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• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Sharon Would Like to Thank
• Nicole Would Like to Thank
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1 • Qualitative Research: An Opening Orientation
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• An Overview of the Processes of Qualitative Research
• Defining and Situating Qualitative Research
• Key Components of Qualitative Research
• The Role of the Researcher in Qualitative Research
• Horizontal Values in Qualitative Research: Criticality, Reflexivity, Collaboration, and Rigor
• Criticality
• Reflexivity
• Collaboration
• Rigor
• Approaches to Qualitative Research: An Overview
• A Note on the Possibilities of Qualitative Research
• Questions for Reflection
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 2 • Conceptual Frameworks in Research
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Conceptual Frameworks in Research
• What Is a Conceptual Framework?
• Components of a Conceptual Framework
• What Does a Conceptual Framework Help You Do?
• The Roles and Uses of a Conceptual Framework
• Developing a Conceptual Framework
• Researcher Role in a Conceptual Framework
• Tacit Theories in a Conceptual Framework
• The Influence of Study Goals on a Conceptual Framework
• Conceptual Frameworks: Setting and Context
• Macro-sociopolitical Contexts and Conceptual Frameworks
• Formal Theory in Conceptual Frameworks
• Building Your Conceptual Framework
• Example 2.1: Conceptual Framework Memo and Accompanying Concept Map
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 3 • Qualitative Research Design
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Research Design in Qualitative Research
• Qualitative Research Design Processes
• Developing Study Goals and Rationale
• Example 3.1: Researcher Identity and Positionality Memo
• Example 3.2: Researcher Identity and Positionality Memo
• Formulating (and Iterating) Research Questions
• Conceptual Framework in Research Design
• Developing a Theoretical Framework
• Determining and Sequencing Research Methods
• Sampling: Site and Participant Selection
• Site Selection
• Participant Selection
• Example 3.3: Site and Participant Selection Memo
• Research Design for Validity
• Writing in Research Design
• Example 3.4: Research Design Memo
• Conclusion
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 4 • Reflexivity in Data Collection
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Defining Qualitative Research as Iterative
• Reflexivity in Data Collection
• Researcher Memos
• Example 4.1: Fieldwork/Data Collection Memo
• Research Journal
• Dialogic Engagement
• Researcher Interviews
• Reflexivity and Researcher-Generated Data Sources
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 5 • Methods of Data Collection
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Interviews
• Key Characteristics and Values of Qualitative Interviews
• Constructing Qualitative Interviews
• Developing Interviewing Skills
• Technology and Interviews
• Interview Transcripts
• Contact Summary Forms
• Observational Fieldnotes
• Participant Observation
• Focus Groups
• Documents and Archival Data
• Open-Ended Questionnaires
• Participatory Methods of Data Collection
• Photovoice
• Social Network, Community, and Institutional Mapping
• Transect Walks
• Community-Based Oral Testimony
• Revisiting Research Design
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 6 • Validity in Qualitative Research
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Overview of Validity in Qualitative Research
• Assessing Validity
• Validity Criteria: Credibility, Transferability, Dependability, and Confirmability
• Types of Qualitative Validity
• Strategies for Achieving Qualitative Validity
• Triangulation
• Participant Validation Strategies (Also Known as Member Checks)
• Strategic Sequencing of Methods
• Thick Description
• Dialogic Engagement (Also Known as Peer Debriefers, Critical Friends, and Critical Inquiry Groups)
• Multiple Coding (Also Known as Interrater Reliability)
• Structured Reflexivity Processes in Validity
• Example 6.1: Validity Excerpt From a Dissertation Proposal
• Mixed-Methods Research
• Rigor and Validity in Qualitative Research
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 7 • Ethics and Relational Research
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Relational Ethics: Taking a Relational Approach to Research
• Deepening Research Ethics: Beyond IRB and Informed Consent
• Institutional Review Boards, Ethics Committees, and Codes of Ethics
• Beyond Negotiating Entrée and Building Rapport
• Research Boundaries
• Example 7.1: Proactive Thought on Boundaries With Participants
• Example 7.2: Setting and Managing Expectations With Site and Participants
• Reciprocity: Not as Simple as It May Seem
• Informed Consent, With an Emphasis on Informed
• Assent
• Transparency in Goals, Expectations, Processes, and Roles
• Confidentiality and Anonymity
• Data Management and Security in the Information Age
• Example 7.3: Lost Phone Creates Breach in Confidentiality
• The Ethical Dimensions of the Researcher as Instrument
• Pushing Against the Expert–Learner Binary
• Ethical Collaboration: Dialectics of Mutual Influence
• Balancing Design Flexibility and Rigor: Responsive Research as an Ethical Stance
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 8 • An Integrative Approach to Data Analysis
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Defining and Critically Approaching Qualitative Data Analysis
• Analysis and Interpretation
• Overview of Qualitative Data Analysis Processes
• An Integrative Approach to Qualitative Data Analysis
• Qualitative Data Analysis Is an Iterative and Recursive Process
• Qualitative Data Analysis Is Formative and Summative
• Data and Theory Triangulation in Qualitative Data Analysis
• Recognizing and Addressing Power Asymmetries Within Qualitative Data Analysis
• Seeking Out Alternative Perspectives
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 9 • Methods and Processes of Data Analysis
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Data Organization and Management
• Data Management Plan
• Immersive Engagement
• Multiple Data Readings
• Data Analysis Strategies
• Example 9.1: Example Code Set and Code Definitions
• Example 9.2: Coding Memo
• Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS)
• Generating, Scrutinizing, and Vetting Themes
• Writing and Representation
• Data Displays
• Analytic Memos
• Additional Writing Considerations
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 10 • Writing and Representing Research: The Research Report
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• The Craft of Writing: Outlining, Drafting, and Revising
• Writing a Final Report: Building on, Deepening, and Codifying Analysis
• Goals, Audiences, and Purposes
• Format and Structure of a Final Research Report
• Sample Qualitative Report Structure
• Example 10.1: Sample Final Report Template
• Incorporating and Representing Data
• Finding a Balance Between Description and Analysis
• Voice, Language, and Participant Portrayal
• Critical Writing Considerations
• Understanding Power and Hegemony in Representation and Academic Publishing
• Concluding Thoughts: The Ethics of Research Writing
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Chapter 11 • Qualitative Research Proposals
• Chapter Overview and Goals
• Qualitative Research Proposals
• Components of a Research Proposal
• Aligning Methods With Research Questions
• Ongoing Considerations
• Writing Quality Research Proposals
• Example 11.1: Dissertation Proposal
• Adapting Research Proposals
• Questions for Reflection
• Associated Appendixes
• Resources for Further Reading
• Online Resources
• Epilogue
• Revisiting the Horizontal Values in Qualitative Research
• Criticality
• Feature Box 12.1 Criticality in Qualitative Research
• Reflexivity
• Feature Box 12.2 Reflections on Reflexivity
• Collaboration
• Feature Box 12.3: Thoughts on Collaboration
• Rigor
• Feature Box 12.4: Reflection on the Role of Rigor in Qualitative Research
• Closing Thoughts: The Power and Potential of Qualitative Research
• Online Resources
• Glossary
• Appendixes
• Appendix A: Example Existing Knowledge Memo
• Appendix B: Example Conceptual Framework Memo and Accompanying Concept Maps
• Appendix C: Example Conceptual Framework Memo and Accompanying Concept Map
• Appendix D: Example Conceptual Framework Memo and Accompanying Concept Map
• Appendix E: Example Conceptual Framework From a Dissertation
• Appendix F: Example Researcher Identity/Positionality Memo
• Appendix G: Example Researcher Identity/Positionality Memo
• Appendix H: Example Researcher Identity/Positionality Memo
• Appendix I: Example Site and Participant Selection Memo
• Appendix J: Example Critical Incident Memo
• Appendix K: Example Fieldwork Memo
• Appendix L: Example Interview Protocols Organized Around Research Questions
• Appendix M: Example Contact Summary Forms
• Appendix M.1: Example Contact Summary Form 1
• Appendix M.2: Example Contact Summary Form 2
• Appendix N: Consent Form Template and Examples
• Appendix N.1: Consent Form Template
• Appendix N.2: Example Consent Form 1456
• Appendix N.3: Example Consent Form 2457
• Appendix N.4: Example Consent Form 3460
• Appendix N.5: Example Consent Form 4461
• Appendix O: Example Assent Forms
• Appendix O.1: Example Assent Form 1
• Appendix O.2: Example Assent Form 2
• Appendix P: Example Dissertation Analysis Plan
• Appendix Q: Example Data Management Display
• Appendix R: Example Precoding Memo
• Appendix S: Example Initial Coding Document
• Appendix T: Example Coding Scheme and Coded Excerpts
• Appendix U: Example Data Analysis Memo
• Appendix V: Example Data Analysis Memo
• Appendix W: Example Data Displays
• Appendix W.1: Example Data Display 1
• Appendix W.2: Example Data Display 2
• Appendix X: Connecting Thematic Findings and Subfindings to Research Questions
• Appendix Y: Example Vignette Memo
• Appendix Z: Example Pilot Study Report
• Appendix AA: Example Pilot Study Proposal
• Appendix BB: Example Conference Proposal
• Appendix CC: Example Research Paper Proposal
• Appendix DD: Example Project Statement for Grant Proposal
• Appendix EE: Example Fellowship Proposal
• Appendix FF: Annotated Example Dissertation Proposal
• References
• Index