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• Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact
• Copyright
• Contents
• Detailed Contents
• Preface: Is this book for me?
• CHAPTER 1 Developing contextual research that matters
• Overview and introduction
• Three core qualitative concepts: self-reflexivity, context, and thick description
• Self-reflexivity
• Context
• Thick description
• A phronetic approach: doing qualitative research that matters
• Strengths of qualitative research
• Foci of qualitative research
• Understanding the self
• Understanding relationships
• Understanding groups and organizations
• Understanding cultures
• Understanding mediated and virtual contexts
• Moving from ideas to sites, settings, and participants
• EXERCISE 1.1 Field/site brainstorm
• Sources of research ideas
• CONSIDER THIS 1.1 Sources of research ideas
• Compatibility, suitability, yield, and feasibility
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 1.1 Feasibility challenges with hidden populations
• TIPS AND TOOLS 1.1 Factoring the ease of fieldwork
• Moving toward a research question
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 1.2 Published examples of research questions
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• In summary
• EXERCISE 1.2 Three potential field sites
• CHAPTER 2 Entering the conversation of qualitative research
• The nature of qualitative research
• Inductive/emic vs. deductive/etic approaches
• Action and structure
• CONSIDER THIS 2.1 Why am I standing in line?
• EXERCISE 2.1 Action vs. structure
• Comparing qualitative and quantitative methods
• Key characteristics of the qualitative research process
• Gestalt
• Bricolage
• The funnel metaphor
• Sensitizing concepts
• Key definitions and territories of qualitative research
• Historical matters
• The early days
• Ethically problematic research and the creation of the IRB
• Recent history
• Current controversies
• In summary
• EXERCISE 2.2 Research problems and questions
• CHAPTER 3 Paradigmatic reflections and theoretical foundations
• CONSIDER THIS 3.1 A paradigm parable
• Paradigms
• Positivist and post-positivist paradigm
• Interpretive paradigm
• EXERCISE 3.1 Verstehen/understanding
• Critical paradigm
• Postmodern/poststructuralist paradigm
• CONSIDER THIS 3.2 Whose stylistic rules?
• Paradigmatic complexities and intersections
• EXERCISE 3.2 Paradigmatic approaches
• Theoretical approaches that commonly use qualitative methods
• Geertz’s interpretivism and thick description
• Symbolic interaction
• CONSIDER THIS 3.3 How do I know myself?
• Ethnography of communication
• Feminism
• Participatory action research
• Sensemaking
• Structuration
• In summary
• CHAPTER 4 Fieldwork and fieldplay: Negotiating access and exploring the scene
• A participant observation primer
• Knock, knock, knocking on participants’ doors: negotiating access
• Confessional tales of getting in
• Riding my mentor’s coattails: Citywest 911 emergency call-takers
• Becoming a full participant: Radiant sun cruise ship
• Accessing a closed organization: women’s minimum and Nouveau jail
• Do some homework before approaching the scene
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 4.1 Contact information log
• Please don’t reject me! Seeking research permission
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 4.2 Sample access proposal
• Negotiating access to a virtual site
• Abandoning the ego, engaging embodiment, embracing liminality
• EXERCISE 4.1 Self-identity audit
• Navigating those first few visits
• Encouraging participant cooperation
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 4.3 Initial reactions speak volumes
• Seeking informed consent in the scene
• TIPS AND TOOLS 4.1 Participant observation tips
• Exploratory methods
• Briefing interviews and participant information table
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 4.4 Participant information table
• Member diaries
• Public documents and artifacts
• Maps and narrative tours
• EXERCISE 4.2 Map and narrative tour
• In summary
• CHAPTER 5 Proposal writing: Explaining your research to institutional review boards, instructors, su
• Getting started with institutional review
• The IRB proposal: rationale, instruments, informed consent, and confidentiality
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 5.1 Participant consent letter
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 5.2 Gatekeeper permission letter
• Different levels of IRB review
• Exempt review
• Expedited review
• Full-board review
• The quirks of IRB
• Creating the scholarly research proposal
• Title, abstract, and key words
• TIPS AND TOOLS 5.1 Research proposal components
• Introduction/rationale
• Purpose statement
• Conceptual cocktail party
• Rationale
• Literature review/conceptual framework
• Research questions/foci
• Methods
• TIPS AND TOOLS 5.2 What belongs in a qualitative methods section?
• Budget/timeline
• TIPS AND TOOLS 5.3 What to include in a qualitative project budget
• Projected outcomes
• In summary
• CHAPTER 6 Field roles, fieldnotes, and field focus
• Field roles and standpoints of participant observation
• Complete participant
• Play participant
• CONSIDER THIS 6.1 Why “playing” = learning
• CONSIDER THIS 6.2 When playing is uncomfortable
• Focused participant observer
• Complete observer
• Writing fieldnotes
• Raw records and head notes
• Formal fieldnotes
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 6.1 Fieldnote header
• Economy versus detail
• Showing (and using dialogue) versus telling
• Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar
• Noticing the data as evidence
• CONSIDER THIS 6.3 Noticing the data as evidence
• Analytic reflections
• TIPS AND TOOLS 6.1 Fieldnote writing tips
• Fieldnote wrap-up
• Focusing the data and using heuristic devices
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• EXERCISE 6.1 Fieldnotes
• In summary
• CHAPTER 7 Interview planning and design: Sampling, recruiting, and questioning
• CONSIDER THIS 7.1 Yin and yang: taijitu
• The value of interviews
• EXERCISE 7.1 Self-reflexive interviewing
• Who, what, where, how, and when: developing a sampling plan
• Random samples
• Convenience/opportunistic samples
• TIPS AND TOOLS 7.1 Sampling plans
• Maximum variation samples
• Snowball samples
• Theoretical-construct samples
• Typical, extreme, and critical instance samples
• Determining the best sample
• Interview structure, type, and stance
• Structure of interviews
• Interview types
• Interview stances
• TIPS AND TOOLS 7.2 Interview structure, types and stances
• Creating the interview guide
• Exercise 7.2 Strategizing interviews
• Wording good questions
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 7.1 Research questions versus interview questions
• TIPS AND TOOLS 7.3 Interview question types
• Interview question types and sequencing
• Opening the interview
• Generative questions
• Directive questions
• Closing the interview
• Interview question wrap-up
• EXERCISE 7.3 Interview guide
• In summary
• CHAPTER 8 Interview practice: Embodied, mediated, and focus-group approaches
• Negotiating access for interviews
• Conducting face-to-face interviews
• Interview logistics
• Why good interviewing is so much more than asking questions
• Technologically mediated approaches to interviewing
• Strengths of mediated interviews
• Disadvantages of mediated interviews
• TIPS AND TOOLS 8.1 Mediated interviews: advantages and disadvantages
• The focus-group interview
• The value of focus groups
• When to use focus groups
• Planning the logistical details of focus groups
• Conducting the focus group
• TIPS AND TOOLS 8.2 Planning a focus group
• Moderating the focus group
• Overcoming common focus group and interviewing challenges
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 8.1 Remedial–pedagogical interviews
• EXERCISE 8.1 Role-playing interview challenges in a fishbowl
• Transcribing
• TIPS AND TOOLS 8.3 Common transcribing symbols
• In summary
• CHAPTER 9 Data analysis basics: A pragmatic iterative approach
• Organizing and preparing the data
• Analysis logistics: colors, cutting or computers?
• Manual approaches
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 9.1 Manual coding visual display
• Computer-aided approaches with everyday software
• Data immersion and primary-cycle coding
• Focusing the analysis and creating a codebook
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 9.2 Codebook excerpt
• CONSIDER THIS 9.1 Focusing the data analysis
• Secondary-cycle coding: second-level analytic and axial/hierarchical coding
• Synthesizing and making meaning from codes
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 9.3 Analytic memos
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 9.4 Loose analysis outline
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• In summary
• EXERCISE 9.1 Iterative analysis basics
• CHAPTER 10 Advanced data analysis: The art and magic of interpretation
• Computer-aided qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS)
• Advanced approaches for analyzing qualitative data
• Exemplars and vignettes
• Developing typologies
• Dramatistic strategy
• Metaphor analysis
• Visual data displays
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 10.1 Table for organizing dissertation findings
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 10.2 Matrix display
• TIPS AND TOOLS 10.1 Flowchart depicting iterative analysis process
• Explanation and causality
• Discourse tracing
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 10.3 Micro, meso, macro sources
• FOLLOWING, THEN FORGETTING THE RULES
• In summary
• EXERCISE 10.1 Advanced data analysis/interpretation
• CHAPTER 11 Qualitative quality: Creating a credible, ethical, significant study
• The criteria controversy
• TIPS AND TOOLS 11.1 Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research
• Worthy topic
• Rich rigor
• EXERCISE 11.1 Gauging worth and rigor
• Sincerity
• Self-reflexivity
• Transparency
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 11.1 Sincerity word cloud
• Credibility
• Thick description
• Crystallization/triangulation
• TIPS AND TOOLS 11.2 Inter-coder reliability
• Multivocality
• Member reflections
• Resonance
• Transferability and naturalistic generalization
• Aesthetic merit
• Significant contribution
• EXERCISE 11.2 Gauging significance
• Ethical research practice
• Procedural ethics
• Situational ethics
• CONSIDER THIS 11.1 Recruiting difficult populations
• CONSIDER THIS 11.2 Situational and relational ethics
• Meaningful coherence
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• CONSIDER THIS 11.3 The ten lies of ethnography
• In summary
• CHAPTER 12 Writing Part 1: The nuts and bolts of qualitative tales
• Types of tales
• The realist tale
• Creative, impressionist, and literary tales
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 12.1 Poetic inquiry
• The confessional tale
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 12.2 Dialogue as a powerful literary tactic
• The archeology of a qualitative essay
• Writing the framing material: title, abstract, key words
• Writing the introduction, the literature review, and the conceptual framework
• Writing the research methodology and method(s)
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 12.3 Methods data display
• Writing the findings and analysis
• Themes/topics
• Chronology/life-story
• Convergence/braided narrative
• Puzzle explication strategy
• Separated text
• Layered/messy texts
• EXERCISE 12.1 Which writing strategy?
• Writing the conclusions and implications
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• In summary
• CHAPTER 13 Writing Part 2: Drafting, polishing, and publishing
• Writing to inquire
• How to write qualitative evidence
• Choosing the evidence
• Rich, luminous, and thick evidence
• Structuring the data in sections, paragraphs, and sentences
• Formatting qualitative work
• Visual representations
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 13.1 Visual representation
• Setting yourself up for success by considering the audience first
• EXERCISE 13.1 Article format model
• TIPS AND TOOLS 13.1 Journals that have published qualitative communication research
• Submitting, revising, and resubmitting for journal publication
• Git R done: overcoming common writing and submission challenges
• How to write a lot
• TIPS AND TOOLS 13.2 Steps for writing an ethnography
• Addressing common challenges in qualitative writing
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• In summary
• CHAPTER 14 Qualitative methodology matters: Exiting and communicating impact
• Navigating exit from the scene
• Give notice and say goodbye
• Exits can be emotional
• Don’t spoil the scene
• Give back
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 14.1 Thank you note
• Ethically delivering the findings
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• Moving toward research representations with public impact
• Public scholarship
• Staged performances
• RESEARCHER’S NOTEPAD 14.2 Staged performance with impact
• White papers
• Grant applications and reports
• TIPS AND TOOLS 14.1 White papers
• Consulting
• Media relations
• Websites and web relations
• Warning: doing research that matters can be terrifying
• Overcoming lingering obstacles to public scholarship
• EXERCISE 14.1 Making an impact via public scholarship
• FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING
• In summary
• Appendix A
• Appendix B
• Appendix C
• References
• Index