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• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• About the Authors
• Acknowledgement
• Part One: Introduction to Qualitative Research: Starting Out
• Chapter 1: The Essentials of Qualitative Research
• What is qualitative research?
• The characteristics of qualitative research
• The primacy of data
• Contextualisation
• Immersion in the setting
• The ‘emic’ perspective
• Thick description
• The research relationship
• Insider/outsider research
• Reflexivity
• The place of theory in qualitative research
• The use of qualitative research in healthcare
• Choosing an approach for health research
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 2: The Paradigm Debate: The Place of Qualitative Research
• Theoretical frameworks and ontological position
• The natural science model: positivism, objectivism and value neutrality
• The paradigm debate
• The interpretive/descriptive approach
• Focus on postmodernism and social constructionism
• Conflicting or complementary perspectives?
• Final comment
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 3: Initial Steps in the Research Process
• Selecting and formulating the research question
• Practical issues
• The research design and choice of approach
• The literature review
• Writing a research proposal
• Access and entry to the setting
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 4: Ethical Issues
• The foundational ethical framework for research
• Ethics in qualitative research
• Interviews and observations
• The participant information sheet
• Researching one’s peers
• The research relationship
• Research in the researcher’s workplace
• The role of research ethics committees
• Reviewing the research project
• Key ethical questions: audiotaped interviews
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 5: Supervision of Qualitative Research
• The responsibilities of supervisor and student
• Writing and relationships
• Practical aspects of supervision
• Single or joint supervision
• Problems with supervision
• Academic problems
• Final notes
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Part Two: Data Collection and Sampling
• Chapter 6: Interviewing
• Interviews as sources of data
• The interview process
• Types of interview
• Practical considerations
• Recording interview data
• The interviewer–participant relationship
• Problematic issues and challenges in interviewing
• Ethical issues in interviewing
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 7: Observation and Documents as Sources of Data
• Participant observation
• The origins of participant observation
• Immersion in culture and setting
• Types of observation
• Problems in observation
• Technical procedures and practical hints
• Documentary sources of data
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 8: Focus Group Research (FGR)
• The nature and features of focus group research
• The origin and purpose of focus groups
• Focus group research in healthcare
• Sample size and composition
• Conducting focus group discussions
• Research with online or virtual focus groups
• Recording, analysing and reporting focus group data
• Critical comments on focus group research in healthcare
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 9: Sampling Strategies
• Sampling decisions
• A variety of sampling types
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Sampling parameters
• Sample size
• Saturation
• Giving a label to the participants
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Part Three: Approaches in Qualitative Research
• Chapter 10: Ethnography
• The development of ethnography
• Ethnographic methods
• Ethnography in healthcare
• The main features of ethnography
• Fieldwork
• Doing and writing ethnography
• Analysis
• Interpretation
• Pitfalls and problems
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 11: Grounded Theory Methodology
• History and origin
• Symbolic interactionism
• The main features of grounded theory
• Data collection, theoretical sampling and analysis
• The three main approaches
• Using the literature
• Integration of theory
• Theoretical memos and fieldnotes
• Pitfalls and problems
• Which approach for the health researcher?
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 12: Narrative Inquiry
• The nature of narrative and story
• Narrative research
• Narratives in health research
• The everyday story
• Autobiographical and biographical stories
• Cultural stories
• Collective stories
• Illness narratives
• The restitution narrative
• The chaos narrative
• The quest narrative
• Narrative interviewing
• Narrative analysis
• Thematic and holistic analysis
• Structural analysis
• Dialogic/performance analysis
• Visual analysis
• Ongoing debates about narrative
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 13: Phenomenology
• Intentionality and the early stages of phenomenology
• Phases and history of the movement
• The German phase
• The French phase
• Schools of phenomenology
• The phenomenological research process: doing phenomenology
• Grounding
• Reflexivity and positional knowledge
• ‘Humanisation’ and the language of experience
• Phenomenology and health research
• Topics for phenomenological approaches
• Choice of approach: descriptive or interpretive phenomenology
• Procedures for data collection and analysis
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 14: Action Research
• The origins of action research
• Critical social theory
• Action research in healthcare
• The main features of action research
• The methodological continuum
• Practical steps
• Trustworthiness in AR
• Problems and critique
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 15: Additional Approaches
• Case study research
• Overview
• Features and purpose of case study research
• Conversation analysis
• The origins of conversation analysis
• The use of conversation analysis
• Discourse analysis
• Critical discourse analysis (CDA)
• Performative social science
• PSS in health research
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Discourse Analysis
• Further Reading
• Performative Social Science
• Further Reading
• Part Four: Data Analysis and Completion
• Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Strategies and Procedures
• Transcribing and sorting
• Taking notes and writing analytic memos
• Ordering and organising the data
• Analytical styles
• Coding and categorizing
• Thematic analysis
• Meaning and Gestalt
• Problems of QDA
• Inferential leaps and ‘premature closure’
• Collaboration in the process of analysis and interpretation
• Computer‐aided analysis of qualitative data
• The reasons for computer use
• Storing, annotating and retrieving texts
• Locating words, phrases or segments of data
• Naming or labelling
• Sorting and organising
• Identifying data units
• Preparing diagrams
• Approaches to qualitative computer analysis
• Language‐oriented
• Descriptive/interpretive approaches
• Theory building
• The practicalities of using computer‐aided analysis
• Advantages of computer use
• Problems and critique of computer analysis
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 17: Establishing Quality: Validity and Trustworthiness
• Quality
• Conventional criteria
• Rigour
• Reliability
• Validity
• Generalisability or external validity
• Objectivity and subjectivity
• The concept of validity in qualitative research
• An alternative perspective: trustworthiness
• Dependability
• Credibility
• Transferability
• Confirmability
• Authenticity
• Strategies to ensure trustworthiness
• Member checking
• Searching for negative cases and alternative explanations
• Peer review
• Triangulation
• The audit or decision trail
• Thick description
• Prolonged engagement
• Reflexivity
• Quality and creativity
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Chapter 18: Writing up and Publishing Qualitative Research
• The research account
• Use of the first person
• The format of the report
• Title
• Abstract
• Acknowledgement and dedication
• Contents
• Introduction
• Entry issues and ethical considerations
• Methodology and research design
• Findings/results and discussion
• Conclusion and implications
• Referencing
• Appendices
• Critical assessment and evaluation
• Guide to research evaluation
• Publishing and presenting the research
• Books
• Articles
• Types of article
• Alternative forms of presenting or disseminating the research
• Summary
• References
• Further Reading
• Final Note
• References
• Glossary
• Index
• End User License Agreement