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• Contents
• Applications List
• Preface
• Dedication
• To Students
• Use of color
• Chapter 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating
• 1-1 The Nature of Science
• 1-2 Physics and its Relation to Other Fields
• 1-3 Models, Theories, and Laws
• 1-4 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
• Uncertainty
• Significant Figures
• Scientific Notation
• Percent Uncertainty vs. Significant Figures
• Approximations
• Accuracy vs. Precision
• 1-5 Units, Standards, and the SI System
• Length
• Time
• Mass
• Unit Prefixes
• Systems of Units
• Base vs. Derived Quantities
• 1-6 Converting Units
• 1-7 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating
• A Harder Example-But Powerful
• 1-8 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 2: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension
• 2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement
• 2-2 Average Velocity
• 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity
• 2-4 Acceleration
• Deceleration
• 2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration
• 2-6 Solving Problems
• 2-7 Freely Falling Objects
• Additional Example-Using the Quadratic Formula
• 2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion
• Velocity as Slope
• Slope and Acceleration
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors
• 3-1 Vectors and Scalars
• 3-2 Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods
• 3-3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
• 3-4 Adding Vectors by Components
• Components
• Adding Vectors
• 3-5 Projectile Motion
• 3-6 Solving Projectile Motion Problems
• Level Horizontal Range
• 3-7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic
• 3-8 Relative Velocity
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 4: Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion
• 4-1 Force
• 4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
• Inertial Reference Frames
• 4-3 Mass
• 4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• 4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• 4-6 Weight-the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force
• 4-7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams
• Tension in a Flexible Cord
• 4-8 Problems Involving Friction, Inclines
• Friction
• Inclines
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 5: Circular Motion; Gravitation
• 5-1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
• 5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
• 5-3 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked
• 5-4 Non uniform Circular Motion
• 5-5 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
• 5-6 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface
• 5-7 Satellites and “Weightlessness”
• Satellite Motion
• Weightlessness
• 5-8 Planets, Kepler’s Laws, and Newton’s Synthesis
• Kepler’s Laws
• Kepler’s Third Law Derived, Sun’s Mass, Perturbations
• Other Centers for Kepler’s Laws
• Distant Planetary Systems
• Newton’s Synthesis
• Sun/Earth Reference Frames
• 5-9 Moon Rises an Hour Later Each Day
• 5-10 Types of Forces in Nature
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 6: Work and Energy
• 6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
• 6-2 Work Done by a Varying Force
• 6-3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle
• 6-4 Potential Energy
• Gravitational Potential Energy
• Potential Energy Defined in General
• Potential Energy of Elastic Spring
• Potential Energy as Stored Energy
• 6-5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
• Work-Energy Extended
• 6-6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
• 6-7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• 6-8 Other Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations; The Law of Conservation of Energy
• 6-9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems
• Work-Energy versus Energy Conservation
• 6-10 Power
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 7: Linear Momentum
• 7-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force
• 7-2 Conservation of Momentum
• 7-3 Collisions and Impulse
• 7-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions
• 7-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
• 7-6 Inelastic Collisions
• 7-7 Collisions in Two Dimensions
• 7-8 Center of Mass (CM)
• 7-9 CM for the Human Body
• 7-10 CM and Translational Motion
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 8: Rotational Motion
• 8-1 Angular Quantities
• 8-2 Constant Angular Acceleration
• 8-3 Rolling Motion (Without Slipping)
• 8-4 Torque
• Forces that Act to Tilt the Axis
• 8-5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia
• 8-6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics
• 8-7 Rotational Kinetic Energy
• Work Done by Torque
• 8-8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
• 8-9 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 9: Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture
• 9-1 The Conditions for Equilibrium
• The First Condition for Equilibrium
• The Second Condition for Equilibrium
• 9-2 Solving Statics Problems
• A More Difficult Example-The Ladder
• 9-3 Applications to Muscles and Joints
• 9-4 Stability and Balance
• 9-5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain
• Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Young’s Modulus
• Stress and Strain
• Tension, Compression, and Shear Stress
• Volume Change-Bulk Modulus
• 9-6 Fracture
• 9-7 Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 10: Fluids
• 10-1 Phases of Matter
• 10-2 Density and Specific Gravity
• 10-3 Pressure in Fluids
• 10-4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Gauge Pressure
• 10-5 Pascal’s Principle
• 10-6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer
• 10-7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
• 10-8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity
• 10–9 Bernoulli’s Equation
• 10-10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow
• Airplane Wings and Dynamic Lift
• Sailboats
• Baseball Curve
• Lack of Blood to the Brain-TIA
• Other Applications
• 10-11 Viscosity
• 10-12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow
• 10-13 Surface Tension and Capillarity
• Capillarity
• 10-14 Pumps, and the Heart
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 11: Oscillations and Waves
• 11-1 Simple Harmonic Motion-Spring Oscillations
• 11-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
• 11-3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
• Period and Frequency-Derivation
• Position as a Function of Time
• Sinusoidal Motion
• Velocity and Acceleration as Functions of Time
• 11-4 The Simple Pendulum
• 11-5 Damped Harmonic Motion
• 11-6 Forced Oscillations; Resonance
• 11-7 Wave Motion
• 11-8 Types of Waves and Their Speeds: Transverse and Longitudinal
• Speed of Transverse Waves
• Speed of Longitudinal Waves
• Other Waves
• 11-9 Energy Transported by Waves
• Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency
• 11-10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
• 11-11 Interference; Principle of Superposition
• 11-12 Standing Waves; Resonance
• 11-13 Refraction
• 11-14 Diffraction
• 11-15 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 12: Sound
• 12-1 Characteristics of Sound
• 12-2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels
• Sound Level
• Intensity Related to Amplitude
• 12-3 The Ear and Its Response; Loudness
• The Ear’s Response
• 12-4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns
• Stringed Instruments
• Wind Instruments
• 12-5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition
• 12-6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats
• Interference in Space
• Beats—Interference in Time
• 12-7 Doppler Effect
• Doppler Effect for Light
• 12-8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom
• 12-9 Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging
• Sonar
• Ultrasound Medical Imaging
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory
• 13-1 Atomic Theory of Matter
• 13-2 Temperature and Thermometers
• Temperature Scales
• Standard Temperature Scale
• 13-3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• 13-4 Thermal Expansion
• Linear Expansion
• Volume Expansion
• Anomalous Behavior of Water Below 4°C
• Thermal Stresses
• 13-5 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature
• 13-6 The Ideal Gas Law
• 13-7 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law
• 13-8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number
• 13-9 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature
• Kinetic Energy Near Absolute Zero
• 13-10 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
• 13-11 Real Gases and Changes of Phase
• 13-12 Vapor Pressure and Humidity
• Evaporation
• Vapor Pressure
• Boiling
• Partial Pressure and Humidity
• 13-13 Diffusion
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 14: Heat
• 14-1 Heat as Energy Transfer
• 14-2 Internal Energy
• Distinguishing Temperature, Heat, and Internal Energy
• Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
• 14-3 Specific Heat
• Specific Heats for Gases
• 14-4 Calorimetry-Solving Problems
• Bomb Calorimeter
• 14-5 Latent Heat
• Evaporation
• Kinetic Theory of Latent Heats
• 14-6 Heat Transfer: Conduction
• R-values for Building Materials
• 14-7 Heat Transfer: Convection
• 14-8 Heat Transfer: Radiation
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 15: The Laws of Thermodynamics
• 15-1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
• 15-2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law
• Isothermal Processes (∆T=0)
• Adiabatic Processes (Q=0)
• Isobaric and Isovolumetric Processes
• Work Done in Volume Changes
• 15-3 Human Metabolism and the First Law
• 15-4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction
• 15-5 Heat Engines
• Steam Engine and Internal Combustion Engine
• Why a ∆T Is Needed to Drive a Heat Engine
• Efficiency
• Carnot Engine
• 15-6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
• SEER Rating
• 15-7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
• 15-8 Order to Disorder
• Biological Development
• “Time’s Arrow”
• 15-9 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death
• 15-10 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law
• 15-11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 16: Electric Charge and Electric Field
• 16-1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation
• 16-2 Electric Charge in the Atom
• 16-3 Insulators and Conductors
• 16-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope
• 16-5 Coulomb’s Law
• 16-6 Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s Law and Vectors
• Vector Addition Review
• Adding Electric Forces; Principle of Superposition
• 16-7 The Electric Field
• 16-8 Electric Field Lines
• Gravitational Field
• 16-9 Electric Fields and Conductors
• 16-10 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication
• 16-11 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics
• 16-12 Gauss’s Law
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 17: Electric Potential
• 17-1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference
• Electric Potential Energy
• Electric Potential and Potential Difference
• 17-2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field
• General Relation between E and V
• Breakdown Voltage
• 17-3 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces
• 17-4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy
• 17-5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
• 17-6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment
• 17-7 Capacitance
• Derivation of Capacitance for Parallel-Plate Capacitor
• 17-8 Dielectrics
• Molecular Description of Dielectrics
• 17-9 Storage of Electric Energy
• Health Effects
• 17-10 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage
• Noise
• 17-11 TV and Computer Monitors: CRTs, Flat Screens
• CRT
• Flat Screens and Addressing Pixels
• Active Matrix (advanced)
• Oscilloscopes
• 17-12 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 18: Electric Currents
• 18-1 The Electric Battery
• Electric Cells and Batteries
• Electric Cars
• 18-2 Electric Current
• 18-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
• Some Helpful Clarifications
• 18-4 Resistivity
• Temperature Dependence of Resistivity
• 18-5 Electric Power
• 18-6 Power in Household Circuits
• 18-7 Alternating Current
• 18-8 Microscopic View of Electric Current
• 18-9 Superconductivity
• 18-10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 19: DC Circuits
• 19-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage
• 19-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
• 19-3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
• 19-4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery
• Safety when Jump Starting
• 19-5 Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
• 19-6 RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series
• Capacitor Charging
• Capacitor Discharging
• Medical and Other Applications of RC Circuits
• 19-7 Electric Hazards
• Safe Wiring
• 19-8 Ammeters and Voltmeters-Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured
• How to Connect Meters
• Effects of Meter Resistance
• Other Meters
• Digital Meters
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 20: Magnetism
• 20-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
• Earth’s Magnetic Field
• Uniform Magnetic Field
• 20-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields
• 20-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B
• 20-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
• Aurora Borealis
• The Hall Effect
• 20-5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire
• 20-6 Force between Two Parallel Wires
• 20-7 Solenoids and Electromagnets
• Magnetic Circuit Breakers
• 20-8 Ampère’s Law
• Field Due to a Straight Wire
• Field Inside a Solenoid
• 20-9 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment
• 20-10 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers, Galvanometers
• Galvanometer
• Electric Motors
• Loudspeakers and Headsets
• 20-11 Mass Spectrometer
• 20-12 Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis
• Sources of Ferromagnetism
• Magnetic Permeability
• Hysteresis
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 21: Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law
• 21-1 Induced EMF
• 21-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law
• 21-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
• 21-4 Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field
• 21-5 Electric Generators
• Alternators
• Deriving the Generator Equation
• 21-6 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents
• Back EMF, in a Motor
• Counter Torque, in a Generator
• Eddy Currents
• 21-7 Transformers and Transmission of Power
• Wireless Transmission of Power-Inductive Charging
• 21-8 Information Storage: Magnetic and Semiconductor; Tape, Hard Drive, RAM
• Magnetic Storage: Read/Write on Tape and Disks
• Semiconductor Memory: DRAM, Flash
• 21-9 Applications of Induction: Microphone, Seismograph, GFCI
• Microphone
• Credit Card Reader
• Seismograph
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
• 21-10 Inductance
• Mutual Inductance
• Self-Inductance
• 21-11 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
• 21-12 LR Circuit
• 21-13 AC Circuits and Reactance
• Resistor
• Inductor
• Capacitor
• 21-14 LRC Series AC Circuit
• Phasor Diagrams
• 21-15 Resonance in AC Circuits
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves
• 22-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell’s Equations
• Maxwell’s Fourth Equation (Ampère’s Law Extended)
• 22-2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
• 22-3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
• 22-4 Measuring the Speed of Light
• 22-5 Energy in EM Waves
• 22-6 Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure
• 22-7 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication
• Other EM Wave Communications
• Wireless from the Moon
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 23: Light: Geometric Optics
• 23-1 The Ray Model of Light
• 23-2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror
• 23-3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors
• Image Formation-Ray Diagrams
• Mirror Equation and Magnification
• Concave Mirror Examples
• Seeing the Image; Seeing Yourself
• Convex Mirrors
• 23-4 Index of Refraction
• 23-5 Refraction: Snell’s Law
• 23-6 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics
• Fiber Optics; Medical Instruments
• 23-7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing
• Seeing the Image
• Diverging Lens
• 23-8 The Thin Lens Equation
• 23-9 Combinations of Lenses
• 23-10 Lensmaker’s Equation
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 24: The Wave Nature of Light
• 24-1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction
• 24-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction
• 24-3 Interference-Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
• Coherence
• 24-4 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion
• 24-5 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk
• 24-6 Diffraction Grating
• 24-7 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy
• 24-8 Interference in Thin Films
• Colors in a Thin Soap Film
• Lens Coatings
• 24-9 Michelson Interferometer
• 24-10 Polarization
• Polaroids (Polarization by Absorption)
• Polarization by Reflection
• 24-11 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
• 24-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 25: Optical Instruments
• 25-1 Cameras: Film and Digital
• Digital Cameras, Electronic Sensors (CCD, CMOS)
• Digital Artifacts
• Camera Adjustments
• Picture Sharpness
• Telephotos and Wide-angles
• 25-2 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses
• Contact Lenses
• Underwater Vision
• 25-3 Magnifying Glass
• 25-4 Telescopes
• 25-5 Compound Microscope
• 25-6 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors
• 25-7 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures
• 25-8 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit
• 25-9 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification
• 25-10 Specialty Microscopes and Contrast
• 25-11 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
• 25-12 X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
• Normal X-Ray Image
• Tomography Images (CT)
• Image Formation
• Tomographic Image Reconstruction
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 26: The Special Theory of Relativity
• 26-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity
• 26-2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
• 26-3 Simultaneity
• 26-4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox
• Space Travel?
• Twin Paradox
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• 26-5 Length Contraction
• 26-6 Four-Dimensional Space-Time
• 26-7 Relativistic Momentum
• Rest Mass and Relativistic Mass
• 26-8 The Ultimate Speed
• 26-9 E=MC2; Mass and Energy
• Invariant Energy-Momentum
• When Do We Use Relativistic Formulas?
• 26-10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
• 26-11 The Impact of Special Relativity
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 27: Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom
• 27-1 Discovery and Properties of the Electron
• Discovery in Science
• Electron Charge Measurement
• 27-2 Blackbody Radiation; Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
• Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
• 27-3 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect
• Applications of the Photoelectric Effect
• 27-4 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon
• 27-5 Compton Effect
• 27-6 Photon Interactions; Pair Production
• 27-7 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity
• 27-8 Wave Nature of Matter
• Electron Diffraction
• What Is an Electron?
• 27-9 Electron Microscopes
• 27-10 Early Models of the Atom
• 27-11 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom
• 27-12 The Bohr Model
• Spectra Lines Explained
• Correspondence Principle
• 27-13 de Broglie’s Hypothesis Applied to Atoms
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 28: Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
• 28-1 Quantum Mechanics-A New Theory
• 28-2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment
• Double-Slit Interference Experiment for Electrons
• 28-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
• 28-4 Philosophic Implications; Probability versus Determinism
• 28-5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms
• 28-6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers
• Selection Rules: Allowed and Forbidden Transitions
• 28-7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle
• 28-8 The Periodic Table of Elements
• 28-9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number
• 28-10 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
• 28-11 Lasers
• Creating an Inverted Population
• Applications
• 28-12 Holography
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 29: Molecules and Solids
• 29-1 Bonding in Molecules
• Covalent Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
• 29-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules
• 29-3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds
• Protein Synthesis
• 29-4 Molecular Spectra
• Rotational Energy Levels in Molecules
• Vibrational Energy Levels in Molecules
• 29-5 Bonding in Solids
• 29-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy
• 29-7 Band Theory of Solids
• 29-8 Semiconductors and Doping
• 29-9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs
• Rectifiers
• Photovoltaic Cells
• LEDs
• Pulse Oximeter
• pn Diode Lasers
• OLED (Organic LED)
• OLED Functioning (advanced)
• 29-10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs
• 29-11 Integrated Circuits, 22-nm Technology
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
• 30-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus
• 30-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces
• Binding Energies
• Nuclear Forces
• 30-3 Radioactivity
• 30-4 Alpha Decay
• Additional Example
• Why α Particles?
• Smoke Detectors-An Application
• 30-5 Beta Decay
• β- Decay
• β+ Decay
• Electron Capture
• 30-6 Gamma Decay
• Isomers; Internal Conversion
• 30-7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws
• 30-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay
• Exponential Decay
• Half-Life
• Deriving the Half-Life Formula
• Mean Life
• 30-9 Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life
• 30-10 Decay Series
• 30-11 Radioactive Dating
• Geological Time Scale Dating
• 30-12 Stability and Tunneling
• 30-13 Detection of Particles
• Counters
• Visualization
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 31: Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation
• 31-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements
• Neutron Physics
• Cross Section
• 31-2 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors
• Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions
• Nuclear Reactors
• Atom Bomb
• 31-3 Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclear Fusion; Stars
• Possible Fusion Reactors
• 31-4 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage
• Biological Damage
• 31-5 Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry
• Human Exposure to Radiation
• 31-6 Radiation Therapy
• 31-7 Tracers in Research and Medicine
• 31-8 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT
• 31-9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 32: Elementary Particles
• 32-1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators
• Wavelength and Resolution
• Cyclotron
• Synchrotron
• Linear Accelerators
• Colliding Beams
• 32-2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics-Particle Exchange
• 32-3 Particles and Antiparticles
• Negative Sea of Electrons; Vacuum State
• 32-4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws
• 32-5 Neutrinos
• Neutrino Mass Estimate from a Supernova
• 32-6 Particle Classification
• 32-7 Particle Stability and Resonances
• 32-8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model
• 32-9 Quarks
• 32-10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory
• 32-11 Grand Unified Theories
• Proton Decay
• GUT and Cosmology
• 32-12 Strings and Supersymmetry
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Chapter 33: Astrophysics and Cosmology
• 33-1 Stars and Galaxies
• 33-2 Stellar Evolution: Birth and Death of Stars, Nucleosynthesis
• Luminosity and Brightness of Stars
• H-R Diagram
• Stellar Evolution; Nucleosynthesis
• Low Mass Stars-White Dwarfs
• High Mass Stars-Supernovae, Neutron Stars, Black Holes
• Novae and Supernovae
• 33-3 Distance Measurements
• Parallax
• Parsec
• Distant Stars and Galaxies
• Distance via SNIa, Redshift
• 33-4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space
• Curvature of the Universe
• Black Holes
• 33-5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble’s Law
• Redshift Origins
• Scale Factor (advanced)
• Expansion, and the Cosmological Principle
• Steady-State Model
• 33-6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Looking Back toward the Big Bang-Lookback Time
• The Observable Universe
• 33-7 The Standard Cosmological Model: Early History of the Universe
• The History
• 33-8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure
• Flatness
• CMB Uniformity
• Galaxy Seeds, Fluctuations, Magnetic Monopoles
• 33-9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• Critical Density
• Dark Matter
• Dark Energy-Cosmic Acceleration
• 33-10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
• 33-11 Finally…
• Summary
• Questions
• MisConceptual Questions
• Problems
• General Problems
• Search and Learn
• Appendices
• A Mathematical Review
• A-1 Relationships, Proportionality, and Equations
• A-2 Exponents
• A-3 Powers of 10, or Exponential Notation
• A-4 Algebra
• Solving for an Unknown
• Two or More Unknowns
• The Quadratic Formula
• A-5 The Binomial Expansion
• A-6 Plane Geometry
• A-7 Trigonometric Functions and Identities
• A-8 Logarithms
• B Selected Isotopes
• C Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces; Coriolis Effect
• D Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy
• Equipartition of Energy
• Solids
• E Galilean and Lorentz Transformations
• Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
• Index
• Photo Credits