of Physical Activity and Health
• Physical Activity for Health Promotion in the United States and the World
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 2. Concepts and Methods in Physical Activity Epidemiology
• Epidemiologic Measures
• Crude, Specific, and Standardized Rates
• Research Design in Epidemiologic Studies
• Evaluating Associations in Epidemiologic Studies
• Models in Physical Activity Epidemiology
• Inferring Cause in Epidemiologic Studies
• Criteria for Causation
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 3. Measurement and Surveillance of Physical Activity and Fitness
• Why Is Behavioral Epidemiology Important?
• What Is Physical Activity?
• Measures of Physical Activity
• What Is Sedentary Behavior?
• What Is Physical Fitness?
• Surveys and Surveillance of Physical Activity
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Part II: Physical Activity and Disease Mortality
• 4. All-Cause Mortality
• Life Expectancy at Birth
• Major Causes of Mortality
• Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality
• Leisure-Time Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality: Exemplar Cohort Studies
• Resistance (Strengthening) Exercise and All-Cause Mortality
• Device-Measured Physical Activity
• Sedentary Behavior and All-Cause Mortality
• Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality
• Changes in Physical Activity or Fitness and All-Cause Mortality
• Are the Associations Real?
• Strength of the Evidence
• How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Risk of Premature Mortality?
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 5. Coronary Heart Disease
• History and Magnitude of the Problem
• Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
• Coronary Heart Disease Etiology
• Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease
• Sedentary Behavior and Coronary Heart Disease Risk
• Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk
• Individuals With Other Risk Factors or Existing Coronary Heart Disease
• Physical Inactivity Compared With Other Risk Factors
• Are the Associations Real?
• Strength of the Evidence
• How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Coronary Heart Disease Risk?
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 6. Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Risk Factors for Stroke
• Etiology of Stroke
• Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
• Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: The Evidence
• Strength of the Evidence
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Part III: Physical Activity and Risk Factors
• 7. Physical Activity and Hypertension
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Treating Hypertension
• Hypertension Etiology
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Physical Activity and Reduced Hypertension Risk: The Evidence
• Physical Activity and Treatment of Hypertension: The Evidence
• Strength of the Evidence
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 8. Physical Activity and Dyslipidemia
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Drug Treatment
• Dyslipidemia Etiology and Physical Activity
• Physical Activity and Lipoprotein Levels: The Evidence
• Strength of the Evidence
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 9. Physical Activity and Obesity
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Treatment of Overweight and Obesity
• Assessing and Defining Overweight and Obesity
• Etiology of Overweight and Obesity: Set Point or Settling Point?
• Physical Activity and Fitness and the Health Risks of Obesity: The Evidence
• Physical Activity and Prevention of Excess Weight Gain: The Evidence
• Physical Activity and Weight Loss: The Evidence
• Physical Activity and Weight Maintenance: The Evidence
• Strength of the Evidence
• The Ultimate Goal: Weight Loss or Risk Reduction?
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Part IV: Physical Activity and Chronic Diseases
• 10. Physical Activity and Diabetes
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Demographics of Diabetes
• Clinical Features
• Health Burden of Diabetes
• Risk Factors
• Insulin and Glucose Transport
• Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes
• Effects of Physical Activity on Diabetes Risk: The Evidence
• Strength of the Evidence
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 11. Physical Activity and Osteoporosis
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Fractures and Mortality
• Etiology of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
• Bone Measurement Techniques
• Risk Factors and Prevention
• Pharmacotherapy for Osteoporosis
• Physical Activity and Osteoporosis: The Evidence
• Strength of the Evidence
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Part V: Physical Activity, Cancer, and Immunity
• 12. Physical Activity and Cancer
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Etiology of Cancer
• Risk Factors
• The Evidence for Physical Activity: Specificity of Protection?
• Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Physical Activity and Cancer Survivors
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 13. Physical Activity and the Immune System
• An Abridged History of Immunology
• HIV and AIDS
• The Immune System
• Immunomodulation by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
• Immunotherapy in Cancer
• Physical Activity and Immunity: The Evidence
• Mechanisms of Alterations in Monocytes, Granulocytes, and Natural Killer Cells After Acute Exercise
• Exercise and Cytokines
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Part VI: Physical Activity and Special Concerns
• 14. Physical Activity and Mental Health
• Depression
• Anxiety Disorders
• Cognitive Function and Dementia
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 15. Physical Activity and Special Populations
• Physical Activity Among Diverse Racial–Ethnic Populations
• Physical Activity and Disability
• Inactivity and Aging
• Physical Activity and Long-Term Health Among People With Disabilities
• Role of Physical Activity in the Promotion of Health
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 16. Adverse Events and Hazards of Physical Activity
• Magnitude of the Problem
• Evaluating Risk
• Methods of Research
• Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death
• Joint and Muscle Injury
• Injury Features
• Risk of Physical Activity Injuries: The Evidence
• Other Medical Hazards
• Psychological Hazards
• Summary
• Bibliography
• 17. Adopting and Maintaining a Physically Active Lifestyle
• Individual Barriers to Physical Activity
• How Do People Decide to Be Active?
• Environmental Barriers to Physical Activity
• Genetics of Physical Activity
• Environmental Intervention and Self-Regulation
• Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions
• Types of Interventions to Increase Physical Activity
• Mediators and Moderators of Physical Activity Change and Interventions
• Features of Physical Activity That Promote Adoption and Maintenance
• Summary
• Bibliography
• Glossary
• Index
• About the Authors