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• Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
• 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined
• 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
• 1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
• 1.4 Homeostasis
• 1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology
• 1.6 Aging and Homeostasis
• 1.7 Medical Imaging
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
• 2.1 How Matter Is Organized
• 2.2 Chemical Bonds
• 2.3 Chemical Reactions
• 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions
• 2.5 Overview of Organic Compounds
• 2.6 Carbohydrates
• 2.7 Lipids
• 2.8 Proteins
• 2.9 Nucleic Acids
• 2.10 Adenosine Triphosphate
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
• 3.1 Parts of a Cell
• 3.2 The Plasma Membrane
• 3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
• 3.4 Cytoplasm
• 3.5 Nucleus
• 3.6 Protein Synthesis
• 3.7 Cell Division
• 3.8 Cellular Diversity
• 3.9 Aging and Cells
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
• 4.1 Types of Tissues
• 4.2 Cell Junctions
• 4.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues
• 4.4 Epithelial Tissue
• 4.5 Connective Tissue
• 4.6 Membranes
• 4.7 Muscular Tissue
• 4.8 Nervous Tissue
• 4.9 Excitable Cells
• 4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis
• 4.11 Aging and Tissues
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
• 5.1 Structure of the Skin
• 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
• 5.3 Types of Skin
• 5.4 Functions of the Skin
• 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing
• 5.6 Development of the Integumentary System
• 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
• 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
• 6.2 Structure of Bone
• 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue
• 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
• 6.5 Bone Formation
• 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone
• 6.7 Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis
• 6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue
• 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
• 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
• 7.2 Types of Bones
• 7.3 Bone Surface Markings
• 7.4 Skull: An Overview
• 7.5 Cranial Cavity Bones
• 7.6 Facial Bones
• 7.7 Special Features of the Skull
• 7.8 Hyoid Bone
• 7.9 Vertebral Column
• 7.10 Vertebral Regions
• 7.11 Thorax
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton
• 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity)
• 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• 8.4 Greater and Lesser Pelves
• 8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves
• 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity)
• 8.7 Development of the Skeletal System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 9: Joints
• 9.1 Joint Classification
• 9.2 Fibrous Joints
• 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
• 9.4 Synovial Joints
• 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
• 9.6 Types of Synovial Joints
• 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints
• 9.8 Selected Joints of the Body
• 9.9 Temporomandibular Joint
• 9.10 Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint
• 9.11 Elbow Joint
• 9.12 Hip Joint
• 9.13 Knee Joint
• 9.14 Aging and Joints
• 9.15 Arthroplasty
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue
• 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue
• 10.2 Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• 10.4 Muscle Metabolism
• 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension
• 10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue
• 10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue
• 10.11 Development of Muscle
• 10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 11: The Muscular System
• 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements
• 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
• 11.3 Overview of the Principal Skeletal Muscles
• 11.4 Muscles of the Head That Produce Facial Expressions
• 11.5 Muscles of the Head That Move the Eyeballs and Upper Eyelids
• 11.6 Muscles That Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication and Speech
• 11.7 Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and Speech
• 11.8 Muscles of the Anterior Neck That Assist in Deglutition and Speech
• 11.9 Muscles of the Neck That Move the Head
• 11.10 Muscles of the Abdomen That Protect Abdominal Viscera and Move the Vertebral Column
• 11.11 Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing
• 11.12 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor That Support the Pelvic Viscera and Function as Sphincters
• 11.13 Muscles of the Perineum
• 11.14 Muscles of the Thorax That Move the Pectoral Girdle
• 11.15 Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder That Move the Humerus
• 11.16 Muscles of the Arm That Move the Radius and Ulna
• 11.17 Muscles of the Forearm That Move the Wrist, Hand, Thumb, and Digits
• 11.18 Muscles of the Palm That Move the Digits—Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• 11.19 Muscles of the Neck and Back That Move the Vertebral Column
• 11.20 Muscles of the Gluteal Region That Move the Femur
• 11.21 Muscles of the Thigh That Move the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula
• 11.22 Muscles of the Leg That Move the Foot and Toes
• 11.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot That Move the Toes
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
• 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System
• 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue
• 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons: An Overview
• 12.4 Resting Membrane Potential
• 12.5 Graded Potentials
• 12.6 Action Potentials
• 12.7 Signal Transmission at Synapses
• 12.8 Neurotransmitters
• 12.9 Neural Circuits
• 12.10 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
• 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy
• 13.2 Spinal Nerves
• 13.3 Cervical Plexus
• 13.4 Brachial Plexus
• 13.5 Lumbar Plexus
• 13.6 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
• 13.7 Spinal Cord Physiology
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
• 14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply
• 14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid
• 14.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation
• 14.4 The Cerebellum
• 14.5 The Diencephalon
• 14.6 The Cerebrum
• 14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
• 14.8 Cranial Nerves: An Overview
• 14.9 Olfactory (I) Nerve
• 14.10 Optic (II) Nerve
• 14.11 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) Nerves
• 14.12 Trigeminal (V) Nerve
• 14.13 Facial (VII) Nerve
• 14.14 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve
• 14.15 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve
• 14.16 Vagus (X) Nerve
• 14.17 Accessory (XI) Nerve
• 14.18 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve
• 14.19 Development of the Nervous System
• 14.20 Aging and the Nervous System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
• 15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
• 15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
• 15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
• 15.4 Physiology of the ANS
• 15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
• 16.1 Sensation
• 16.2 Somatic Sensations
• 16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways
• 16.4 Control of Body Movement
• 16.5 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 17: The Special Senses
• 17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell
• 17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste
• 17.3 Vision: An Overview
• 17.4 Accessory Structures of the Eye
• 17.5 Anatomy of the Eyeball
• 17.6 Physiology of Vision
• 17.7 Hearing
• 17.8 Equilibrium
• 17.9 Development of the Eyes and Ears
• 17.10 Aging and the Special Senses
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 18: The Endocrine System
• 18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
• 18.2 Endocrine Glands
• 18.3 Hormone Activity
• 18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
• 18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion
• 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• 18.7 Thyroid Gland
• 18.8 Parathyroid Glands
• 18.9 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands
• 18.10 Pancreatic Islets
• 18.11 Ovaries and Testes
• 18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus
• 18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors
• 18.14 The Stress Response
• 18.15 Development of the Endocrine System
• 18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
• 19.1 Functions and Properties of Blood
• 19.2 Formation of Blood Cells
• 19.3 Red Blood Cells
• 19.4 White Blood Cells
• 19.5 Platelets
• 19.6 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
• 19.7 Hemostasis
• 19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
• 20.1 Anatomy of the Heart
• 20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood
• 20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System
• 20.4 The Cardiac Cycle
• 20.5 Cardiac Output
• 20.6 Exercise and the Heart
• 20.7 Help for Failing Hearts
• 20.8 Development of the Heart
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
• 21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
• 21.2 Capillary Exchange
• 21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow
• 21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
• 21.5 Checking Circulation
• 21.6 Shock and Homeostasis
• 21.7 Circulatory Routes: Systemic Circulation
• 21.8 The Aorta and Its Branches
• 21.9 Ascending Aorta
• 21.10 The Aortic Arch
• 21.11 Thoracic Aorta
• 21.12 Abdominal Aorta
• 21.13 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• 21.14 Veins of the Systemic Circulation
• 21.15 Veins of the Head and Neck
• 21.16 Veins of the Upper Limbs
• 21.17 Veins of the Thorax
• 21.18 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
• 21.19 Veins of the Lower Limbs
• 21.20 Circulatory Routes: The Hepatic Portal Circulation
• 21.21 Circulatory Routes: The Pulmonary Circulation
• 21.22 Circulatory Routes: The Fetal Circulation
• 21.23 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood
• 21.24 Aging and the Cardiovascular System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 22: The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity
• 22.1 The Concept of Immunity
• 22.2 Overview of the Lymphoid System
• 22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation
• 22.4 Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
• 22.5 Development of Lymphoid Tissues
• 22.6 Innate Immunity
• 22.7 Adaptive Immunity
• 22.8 Cell-Mediated Immunity
• 22.9 Antibody-Mediated Immunity
• 22.10 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
• 22.11 Stress and Immunity
• 22.12 Aging and the Lymphoid System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 23: The Respiratory System
• 23.1 Overview of the Respiratory System
• 23.2 The Upper Respiratory System
• 23.3 The Lower Respiratory System
• 23.4 Pulmonary Ventilation
• 23.5 Lung Volumes and Capacities
• 23.6 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• 23.7 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• 23.8 Control of Breathing
• 23.9 Exercise and the Respiratory System
• 23.10 Development of the Respiratory System
• 23.11 Aging and the Respiratory System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 24: The Digestive System
• 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System
• 24.2 Layers of the Digestive Canal
• 24.3 Neural Innervation of the Digestive Canal
• 24.4 Peritoneum
• 24.5 Mouth
• 24.6 Pharynx
• 24.7 Esophagus
• 24.8 Deglutition
• 24.9 Stomach
• 24.10 Pancreas
• 24.11 Liver and Gallbladder
• 24.12 Small Intestine
• 24.13 Large Intestine
• 24.14 Phases of Digestion
• 24.15 Development of the Digestive System
• 24.16 Aging and the Digestive System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition
• 25.1 Metabolic Reactions
• 25.2 Energy Transfer
• 25.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism
• 25.4 Lipid Metabolism
• 25.5 Protein Metabolism
• 25.6 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads
• 25.7 Metabolic Adaptations
• 25.8 Energy Balance
• 25.9 Regulation of Body Temperature
• 25.10 Nutrition
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 26: The Urinary System
• 26.1 Overview of the Urinary System
• 26.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys
• 26.3 The Nephron
• 26.4 Overview of Renal Physiology
• 26.5 Glomerular Filtration
• 26.6 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
• 26.7 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine
• 26.8 Evaluation of Kidney Function
• 26.9 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination
• 26.10 Waste Management in Other Body Systems
• 26.11 Development of the Urinary System
• 26.12 Aging and the Urinary System
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
• 27.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis
• 27.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids
• 27.3 Acid–Base Balance
• 27.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 28: The Genital (Reproductive) Systems
• 28.1 Male Genital (Reproductive) System
• 28.2 Female Genital (Reproductive) System
• 28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle
• 28.4 The Human Sexual Response
• 28.5 Birth Control Methods and Abortion
• 28.6 Development of the Genital Systems
• 28.7 Aging and the Genital Systems
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Chapter 29: Development and Inheritance
• 29.1 Overview of Development
• 29.2 The First Two Weeks of the Embryonic Period
• 29.3 The Remaining Weeks of the Embryonic Period
• 29.4 Fetal Period
• 29.5 Teratogens
• 29.6 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
• 29.7 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy
• 29.8 Exercise and Pregnancy
• 29.9 Labor
• 29.10 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth
• 29.11 The Physiology of Lactation
• 29.12 Inheritance
• Critical Thinking Questions
• Appendix A: Measurements
• Appendix B: Periodic Table
• Appendix C: Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests
• Appendix D: Normal Values for Selected Urine Tests
• Appendix E: Medical Eponyms
• Glossary
• Index
• Study Guide
• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
• Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
• Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization
• Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
• Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
• Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
• Chapter 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
• Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton
• Chapter 9: Joints
• Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue
• Chapter 11: The Muscular System
• Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
• Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
• Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
• Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
• Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems
• Chapter 17: The Special Senses
• Chapter 18: The Endocrine System
• Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
• Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
• Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
• Chapter 22: The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity
• Chapter 23: The Respiratory System
• Chapter 24: The Digestive System
• Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition
• Chapter 26: The Urinary System
• Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
• Chapter 28: The Genital (Reproductive) Systems
• Chapter 29: Development and Inheritance
• Answers
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