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• List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Acknowledgments
• 1. Qualitative Methods in Context
• Differences From and Similarities With Quantitative Methods
• The Intellectual Life Course of Qualitative Methods
• The Formative Years
• The Rise of Quantification and Operationalism
• Epistemological Differences Among Qualitative Researchers
• The Pragmatic Middle Ground
• Evidence-Based Practice and Implementation Science
• Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks in Qualitative Inquiry
• Some Are a Better Fit Than Others
• Analytic Induction and Abduction: Nondeductive Thinking
• The Importance of Concepts
• The Place and Timing of Theories in Qualitative Studies
• Reasons for Doing Qualitative Research
• Desirable Qualities and Skills in the Qualitative Researcher-as-Instrument
• Studying the Familiar Versus the Unfamiliar
• Values and Social Responsibility in Qualitative Research
• Introducing the New York Services Study (NYSS) and the New York Recovery Study (NYRS)
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• Journals That Feature Qualitative Studies and Methods
• Websites for Qualitative Methods
• Selected Monographs
• 2. Choosing the Right Qualitative Approach(es)
• Six Primary Approaches in Qualitative Research
• Ethnography
• Grounded Theory
• Case Study Analysis
• Narrative Approaches
• Phenomenological Analysis
• Action and Community-Engaged Research
• The Six Approaches Revisited: Change Over Time
• Mixing and Matching Qualitative Approaches: Risks and Benefits
• Introducing Strategies for Rigor and Trustworthiness
• Qualitative Methods in Program Evaluation and Implementation Research
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• Websites Related to CBPR
• 3. Designing the Study and Getting Started
• Prologue: Addressing Ethical Considerations Early On
• Flexible and Iterative Designs
• Choosing the Topic and Making the Argument
• Reviewing the Literature
• Developing a Conceptual Framework
• Formulating Research Questions
• Designing the Study
• Questions Posed (and Needing Answers) by Qualitative Research Designs
• The Element of Time
• Specific Aspects of Qualitative Designs
• Using Multiple Qualitative Methods at Different Levels
• Sampling and Selection Strategies
• Sample Size Considerations
• Recruiting and Retaining Study Participants
• How Many Interviews? Issues of Quantity and Quality
• Getting Permission(s) and Obtaining Rapport
• Presentation of Self
• Research Self-Disclosure: How Much is Enough? Too Much?
• Issues of Identity: Gender, Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Social Class
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• 4. Ethical and Emotional Issues in Qualitative Research
• Deception and Disclosure
• Informed Consent
• Coercion and “Deformed” Consent
• Confidentiality and Privacy
• Distress and Emotional Harm
• Incentives, Payback, and Maintaining Goodwill
• Institutional Review Boards and Qualitative Research
• Dealing With Moral Ambiguity and Risk
• Ethical Issues in Community-Engaged Research
• Ethical Issues in Cross-National Research
• Taking It Personally: Emotions in Qualitative Research
• Socially Responsible Research as Ethical Research
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• 5. Data Collection: Observation, Interviewing, and Use of Documents
• Observation in Qualitative Studies
• “Doing” Observation: The Best (and Only True) Way to Learn
• Recording Observational Data
• Uses of Video and Photography
• In-Depth Interviewing
• Critiques of Interviewing: Realism and Authenticity
• Informal Field Interviews
• Focus Group Interviews
• Individual Interviews
• Linked Interviews
• Interviewing Children and Other Vulnerable Populations
• Key Informant, Elite, and Expert Interviews
• Developing the Interview Guide
• Elicitation Techniques in Qualitative Interviews
• Interview Guides for Second (and Third) Interviews
• A Few Guidelines for Starting Out
• Conducting the Interview: The Importance of Probes
• After the Interview
• Matching Interviewers to Respondents: The Effects of Age, Gender, Race, and Other Characteristics
• Common Problems and Errors in Qualitative Interviewing
• Emotional Issues in Interviewing
• Interviewing in a Non-English Language
• Interviewing Across the Digital Landscape
• Use of Audio and Video Recorders
• Using Documents and Other Archival Materials
• Ending Data Collection
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• 6. Data Analysis
• Data Management: Dealing With Volume Early On
• Using Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Software
• Teams, Multiple Users, and Cross-Site Databases
• Transcribing Interviews
• Translating and Transcribing in a Non-English Language
• Qualitative Data Analysis: Beginning The Search for Meaning
• Case Summaries
• Theories and Concepts in Qualitative Data Analysis
• Data Analysis in Diverse Qualitative Approaches
• Content Analysis
• Ethnography and Data Analysis
• Case Study Analysis
• Data Analysis in Narrative Approaches
• Phenomenological Analyses
• Action and Community-Based Participatory Research
• Analysis in Longitudinal Designs
• Analyzing Visual Data
• Coding
• Varied Approaches to Coding and Co-Coding
• Starting Out: Identifying Code-Worthy Material
• Labeling Coded Material and Developing a Codebook
• Documenting Coding Procedures
• Comparing and Contrasting: Memo Writing as Forward Motion
• Secondary Analyses of Qualitative Data
• Hybrid and Mixed Qualitative Approaches
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• QDA Software Resources
• 7. Interpretation: Recognizing Salience
• The Role of the Researcher(s)
• Framing Devices to Assist in Interpretation
• Using Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Software for Interpretation
• Saturation
• Bringing Theor(ies) in
• An Example of a Conceptual Schema
• Salience Through Absence: What Is Not Said (or Seen)
• Feminist and Other Critiques in Interpretation
• Rhetorical Devices
• Negative Case Analysis and Disconfirmation
• The Six Approaches Revisited
• Qualitative Meta-Synthesis as Meta-Interpretation
• In Pursuit of Methodological Transparency
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• 8. Strategies for Rigor and Trustworthiness
• Evaluating Qualitative Research
• Evaluative Criteria and External Standards
• In the Eye of the Beholder?
• Attending to Rigor and Trustworthiness
• The Meaning(s) of Generalizability in Qualitative Methods
• Threats to the Trustworthiness of Qualitative Studies
• Strategies for Rigor in Qualitative Research
• Prolonged Engagement
• Triangulation of Data
• Peer Debriefing and Support
• Member Checking
• Negative Case Analysis
• Auditing—Leaving a Decision Trail
• Strategies for Rigor Applied to the Six Qualitative Approaches
• Dilemmas of Rigor in Action-Oriented Research
• Appraising Quality: The Rise of Checklists,Criteria, and Guidelines
• In Search of the Big Tent: Balancing Rigor and Relevance
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• 9. Telling the Story: Writing the Qualitative Study
• Preparing to Write: Key Decision Points
• Identifying the Audience
• The Researcher’s Role in the Report
• Using Numbers in the Report
• Authorship and Coauthorship Decisions
• Authorship in and From Dissertations: A Negotiation With Few Rules
• Organizing the Report—Key Components
• Qualitative Reports Across the Diverse Approaches
• Balancing Description and Interpretation
• Writing Stance and Style
• Rhetorical Devices Suited to Qualitative Studies
• Writing Style: Rhythm and Grab
• Use of Metaphors and Other Tropes
• Challenges and Rewards of Publishing
• Criteria for Review: The Qualitative Dilemma
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• 10. Mixed Methods
• The Epistemology Question in Mixed Methods
• The Rise of Mixed Methods and Their Rationale(s)
• Integrating Mixed Methods
• Types of Mixed Methods Designs
• Sequential Designs
• Concurrent Designs
• Complicated Designs
• Mixed Methods: Ways of Going About It
• Structural and Design Decisions: What, When, and How?
• Incorporating Existing Measures Into Qualitative Interviews
• Quantifying Qualitative Data
• Examples of Mixed Methods Studies: Implementation and Action Research
• Writing the Mixed Methods Report
• Challenges for Mixed Methods Studies
• Mixed Method Approaches to Program and Practice Evaluation
• Summary and Concluding Thoughts
• Exercises
• Additional Readings
• Appendix: Writing a Qualitative Methods Proposal for External Funding
• Finding the Right Fit With Funding Priorities
• Getting Past the Catch–22
• Setting the Stage
• Questions From Proposal Reviewers
• Budgeting Time and Resources
• Twenty Tips for Writing the Proposal
• Additional Readings
• References
• Index
• About the Author