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• Preface
• What Is New in This Edition
• About the Authors
• Acknowledgments
• Analytic Table of Contents by Approach
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• List of Examples
• List of “Try This Now” Activities
• Chapter 1 Introduction to Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design
• Rationale for Our Approach to the Book
• Positioning Ourselves
• Defining Qualitative Research
• Distinguishing Characteristics
• Selection of the Five Approaches
• Key Book Readings
• Narrative Research
• Phenomenology
• Grounded Theory
• Ethnography
• Case Study
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• Chapter 2 Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks
• Situating Philosophy and Interpretive Frameworks Within the Research Process
• Philosophical Assumptions
• Why Philosophy Is Important
• Four Philosophical Assumptions
• Writing Philosophical Assumptions Into Qualitative Studies
• Interpretive Frameworks
• Postpositivism
• Social Constructivism
• Transformative Frameworks
• Postmodern Perspectives
• Pragmatism
• Feminist Theories
• Critical Theory
• Critical Race Theory
• Postcolonial Theories
• Queer Theory
• Disability Theories
• The Practice of Using Interpretive Frameworks in Qualitative Research
• Linking Philosophy and Interpretive Frameworks in Qualitative Research
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• Chapter 3 Designing a Qualitative Study
• When to Use Qualitative Research
• What a Qualitative Study Requires From Us
• The Features of a “Good” Qualitative Study
• The Process of Designing a Qualitative Study
• Preliminary Considerations
• Phases in the Research Process
• Elements in All Phases of the Research
• Practical Guidance for Qualitative Research Ethics
• Ethical Situations Across the Research Process
• The Design Structures of a Qualitative Research Plan or Proposal
• Design Considerations Useful for Engaging Readers
• General Writing Structures
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• Chapter 4 Five Qualitative Approaches to Inquiry
• Deciding Among the Five Approaches
• Narrative Research
• Definition of Narrative Research
• Origins of Narrative Research
• Defining Features of Narrative Studies
• Types of and Variations Within Narrative Research
• Procedures for Conducting Narrative Research
• Challenges and Opportunities in Narrative Research
• Phenomenological Research
• Definition of Phenomenological Research
• Origins of Phenomenological Research
• Defining Features of Phenomenology
• Types of and Variations Within Phenomenology
• Procedures for Conducting Phenomenological Research
• Challenges and Opportunities in Phenomenological Research
• Grounded Theory Research
• Definition of Grounded Theory Research
• Origins of Grounded Theory Research
• Defining Features of Grounded Theory
• Types of and Variations Within Grounded Theory Studies
• Procedures for Conducting Grounded Theory Research
• Challenges and Opportunities in Grounded Theory Research
• Ethnographic Research
• Definition of Ethnographic Research
• Origins of Ethnographic Research
• Defining Features of Ethnographies
• Types of and Variations Within Ethnographies
• Procedures for Conducting an Ethnography
• Challenges and Opportunities in Ethnographic Research
• Case Study Research
• Definition of Case Study Research
• Origins of Case Study Research
• Defining Features of Case Studies
• Types of and Variations Within Case Studies
• Procedures for Conducting a Case Study
• Challenges and Opportunities in Case Study Research
• Comparing the Five Approaches
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• New Terms Specific to Narrative Research
• New Terms Specific to Phenomenological Research
• New Terms Specific to Grounded Theory Research
• New Terms Specific to Ethnographic Research
• New Terms Specific to Case Study Research
• Further Readings
• Chapter 5 Five Different Qualitative Studies
• A Narrative Study (Chan, 2010; see Appendix A)
• A Phenomenological Study (Chance, 2022; see Appendix B)
• A Grounded Theory Study (Trip et al., 2019; see Appendix C)
• An Ethnographic Study (Mac an Ghaill & Haywood, 2015; see Appendix D)
• A Case Study (Goodrum et al., 2022; see Appendix E)
• Differences Among the Approaches
• Selecting Your Approach
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Further Readings
• Chapter 6 Introducing and Focusing the Study
• Interrelating the Study Problem, Purpose, and Questions Within Research
• The Research Problem Statement
• The Purpose Statement
• The Research Questions
• The Central Question
• Subquestions
• Introducing and Focusing Your Study
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• Chapter 7 Data Collection
• The Data Collection Circle
• Ethical Considerations for Data Collection
• Institutional Review Boards
• The Site or Individual
• Self-Study Considerations
• Access and Rapport
• Letter of information
• Documenting Consent
• Purposeful Sampling Strategies
• Participants in the Sample
• Types of Sampling Strategies
• Sample Size
• Forms of Data
• Interviewing
• Observing
• Recording Information Procedures
• Fieldwork Issues
• Entry and Organizational Access
• Procedures for Participant Observations
• Dynamics Between Interviewer and Interviewee
• Availability of Documents and Audiovisual and Social Media Materials
• Data Storage and Security
• Comparing the Five Approaches in Data Collection
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• For Guidance Related to Interviewing
• Chapter 8 Data Analysis and Representation
• Three Analysis Strategies
• The Data Analysis Spiral
• Ethical Considerations in Data Analysis
• Managing and Organizing the Data
• Reading and Memoing Emergent Ideas
• Describing and Classifying Codes Into Themes
• Developing and Assessing Interpretations
• Representing and Visualizing the Data
• How to Use Computer Qualitative Data Analysis Software (QDAS)
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• A Sampling of Computer Software for Qualitative Data Analysis
• ATLAS.ti (http://www.atlasti.com)
• Dedoose (http://www.dedoose.com)
• HyperRESEARCH (http://www.researchware.com)
• MAXQDA (http://www.maxqda.com)
• NVivo (http://www.qsrinternational.com)
• Steps in Using a QDAS Program
• Analysis Within Approaches to Inquiry
• Narrative Research Analysis and Representation
• Phenomenological Analysis and Representation
• Grounded Theory Analysis and Representation
• Ethnographic Analysis and Representation
• Case Study Analysis and Representation
• Comparing the Five Approaches in Data Analysis
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• Chapter 9 Writing a Qualitative Study
• Ethical Considerations for Writing
• Several Writing Strategies
• Reflexivity and Representations in Writing
• Audience for Our Writings
• Encoding Our Writings
• Quotes in Our Writings
• Overall and Embedded Writing Strategies
• Narrative Writing Structures
• Overall Structures
• Embedded Structures
• Phenomenological Writing Structures
• Overall Structures
• Embedded Structures
• Grounded Theory Writing Structures
• Overall Structures
• Embedded Structures
• Ethnographic Writing Structures
• Overall Structures
• Embedded Structures
• Case Study Writing Structures
• Overall Structures
• Embedded Structures
• Comparing Writing Structures Across the Five Approaches
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• Chapter 10 Standards of Validation and Evaluation
• Validation and Reliability in Qualitative Research
• Perspectives on Validation Within Qualitative Research
• Validation Strategies
• Researcher’s Lens
• Participant’s Lens
• Reader’s or Reviewer’s Lens
• Reliability Perspectives and Procedures
• Evaluation Criteria for Qualitative Research
• Evaluation Criteria Specific to Each of the Five Approaches
• Narrative Research
• Phenomenological Research
• Grounded Theory Research
• Ethnographic Research
• Case Study Research
• Comparing Evaluation Standards Across the Five Approaches
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Chapter Key Terms
• Further Readings
• Chapter 11 “Turning the Story” and Conclusion
• Turning the Story Across the Five Approaches
• The Original Story: “Campus Response to a Student Gunman”
• A Case Study
• A Narrative Study
• A Phenomenology
• A Grounded Theory Study
• An Ethnography
• Conclusion: Seven Key Takeaways
• Study Focus
• Interpretive Orientation
• Language Use
• Participant Samples
• Analysis Strategies
• Report Writing
• Research Quality
• Chapter Check-In
• Summary
• Appendix A – A Narrative Research Study—“Living in the Space Between Participant and Researcher as a Narrative Inquirer: Examining Ethnic Identity of Chinese Canadian Students as Conflicting Stories to Live By”
• Appendix B – Resilient Leadership: A Phenomenological Exploration Into How Black Women in Higher Education Leadership Navigate Cultural Adversity
• Appendix C – Aging With Intellectual Disabilities in Families: Navigating Ever-Changing Seas—A Theoretical Model
• Appendix D – An Ethnography—“British-Born Pakistani and Bangladeshi Young Men: Exploring Unstable Concepts of Muslim, Islamophobia and Racialization”
• Appendix E – Learning from Error in Violence Prevention: A School Shooting as an Organizational Accident
• Glossary
• References
• Index