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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Introduction
• Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience
• The Goals of Research
• Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
• Natural Selection and Evolution
• Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
• Evolution of Human Brains
• Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals
• Research with Animals
• Research with Humans
• The Future of Neuroscience: Careers and Strategies for Learning
• Careers in Neuroscience
• Strategies for Learning
• Chapter 2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• The Nervous System: An Overview
• Neurons
• Supporting Cells
• The Blood–Brain Barrier
• Communication Within a Neuron
• Neural Communication: An Overview
• Electrical Potentials of Axons
• The Membrane Potential
• The Action Potential
• Conduction of the Action Potential
• Communication Between Neurons
• Structure of Synapses
• Release of Neurotransmitters
• Activation of Receptors
• Postsynaptic Potentials
• Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
• Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
• Autoreceptors
• Other Types of Synapses
• Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
• Chapter 3. Structure of the Nervous System
• Basic Features of the Nervous System
• Anatomical Directions
• The Meninges and Ventricular System
• Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The Forebrain: Telencephalon
• The Forebrain: Diencephalon
• The Midbrain: Mesencephalon
• The Hindbrain: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
• The Spinal Cord
• Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Cranial Nerves
• Spinal Nerves
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• Chapter 4. Psychopharmacology and Neurotransmitters
• Principles of Psychopharmacology
• An Overview of Psychopharmacology
• Pharmacokinetics
• Drug Effectiveness
• Effects of Repeated Administration
• Placebo Effects
• Sites of Drug Action
• Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
• Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
• Effects on Receptors
• Effects on Reuptake and Deactivation of Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
• Amino Acids
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
• The Monoamines
• Peptides
• Lipids
• Chapter 5. Methods and Strategies of Research
• Experimental Ablation
• Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
• Producing Brain Lesions
• Stereotaxic Surgery
• Histological Methods
• Tracing Neural Connections
• Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
• Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
• Recording Neural Activity
• Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
• Stimulating Neural Activity
• Neurochemical Methods
• Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
• Localizing Particular Receptors
• Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
• Genetic Methods
• Twin Studies
• Adoption Studies
• Genomic Studies
• Targeted Mutations
• Antisense Oligonucleotides
• CRISPR-Cas Methods
• Chapter 6. Vision
• The Eye
• Introduction to Sensation and Perception
• The Stimulus: Light
• Anatomy of the Eye
• Photoreceptors
• Transduction
• Central and Peripheral Vision
• Overview of the Visual Pathway
• Other Retinal Pathways
• Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing
• Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
• Striate Cortex
• Extrastriate Cortex
• Perceiving Color
• Role of the Retinal Ganglion Cells
• Role of the Retina
• Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex
• Perceiving Form
• Role of the Striate Cortex
• Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
• Perceiving Spatial Location
• Role of the Retina
• Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex
• Perceiving Orientation and Movement
• Role of the Striate Cortex
• Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
• Chapter 7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
• Audition
• The Stimulus: Sound
• Anatomy of the Ear
• Auditory Hair Cells Transduce Auditory Information
• The Auditory Pathway
• Perceiving Pitch
• Perceiving Loudness
• Perceiving Timbre
• Perceiving Spatial Location
• Perceiving Complex Sounds
• Perceiving Music
• Vestibular System
• Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
• The Vestibular Pathway
• Somatosenses
• The Stimuli
• Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
• Perceiving Cutaneous Stimulation
• The Somatosensory Pathways
• Perceiving Pain
• Gustation
• The Stimuli
• Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
• Perceiving Gustatory Information
• The Gustatory Pathway
• Olfaction
• The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
• Transducing Olfactory Information
• Perceiving Specific Odors
• Chapter 8. Control of Movement
• Skeletal Muscle
• Anatomy
• The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
• Sensory Feedback from Muscles
• Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord
• The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
• The Gamma Motor System
• Polysynaptic Reflexes
• Control of Movement by the Brain
• Cortical Structures
• Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
• Subcortical Structures
• Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways
• Complex Motor Behavior
• Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
• Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex
• Deficits of Skilled Movements: Apraxias and Dyspraxia
• Limb Apraxia
• Constructional Apraxia
• Dyspraxia
• Chapter 9. Sleep and Biological Rhythms
• What Is Sleep?
• Stages of Sleep
• Brain Activity During Sleep
• Why Do We Sleep?
• Functions of Sleep
• Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep
• Functions of REM Sleep
• Sleep and Learning
• Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
• Neural Control of Sleep
• Neural Control of Arousal
• Neural Control of Sleep/Waking Transitions
• Neural Control of Transition to REM
• Disorders of Sleep
• Insomnia
• Narcolepsy
• REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
• Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep
• Biological Clocks
• Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
• The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
• Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin
• Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
• Chapter 10. Reproductive and Parental Behavior
• Sexual Development
• Production of Gametes and Fertilization
• Development of the Sex Organs
• Sexual Maturation
• Control of Sexual Behavior by Hormones and Pheromones
• Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
• Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
• Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
• Human Sexual Behavior
• Effects of Pheromones
• Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
• Male Sexual Behavior
• Female Sexual Behavior
• Formation of Pair Bonds
• Sexual Orientation
• Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones
• Role of Steroid Hormones
• Sexual Orientation and the Brain
• Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation
• Heredity and Sexual Orientation
• Parental Behavior
• Maternal Behavior of Rodents
• Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
• Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
• Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
• Chapter 11. Emotion
• Fear
• Components of Emotional Response
• Research with Laboratory Animals
• Research with Humans
• Aggression
• Research with Laboratory Animals
• Research with Humans
• Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior
• Impulse Control
• Role of the vmPFC
• Brain Development and Impulse Control
• Serotonin and Impulse Control
• Moral Decision Making
• Communication of Emotions
• Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
• Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
• Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
• Feeling Emotions
• The James-Lange Theory
• Feedback from Emotional Expressions
• Chapter 12. Ingestive Behavior
• Drinking
• Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
• Two Types of Thirst
• Neural Mechanisms of Thirst
• What Is Metabolism?
• The Short-Term Reservoir
• The Long-Term Reservoir
• Fasting Phase
• Absorptive Phase
• What Starts a Meal?
• Environmental Factors
• Gastric Factors
• Metabolic Signals
• What Stops a Meal?
• Short-Term Satiety
• Environmental Factors
• Sensory Factors
• Gastric Factors
• Intestinal Factors
• Liver Factors
• Insulin
• Adipose Tissue Factors
• Brain Mechanisms
• Brain Stem
• Hypothalamus
• Obesity
• Possible Causes
• Treatment
• Eating Disorders
• Possible Causes
• Treatment
• Chapter 13. Learning and Memory
• Overview of Learning and Memory
• Types of Learning
• Types of Memory
• Stimulus-Response Learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Motor Learning
• Role of the Cortex
• Role of the Basal Ganglia
• Perceptual Learning
• Role of the Cortex
• Retaining Perceptual Information in Short-Term Memory
• Relational Learning
• Role of the Hippocampus
• Role of the Cortex
• Amnesia
• Role of the Hippocampus
• Stimulus-Response Learning
• Motor Learning
• Perceptual Learning
• Relational Learning
• Long-Term Potentiation
• Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
• Role of NMDA Receptors
• Role of AMPA Receptors
• Role of Synaptic Changes
• Chapter 14. Human Communication
• Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
• Lateralization
• Language Production and Comprehension in the Brain
• Bilingualism
• Prosody
• Voice Recognition
• Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension
• Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia
• Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia
• Conduction Aphasia
• Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf
• Stuttering
• Disorders of Reading and Writing
• Pure Alexia
• Toward an Understanding of Reading
• Toward an Understanding of Writing
• Chapter 15. The Developing Nervous System
• Development of the Nervous System
• An Overview of Brain Development
• Prenatal Brain Development
• Postnatal Brain Development
• Disorders of Development
• Toxic Chemicals
• Inherited Metabolic Disorders
• Down Syndrome
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Symptoms
• Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Brain Changes
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Symptoms
• Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Brain Changes
• Chapter 16. Neurological Disorders
• Tumors and Seizures
• Tumors
• Seizures
• Cerebrovascular Accidents
• Causes
• Treatments
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Causes
• Treatments
• Degenerative Disorders
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Huntington’s Disease
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Dementia
• Korsakoff’s Syndrome
• Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
• Encephalitis
• Meningitis
• Chapter 17. Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Description
• Genetic Factors
• Environmental Factors
• Anomalies in Schizophrenia
• The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms
• The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms
• Affective Disorders
• Description
• Genetic Factors
• Biological Treatments
• Role of the Frontal Cortex
• The Monoamine Hypothesis
• Role of the 5-HT Transporter
• Role of Neurogenesis
• Role of Circadian Rhythms
• Chapter 18. Stress and Anxiety Disorders
• Stress
• Physiology of the Stress Response
• Health Effects of Long-Term Stress
• Effects of Stress on the Brain
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Symptoms
• Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Brain Changes
• Treatment
• Anxiety Disorders
• Symptoms
• Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Brain Changes
• Treatment
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Symptoms
• Genetic and Environmental Factors
• Brain Changes
• Treatment
• Chapter 19. Substance Abuse
• Common Features of Substance Abuse
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Genetic Factors
• Alcohol
• Nicotine
• Stimulants
• Brain Mechanisms Associated with Commonly Abused Drugs
• Opiates
• Stimulants
• Nicotine
• Alcohol
• Cannabis
• Treatment for Substance Abuse
• Opiates
• Stimulants
• Nicotine
• Alcohol
• Brain Stimulation
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
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• Subject Index
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