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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• About Revel and This Course
• About the Authors
• Psychology in Action Secrets for Surviving College and Improving Your Grades
• PIA.1 Study Skills
• PIA.2 Managing Time and Tasks
• PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf
• Survey
• Question
• Read
• Recite
• Recall/Review
• PIA.4 Getting the Most Out of Lectures
• PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option
• PIA.6 Improving Your Memory
• PIA.7 Writing Papers
• Pia.8 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student
• 1 The Science of Psychology
• 1.1–1.2 the History of Psychology
• 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James
• 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism
• 1.3–1.4 the Field of Psychology Today
• 1.3 Modern Perspectives
• 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization
• 1.5–1.10 Scientific Research
• 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking
• 1.6 the Scientific Approach
• 1.7 Descriptive Methods
• 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships
• 1.9 The Experiment
• 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry andCritical Thinking
• 1.11–1.12 Ethics of Psychological Research
• 1.11 the Guidelines for Doing Research with People
• 1.12 Animal Research
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Critical Thinking and Social Media
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 2 The Biological Perspective
• 2.1–2.3 Neurons and Neurotransmitters
• 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: the Nervous System’s Building Block
• 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: the Neural Impulse
• 2.3 Neurotransmission
• 2.4–2.5 Looking Inside the Living Brain
• 2.4 Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain
• 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques
• 2.6–2.10 From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain
• 2.6 The Hindbrain
• 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System
• 2.8 The Cortex
• 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Through the Looking Glass—Spatial Neglect
• 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres
• 2.11–2.12 The Nervous System: the Rest of the Story
• 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit”
• 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves on the Edge
• 2.13–2.14 the Endocrine Glands
• 2.13 the Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe
• 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Phineas Gage and Neuroplasticity
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Minimizing the Impact of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 3 Sensation and Perception
• 3.1–3.3 The Abcs of Sensation
• 3.1 Transduction
• 3.2 Sensory Thresholds
• 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
• 3.4–3.6 The Science of Seeing
• 3.4 Light and the Eye
• 3.5 The Visual Pathway
• 3.6 Perception of Color
• 3.7–3.9 The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now?
• 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear
• 3.8 Perceiving Pitch
• 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments
• 3.10–3.11 Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better
• 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World
• 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction
• 3.12–3.13 The Other Senses: What the Body Knows
• 3.12 Somesthetic Senses
• 3.13 Body Movement and Position
• 3.14–3.16 The Abcs of Perception
• 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions
• 3.15 Depth Perception
• 3.16 Perceptual Illusions
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Perceptual Influences on Metacognition
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Using Your Senses to Be More Mindful
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 4 Consciousness
• 4.1–4.2 What Is Consciousness?
• 4.1 Definition of Consciousness
• 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness
• 4.3–4.6 Sleep
• 4.3 The Biology of Sleep
• 4.4 Why We Sleep
• 4.5 The Stages of Sleep
• 4.6 Sleep Disorders
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Weight Gain and Sleep
• 4.7–4.8 Dreams
• 4.7 Why Do We Dream?
• 4.8 What Do People Dream About?
• 4.9–4.10 Hypnosis
• 4.9 How Hypnosis Works
• 4.10 Theories of Hypnosis
• 4.11–4.14 The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs
• 4.11 Dependence
• 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away
• 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants
• 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Can You Really Multitask?
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 5 Learning
• 5.1 Definition of Learning
• 5.2–5.3 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning
• 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs
• 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior
• 5.4–5.9 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning
• 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner
• 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement
• 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-armed Bandit Is So Seductive
• 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning
• 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning
• 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child?
• 5.10–5.12 Cognitive Learning Theory
• 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-running Rats: Latent Learning
• 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning
• 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness
• 5.13–5.14 Observational Learning
• 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll
• 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Conditioning in the Real World
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 6 Memory
• 6.1–6.2 What Is Memory?
• 6.1 Three Processes of Memory
• 6.2 Models of Memory
• 6.3–6.5 The Information-processing Model: Three Memory Systems
• 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes?
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Sperling’s Iconic Memory Test
• 6.4 Short-Term Memory
• 6.5 Long-Term Memory
• 6.6–6.9 Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-term Memories
• 6.6 Retrieval Cues
• 6.7 Recall and Recognition
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitnesses
• 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories
• 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories?
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Effects of Supplements on Memory
• 6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting
• 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve
• 6.11 Reasons We Forget
• 6.12–6.13 Neuroscience of Memory
• 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory
• 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Using Elaborative Rehearsal to Make Memories More Memorable
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
• 7.1–7.5 How People Think
• 7.1 Mental Imagery
• 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes
• 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies
• 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making
• 7.5 Creativity
• 7.6–7.10 Intelligence
• 7.6 Theories of Intelligence
• 7.7 Measuring Intelligence
• 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test?
• 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence
• 7.10 The Nature/nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence
• 7.11–7.14 Language
• 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis
• 7.12 Development of Language
• 7.13 The Relationship Between Language and Thought
• 7.14 Animal Studies in Language
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: A Cognitive Advantage for Bilingual Individual
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Recognizing Cognitive Biases
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 8 Development Across the Life Span
• 8.1–8.3 Studying Human Development
• 8.1 Research Designs
• 8.2 Nature and Nurture
• 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development
• 8.4–8.5 Prenatal Development
• 8.4 Fertilization
• 8.5 Three Stages of Development
• 8.6–8.8 Infancy and Childhood Development
• 8.6 Physical Development
• Classic Studies in Psychology: The Visual Cliff
• 8.7 Cognitive Development
• 8.8 Psychosocial Development
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Harlow and Contact Comfort
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: The Facts About Immunizations
• 8.9–8.11 Adolescence
• 8.9 Physical Development
• 8.10 Cognitive Development
• 8.11 Psychosocial Development
• 8.12–8.17 Adulthood and Aging
• 8.12 Physical Development: Use It or Lose It
• 8.13 Cognitive Development
• 8.14 Psychosocial Development
• 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging
• 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying
• 8.17 Death and Dying in Other Cultures
• 9 Motivation and Emotion
• 9.1–9.5 Understanding Motivation
• 9.1 Defining Motivation
• 9.2 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation
• 9.3 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs
• 9.4 Arousal and Incentive Approaches
• 9.5 Humanistic Approaches
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Cultural Differences in the Use of Praise as a
• 9.6–9.7 What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat
• 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger
• 9.7 Obesity
• 9.8–9.10 Emotion
• 9.8 The Three Elements of Emotion
• 9.9 Early Theories of Emotion
• 9.10 Cognitive Theories of Emotion
• Classic Studies in Psychology: The Angry/Happy Man
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: What Is Holding You Back from Keeping Track?
• 10 Sexuality and Gender
• 10.1–10.2 The Physical Side of Human Sexuality
• 10.1 The Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
• 10.2 The Development of Sex Characteristics
• 10.3–10.5 The Psychological Side of Human Sexuality: Gender
• 10.3 Gender Identity
• 10.4 Gender-Role Development
• 10.5 Sex Differences
• 10.6–10.8 Human Sexual Behavior
• 10.6 Sexual Response
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Masters and Johnson’s Observational Study of the Human Sexual Respo
• 10.7 Different Types of Sexual Behavior
• 10.8 Sexual Orientation
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Sexting and Sex in Adolescents
• 10.9 Sexual Health
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Avoiding Myths About Sexuality and Sexual Behavior
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 11 Stress and Health
• 11.1–11.3 Stress and Stressors
• 11.1 The Relationship Between Stress and Stressors
• 11.2 Environmental Stressors: Life’s Ups and Downs
• 11.3 Psychological Stressors: What, Me Worry?
• 11.4–11.9 Physiological Factors: Stress and Health
• 11.4 The General Adaptation Syndrome
• 11.5 The Immune System and Stress
• 11.6 Health Psychology
• 11.7 Cognitive Factors in Stress
• 11.8 Personality Factors in Stress
• 11.9 Social and Cultural Factors in Stress: People Who Need People
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Homeopathy: An Illusion of Healing
• 11.10–11.13 Coping with Stress
• 11.10 Coping Strategies
• 11.11 How Social Support Affects Coping
• 11.12 How Culture Affects Coping
• 11.13 How Religion Affects Coping
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Coping with Stress in College
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 12 Social Psychology
• 12.1–12.4 Social Influence
• 12.1 Conformity
• 12.2 Group Behavior
• 12.3 Compliance
• 12.4 Obedience
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Cults and the Failure of Critical Thinking
• 12.5–12.9 Social Cognition
• 12.5 Attitudes
• 12.6 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion
• 12.7 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash
• 12.8 Impression Formation
• 12.9 Attribution
• 12.10–12.15 Social Interaction
• 12.10 Prejudice and Discrimination
• 12.11 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Brown Eyes, Blue Eyes
• 12.12 Interpersonal Attraction
• 12.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
• 12.14 Aggression
• 12.15 Prosocial Behavior
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Looking at Groups
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 13 Theories of Personality
• 13.1 Theories of Personality
• 13.2–13.5 Psychodynamic Perspectives
• 13.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality
• 13.3 Stages of Personality Development
• 13.4 The Neo-Freudians
• 13.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective
• 13.6–13.7 The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality
• 13.6 Learning Theories
• 13.7 Current Thoughts on the Behavioral and Social Cognitive Learning Views
• 13.8–13.9 The Third Force: Humanism and Personality
• 13.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective
• 13.9 Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality
• 13.10–13.12 Trait Theories: Who Are You?
• 13.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits
• 13.11 Modern Trait Theories: the Big Five
• 13.12 Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective
• 13.13–13.15 Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture
• 13.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics
• 13.14 The Biology of Personality: Neuroscience
• 13.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality
• Classic Studies in Psychology: Geert Hofstede’s Four Dimensions of Cultural Personality
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Personality, Family, and Culture
• 13.16–13.17 Assessment of Personality
• 13.16 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories
• 13.17 Projective Tests
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Informally Assessing Personality
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 14 Psychological Disorders
• 14.1–14.3 What Is Abnormality?
• 14.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality
• 14.2 Models of Abnormality
• 14.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders
• 14.4–14.5 Disorders of Mood: the Effect of Affect
• 14.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders
• 14.5 Causes of Disordered Mood
• 14.6–14.8 Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry?
• 14.6 Anxiety Disorders
• 14.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety
• 14.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders
• 14.9–14.10 Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities
• 14.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders
• 14.10 Causes of Dissociative Disorders
• 14.11–14.12 Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction
• 14.11 Eating Disorders
• 14.12 Sexual Dysfunctions and Problems
• 14.13–14.14 Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird
• 14.13 Categories of Personality Disorders
• 14.14 Causes of Personality Disorders
• 14.15–14.16 Schizophrenia: Altered Reality
• 14.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• 14.16 Causes of Schizophrenia
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Learning More: Psychological Disorders
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Taking the Worry Out of Exams
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• 15 Psychological Therapies
• 15.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present
• 15.2–15.3 Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches
• 15.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis
• 15.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err is Human
• 15.4–15.5 Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies
• 15.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior
• 15.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing
• 15.6–15.7 Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy
• 15.6 Types of Group Therapies
• 15.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy
• 15.8–15.9 Does Psychotherapy Really Work?
• 15.8 Studies of Effectiveness
• 15.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy
• APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Does It Work? Psychological Treatment
• 15.10–15.12 Biomedical Therapies
• 15.10 Psychopharmacology
• 15.11 ECT and Psychosurgery
• 15.12 Emerging Techniques
• 15.13 Lifestyle Factors: Fostering Resilience
• Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: How to Help Others: Reducing the Stigma of Seeking Help
• Chapter Summary
• Test Yourself
• Appendix A Statistics in Psychology
• Appendix B Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers
• Appendix C Industrialorganizational Psychology
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index