Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Authors
• Introduction
• Section I Pollutants and Their Fate in Ecosystems
• 1. Major Classes of Pollutants
• 1.1 Inorganic Ions
• 1.1.1 Metals
• 1.1.2 Anions
• 1.2 Organic Pollutants
• 1.2.1 Hydrocarbons
• 1.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
• 1.2.3 Polychlorinated Benzodioxins (PCDDs)
• 1.2.4 Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
• 1.2.5 Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs)
• 1.2.6 Organochlorine Insecticides
• 1.2.7 Organophosphorous Insecticides (OPs)
• 1.2.8 Carbamate Insecticides
• 1.2.9 Pyrethroid Insecticides
• 1.2.10 Neonicotinoids
• 1.2.11 Phenoxy Herbicides (Plant Growth Regulators)
• 1.2.12 Anticoagulant Rodenticides
• 1.2.13 Detergents
• 1.2.14 Chlorophenols
• 1.2.15 Ethinylestradiol (EE2)
• 1.2.16 Pharmaceuticals
• 1.3 Organometallic Compounds
• 1.4 Radioactive Isotopes
• 1.4.1 Introduction
• 1.4.2 Natures and Intensities of Radioactive Decay Products
• 1.4.3 Half-Lives
• 1.4.4 Biochemistry
• 1.5 Gaseous Pollutants
• 1.6 Nanoparticles
• 1.7 Summary
• Further Reading
• 2. Routes By Which Pollutants Enter Ecosystems
• 2.1 Entry into Surface Waters
• 2.2 Contamination of Land
• 2.3 Discharge into Atmosphere
• 2.4 Quantification of Release of Pollutants
• 2.5 Summary
• Further Reading
• 3. Long-Range Movements and Global Transport of Pollutants
• 3.1 Factors Determining Movements and Distributions of Pollutants.
• 3.1.1 Polarity and Water Solubility
• 3.1.2 Partition Coefficients
• 3.1.3 Vapor Pressure
• 3.1.4 Partition between Environmental Compartments
• 3.1.5 Molecular Stability and Recalcitrant Molecules
• 3.2 Transport in Water
• 3.3 Transport in Air
• 3.4 Models for Environmental Distribution of Chemicals
• 3.5 Summary
• Further Reading
• 4. The Fate of Metals and Radioactive Isotopes in Contaminated Ecosystems
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.1.1 Localization
• 4.1.2 Persistence
• 4.1.3 Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation Factors
• 4.1.4 Bioavailability
• 4.1.5 Cocktails of Inorganic Pollutants
• 4.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 4.2.1 Introduction
• 4.2.2 Metals
• 4.2.3 Radioactivity
• 4.3 Aquatic Systems
• 4.4 Summary
• Further Reading
• 5. Fates of Organic Pollutants in Individuals and in Ecosystems
• 5.1 Fate within Individual Organisms
• 5.1.1 General Model
• 5.1.2 Processes of Uptake
• 5.1.3 Processes of Distribution
• 5.1.4 Storage
• 5.1.5 Metabolism
• 5.1.6 Sites of Excretion
• 5.1.7 Toxicokinetic Models
• 5.1.8 Toxicokinetic Models for Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation
• 5.2 Organic Pollutants in Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 5.2.1 Fate in Soils
• 5.2.2 Transfer along Terrestrial Food Chains
• 5.3 Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems
• 5.3.1 Pollutants in Sediments
• 5.3.2 Transfer along Aquatic Food Chains
• 5.4 Summary
• Further Reading
• Section II Effects of Pollutants on Individual Organisms
• 6. Testing for Ecotoxicity
• 6.1 General Principles
• 6.2 Determination of Toxicities of Mixtures
• 6.3 Toxicity Testing with Terrestrial Organisms
• 6.3.1 Introduction
• 6.3.2 Invertebrate Testing
• 6.3.2.1 Testing with Earthworms
• 6.3.2.2 Tests with Springtails
• 6.3.2.3 Tests with Beneficial Arthropods
• 6.3.2.4 Automated Videotracking
• 6.3.3 Vertebrates
• 6.3.4 Plants
• 6.4 Toxicity Testing with Aquatic Organisms
• 6.4.1 Tests for Direct Absorption from Water
• 6.4.2 Sediment Toxicity Tests
• 6.5 Risk Assessment
• 6.6 Field Testing for Toxicity
• 6.7 Alternative Methods in Ecotoxicity Testing
• 6.7.1 Alternative Methods for Estimating Toxicity to Vertebrates
• 6.7.1.1 Toxicity Testing on Live Vertebrates
• 6.7.1.2 Toxicity Testing on Nonvertebrates
• 6.7.1.3 Toxicity Testing on Cellular Systems
• 6.7.1.4 Predictive Models
• 6.7.2 Alternative Approaches toward More Ecological End Points
• 6.7.2.1 Field Studies
• 6.7.2.2 Microcosms and Mesocosms
• 6.7.2.3 Theoretical Models
• 6.8 Summary
• Further Reading
• 7. Biochemical Effects of Pollutants
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Protective Biochemical Responses
• 7.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity
• 7.4 Examples of Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity
• 7.4.1 Genotoxic Compounds
• 7.4.2 Neurotoxic Compounds
• 7.4.3 Mitochondrial Poisons
• 7.4.4 Vitamin K Antagonists
• 7.4.5 Thyroxine Antagonists
• 7.4.6 Inhibition of ATPases
• 7.4.7 Environmental Estrogens and Androgens
• 7.4.8 Reactions with Protein Sulfhydryl (SH) Groups
• 7.4.9 Photosystems of Plants
• 7.4.10 Plant Growth Regulator Herbicides
• 7.5 Summary
• Further Reading
• 8. Physiological Effects of Pollutants
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Effects of Pollutants at Cellular Level
• 8.3 Effects at Organ Level in Animals
• 8.4 Effects at Whole Organism Level
• 8.4.1 Neurophysiological Effects
• 8.4.2 Effects on Behavior
• 8.4.3 Reproductive Effects
• 8.5 Effects on Plants
• 8.6 Energy Costs of Physiological Change
• 8.7 Summary
• Further Reading
• 9. Interactive Effects of Pollutants
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Additive Effects
• 9.3 Potentiation of Toxicity
• 9.4 Potentiation Due to Inhibition of Detoxification
• 9.5 Potentiation from Increased Activation
• 9.6 Field Detection of Potentiation
• 9.7 Summary
• Further Reading
• 10. Biomarkers
• 10.1 Classification of Biomarkers
• 10.2 Specificity of Biomarkers
• 10.3 Relationship of Biomarkers to Adverse Effects
• 10.4 Specific Biomarkers
• 10.4.1 Inhibition of Esterases
• 10.4.2 The Induction of Monooxygenases
• 10.4.3 Studies of Genetic Materials
• 10.4.4 Porphyrins and Heme Synthesis
• 10.4.5 Induction of Vitellogenin
• 10.4.6 Behavioral Biomarkers
• 10.4.7 Biomarkers in Plants
• 10.5 Role of Biomarkers in Environmental Risk Assessment
• 10.6 Summary
• Further Reading
• 11. In Situ Biological Monitoring
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Community Effects (Type 1 Biomonitoring)
• 11.2.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 11.2.2 Freshwater Ecosystems
• 11.2.3 Marine Ecosystems
• 11.3 Bioconcentration of Pollutants (Type 2 Biomonitoring)
• 11.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 11.3.2 Freshwater Ecosystems
• 11.3.3 Marine Ecosystems
• 11.4 Effects of Pollutants (Type 3 Biomonitoring)
• 11.4.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 11.4.2 Freshwater Ecosystems
• 11.4.3 Marine Ecosystems
• 11.5 Genetically Based Resistance to Pollution (Type 4 Biomonitoring)
• 11.6 Conclusions.
• 11.7 Summary
• Further Reading
• Section III Effects of Pollutants on Populations and Communities
• 12. Changes in Numbers: Population Dynamics
• 12.1 Population Abundance
• 12.2 Population Growth Rate
• 12.3 Population Growth Rate Depends on the Properties of Individual Organisms
• 12.3.1 The Life History and Population Growth Rate of the Coastal Copepod Eurytemora affinis
• 12.4 Density Dependence
• 12.5 Identifying Which Factors Are Density Dependent: k-Value Analysis
• 12.6 Interactions between Species
• 12.7 Field Studies: Three Case Studies
• 12.7.1 The Decline of the Partridges
• 12.7.2 Population Studies of Pesticides and Birds of Prey in the UK
• 12.7.3 The Boxworth Project (Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Pesticides on Farmland)
• 12.8 Modeling the Effects of Insecticides on Skylarks for Risk Assessment Purposes
• 12.9 Summary
• Further Reading
• 13. Evolution of Resistance to Pollution
• 13.1 Chronic Pollution Is Environmental Change
• 13.2 Evolutionary Processes in Constant Environments
• 13.3 The Evolution of Resistance When There Is a Mortality–Production Trade-Off
• 13.4 Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Changes
• 13.5 Monogenic Resistance
• 13.6 Case Studies
• 13.6.1 Evolution of Pesticide Resistance
• 13.6.2 Evolution of Metal Tolerance in Plants
• 13.6.3 Evolution of Industrial Melanism
• 13.6.4 Evolutionary Response of Dog Whelks, Nucella lapillus, to TBT Contamination
• 13.6.5 Evolution of Resistance to Pollution in Estuaries
• 13.7 Summary
• Further Reading
• 14. Changes in Communities and Ecosystems
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Changes in Soil Processes: The Functional Approach
• 14.3 Changes in Compositions of Communities: The Structural Approach
• 14.3.1 Changes in Soil Ecosystems
• 14.3.2 Acidification of Lakes and Rivers
• 14.3.3 Mesocosms
• 14.4 Global Processes
• 14.5 Summary
• Further Reading
• 15. Extrapolating from Molecular Interactions to Consequent Effects at Population Level
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Translation of Toxic Effects across Organizational Boundaries
• 15.2.1 From Effects at Site of Action to Localized Cellular Disturbances
• 15.2.1.1 Example A: Action of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System
• 15.2.1.2 Example B: Action of p,p´-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes
• 15.2.1.3 Example C: Action of p,p´-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands of Birds
• 15.2.1.4 Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) on Estrogenic Receptors of Fish
• 15.2.2 From Cellular Disturbances to Effects at Whole Organism Level
• 15.2.2.1 Example A: Actions of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System
• 15.2.2.2 Example B: Action of p,p´-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes
• 15.2.2.3 Example C: Action of p,p´-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands of Birds
• 15.2.2.4 Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol on Estrogenic Receptors of Fish
• 15.2.3 From Effects on Whole Organism to Population Effects
• 15.2.3.1 Example A: Actions of Organophosphates on Acetylcholinesterase of Nervous System
• 15.2.3.2 Example B: Action of p,p´-DDT on Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels of Axonal Membranes
• 15.2.3.3 Example C: Action of p,p´-DDE on Transport of Calcium into Eggshell Glands
• 15.2.3.4 Example D: Action of 17A-Ethinylestradiol on Estrogenic Receptors in Fish
• 15.2.4 Complete Causal Chain
• 15.3 Biomarker Strategies
• 15.3.1 Establishing Causality Where Pollution Already Exists
• 15.3.2 Biomarker Strategies in the Field
• 15.3.3 Control Problems
• 15.3.4 Selection of Biomarkers for Field Studies
• 15.4 Biomarkers and Environmental Risk Assessment
• 15.5 Summary
• Further Reading
• 16. Biomarkers in Population Studies
• 16.1 DDE-Induced Eggshell Thinning in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds
• 16.2 Reproductive Failure of Fish-Eating Birds on Great Lakes of North America
• 16.3 Reproductive Failures of Mollusks Caused by Tributyl Tin
• 16.4 Forest Spraying in Eastern Canada to Control Spruce Budworm
• 16.5 Summary
• Further Reading
• 17. Ecotoxicology: Looking to the Future
• 17.1 Changing Patterns of Chemical Pollution
• 17.2 Environmental Risk Assessment
• 17.3 The Use of Models in Population Risk Assessment
• 17.4 Technological Advances and New Biomarker Assays
• 17.5 A Better Integrated Approach to Environmental Risk Assessment?
• 17.6 Ethical Issues
• 17.7 Summary
• Further Reading
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index