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• Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods: From Hypothesis to Results
• Contents
• Tables and Figures
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• The Authors
• Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview
• Review of Foundational Research Concepts
• Independent, Dependent, and Extraneous Variables
• Scales of Measurement of Variables
• Review of Foundational Statistical Information
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Variability (Dispersion) of Scores
• Variance of the Sample (s2)
• Standard Deviation of the Sample (s)
• Coefficient of Variation (C)
• Visual Representations of a Data Set
• The Normal Distribution
• Characteristics of the Normal Distribution
• Descriptive Statistical Applications of the Normal Distribution
• Inferential Statistical Applications of the Normal Distribution
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 2: Logical Steps of Conducting Quantitative Research: Hypothesis-Testing Process
• Hypothesis-Testing Process
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 3: Maximizing Hypothesis Decisions Using Power Analysis
• Balance Between Avoiding Type I and Type II Errors
• Illustration of Avoiding Making a Type I (Alpha) Error
• Illustration of Avoiding Making a Type II (Alpha) Error
• A Priori Power Analysis
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 4: Research and Statistical Designs
• Formulating Experimental Conditions
• Reducing the Imprecision in Measurement
• Sampling Error
• Error of Measurement
• Controlling Extraneous Experimental Influences
• Methods of Controlling Extraneous Variables
• Internal Validity and Experimental Designs
• Internal Validity
• Experimental Designs
• Randomized Multiple Treatments and Control with Posttest-Only Design
• Randomized Multiple Treatments and Control with Pretest and Posttest Design
• Quasi-Experimental Designs
• Repeated-Treatment Design with One Group
• Nonequivalent No-Treatment Control Group Time-Series Design
• Correlational Research Methods
• Choosing a Statistic to Use for an Analysis
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 5: Introduction to IBM SPSS 20
• The IBM SPSS 20 Data View Screen
• Naming and Defining Variables in Variable View
• Entering Variables
• Entering Data
• Examples of Basic Analyses
• Examples of Modifying Data Procedures
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 6: Diagnosing Study Data for Inaccuracies and Assumptions
• Research Example
• Detecting Erroneous Data Entries
• Identifying and Dealing with Missing Data
• Identifying and Assessing Univariate Outliers
• Identifying and Assessing Univariate Outliers
• Screening and Making Decisions about Univariate Assumptions
• Skewness and Kurtosis
• Histograms
• Skewness Screening
• Kurtosis Screening
• Shapiro-Wilk Statistic
• Assessing Normal Q-Q Plots for Normality
• Summary of Our Screening Results for the Underlying Assumption of Normality
• Screening for Homogeneity of Variance
• Levene’s Test
• One-Way Analysis of Variance Results
• Nontransformed One-Way ANOVA Results
• Transformed Screening and One-Way ANOVA Results
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 7: Randomized Design Comparing Two Treatments and a Control Using a One-Way Analysis of Vari
• Research Problem
• Study Variables
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Research Design
• Statistical Analysis: One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question
• Omnibus Research Question (RQ)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha)
• Omnibus Narrative Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type
• Selecting Alpha (α) Considering Type I and Type II Errors
• A Priori Power Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0
• Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determin
• Sample Selection and Assignment
• Study Data Diagnostics
• One-Way Analysis of Variance of the Omnibus H0
• One-Way ANOVA Results
• Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Co
• Magnitude of Treatment Effect—Post Hoc Effect Size
• Post Hoc Power
• Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons of Means
• Confidence Intervals of Mean Differences
• Formula Calculations of the Study Results
• One-Way ANOVA Formula Calculations
• Post Hoc Effect Sizes
• Confidence Intervals (.95) for Mean Differences of Significant Pairs
• ANOVA Study Results
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 8: Repeated-Treatment Design Using a Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance
• Research Problem
• Study Variables
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Research Design
• Statistical Analysis: Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance
• Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question
• Omnibus Research Question (RQ)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0)
• Omnibus Narrative Null Hypothesis (H0)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type
• Selecting Alpha (α) Considering Type I and Type II Errors
• A Priori Power Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0
• Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determin
• Sample Selection and Assignment
• Study Data Diagnostics
• Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance of the Omnibus H0
• RM-ANOVA Results
• Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons of Pairs of Means
• Trend Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Co
• Magnitude of Treatment Effect—Post Hoc Effect Size
• Post Hoc Power
• Confidence Intervals of Mean Differences
• Formula Calculations of the Study Results
• Calculation of Sums of Squares
• Post Hoc Effect Size—Partial Eta-Squared
• Post Hoc Paired-Means Comparisons
• Study Results
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 9: Randomized Factorial Experimental Design Using a Factorial ANOVA
• Research Problem
• Study Variables
• Independent Variables
• Dependent Variable
• Research Design
• Statistical Analysis: Factorial Analysis of Variance
• Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Questions
• Omnibus Research Questions (RQs)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha)
• Jones and Tukey (2000) Recommended Process to Reach Conclusions
• Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0)
• Omnibus Narrative Null Hypotheses (H0)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type
• Selecting Alpha (α) Considering Type I and Type II Errors
• A Priori Power Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0
• Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determin
• Sample Selection and Assignment
• Study Data Diagnostics
• Assessing for Underlying Assumptions
• Two-Way Analysis of Variance of the Omnibus H0’s
• Two-Way ANOVA Computer Analysis Results
• Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Co
• Magnitude of Treatment Effect—Post Hoc Effect Sizes
• Post Hoc Power
• Confidence Intervals of Mean Differences
• Formula Calculations of the Study Results
• Two-Way ANOVA Formula Calculations
• Post Hoc Effect Sizes
• Confidence Intervals (.99) for Mean Differences
• Study Results
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 10: Analysis of Covariance
• Research Problem
• Study Variables
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Covariate
• Research Design
• Statistical Analysis: Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
• Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question
• Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type
• A Priori Power Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0
• Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determin
• Sample Selection and Assignment
• Exploratory Data Analysis
• Analysis of Covariance of the Omnibus H0
• ANCOVA Results
• Estimated Marginal Means
• Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Co
• Magnitude of Treatment Effect—Post Hoc Effect Size
• Post Hoc Power
• Confidence Intervals of Mean Differences
• Formula ANCOVA Calculations of the Study Results
• Step 1: Calculations for the Dependent Variable LDA (Y)
• Step 2: Calculations for the Covariate Age (X)
• Step 3: Calculations of Covariance of Age X LDA
• Step 4: Adjustment of LDA (DV, Y) Based on the Covariate of Age (X)
• Step 5: Calculation of Adjusted Means
• ANCOVA Study Results
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 11: Randomized Control Group and Repeated-Treatment Designs and Nonparametics
• Research Problem
• Study Variables
• Research Design
• Statistical Analyses
• Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question
• Omnibus Research Question (RQ)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type
• Selecting Alpha (α) Considering Type I and Type II Errors
• A Priori Power Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0
• Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determin
• Study Data Diagnostics
• Summary of Underlying Assumptions Findings
• Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance of the Omnibus H0
• K-W One-Way ANOVA Results
• Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes
• Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons of Means
• Mann-Whitney U Statistical Analysis
• Magnitude of Treatment Effect—Post Hoc Effect Size and Post Hoc Power
• Formula Calculations
• Study Results
• Nonparametric Research Problem Two: Friedman’s Rank Test for Correlated Samples and Wilcoxon’s Match
• A Priori Power Analysis for Friedman and Wilcoxon Statistical Analyses
• Friedman’s Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance of the Omnibus H0
• Wilcoxon’s Statistical Analysis
• Magnitude of Treatment Effect—Post Hoc Effect Size and Post Hoc Power for Nonparametric Research P
• Formula Calculations for Friedman’s Rank Test and Wilcoxon’s Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
• Nonparametric Research Problem Two Results
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 12: Bivariate and Multivariate Correlation Methods Using Multiple Regression Analysis
• Research Problem
• Study Variables
• Research Method
• Statistical Analysis: Bivariate Correlation and Multiple Regression
• Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question
• Omnibus Research Question (RQ)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0)
• Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type
• A Priori Power Analysis
• Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0
• Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determin
• Sample Selection and Assignment
• Study Data Diagnostics
• Univariate Outlier Analysis
• Multivariate Outlier Analysis
• General Screening of Correlation Coefficients
• Assessment of Multicollinearity and Singularity
• Assessment of Normality, Linearity, and Homoscedasticity of Residuals
• Sequential Multiple Regression Analysis
• Hand Calculations of Statistics
• Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
• SPIScient and DSI Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
• SPIPract and DSI Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
• Partial Regression Coefficients
• Squared Multiple Correlation for Model 2
• Significance of R2 Using Analysis of Variance for Model 2
• F-Test of Change in R2
• Study Results
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• Key Terms
• Chapter 13: Understanding Quantitative Literature and Research
• Interpretation of a Quantitative Research Article
• Identify the Research Questions in the Study
• Summary
• Problem Assignment
• References
• Index