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• About the Author
• Discover this Textbook’s Online Resources
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction: Why Should We Be Concerned With Qualitative Content Analysis?
• Part I Foundations of Text Analysis
• 1 The Methodological Debate of Qualitative vs Quantitative Research
• 1.1 Historical Background
• 1.2 Theory of Science Background of the Controversy
• 1.3 Is Mixed Methods a Solution?
• 1.4 Common Research Criteria for Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
• 2 Importance of Text Analysis in Social Sciences
• 2.1 Texts and Numerical Data as Material in Social Sciences
• 2.2 Methods of Collecting Textual Material in Social Sciences Projects
• 3 Different Approaches to Text Analysis
• 3.1 A Comparison of Five Qualitative Text Analysis Approaches
• 3.2 Social-Hermeneutic Paraphrase
• 3.3 Psychoanalytic Text Interpretation
• 3.4 Objective Hermeneutics
• 3.5 Grounded Theory Coding
• 3.6 Qualitative Content Analysis
• 3.7 Comparison of the Five Approaches
• 4 A Short History of Content Analysis
• 4.1 Preliminary Phase
• 4.2 Consolidation Phase
• 4.3 Fine Developments and Interdisciplinary Expansion
• 4.4 Stagnation and ‘Discontent’ with Content Analysis
• 4.5 New Quantitative Approaches in Computational Linguistics, Complex Algorithms and Text Mining
• 4.6 Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis
• 5 Basic Principles of Qualitative Content Analysis
• 5.1 Embedding the Material within its Communication Context
• 5.2 Categories in the Focus of Analysis
• 5.3 Defining Content-Analytical Units
• 5.4 Systematic, Rule-Bound Procedure
• 5.5 Object Reference in Place of Formal Techniques
• 5.6 Theory-Guided Character of the Analysis
• 5.7 Testing Specific Instruments via Pilot Studies
• 5.8 Integrating Quantitative Steps of Analysis
• 5.9 Quality Criteria
• 6 Procedures of Qualitative Content Analysis
• 6.1 Summarizing Qualitative Content Analysis
• 6.2 Inductive Category Formation
• 6.3 Explication: Narrow and Broad Context Analysis
• 6.4 Structuring: Deductive Category Assignment
• 6.5 Mixed Procedures
• 7 Computer Programs for Qualitative Content Analysis
• 7.1 The Merits of Computer Assistance in Text Analysis
• 7.2 QCAmap Software for Qualitative Content Analysis
• Part II The Eight Step Qualitative Content Analysis Process
• 8 Step 1: Forming the Research Question
• 8.1 From Themes to Questions
• 8.2 How to Formulate a Research Question
• 8.3 Example for Step 1: Forming the Research Question
• 9 Step 2: Establishing the Theoretical Background of the Study
• 9.1 Different Levels of Theory Background
• 9.2 Example for Step 2: Establishing the Theoretical Background of the Study
• 10 Step 3: Designing the Study
• 10.1 Basic Designs for Qualitative (and Quantitative) Research
• 10.2 Example for Step 3: Designing the Study
• 10.3 Ethical Aspects of a Qualitative Content Analysis Study
• 11 Step 4: Gathering Textual Material, Sampling
• 11.1 The Quality of the Sample: Establishing a Sampling Strategy
• 11.2 Recommendations for Sample Size
• 11.3 Describing the Text Corpus for Qualitative Content Analysis
• 11.4 Transcription Rules
• 11.5 Example for Step 4: Gathering Textual Material, Sampling
• 12 Step 5: Choosing and Constructing Adequate Methods
• 12.1 Summarizing: Procedure and Example
• 12.2 Inductive Category Formation: Procedure and Example
• 12.3 Explicating (Context Analysis): Procedure and Example
• 12.4 Structuring (Deductive Category Assignment): Procedure and Example
• 12.5 Mixed Procedures: Theme Analysis, Type Analysis, Parallel Procedures
• 13 Step 6: Conducting the Study and Presenting the Results
• 13.1 Description of the Results
• 13.2 Presenting Studies with Summarizing Content Analysis
• 13.3 Presenting Inductive Category Formation
• 13.4 Presenting Deductive Category Assignment
• 13.5 Answering the Research Question
• 14 Step 7: Discussing Quality Criteria
• 14.1 Classical Quality Criteria
• 14.2 Specific Content-Analytical Quality Criteria
• 14.3 Software Example: Three Levels of Intercoder Agreement
• 15 Step 8: Reflecting on Research Implications
• 15.1 Theoretical Implications
• 15.2 Practical Implications
• 15.3 Example for Step 8: Reflecting on Research Implications
• Part III Indications and Limitations of Qualitative Content Analysis
• 16 Indications and Limitations
• 16.1 Similar Conceptions of a Qualitative Content Analysis
• 16.2 Criticism and Misunderstandings
• 16.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Content Analysis
• 16.4 Further Developments
• Appendix
• Glossary
• References
• Index