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• Cover
• Note from the Publisher
• Title
• Copyright
• Sources
• The Editors
• The Authors
• Introduction: The Ethnic Demographic Transition
• Chapter 1: Defining Health and Health Care Disparities and Examining Disparities Across the Life Span
• History of Health Disparities
• Health Disparity Versus Health Inequality Versus Health Inequity
• Health Status Disparities and Health Care Disparities
• Summary
• References
• Part 1: Historical and Political Considerations
• Chapter 2: The Color Line: Race Matters in the Elimination of Health Disparities
• Race Matters
• The Historical Perspective
• References
• Chapter 3: Health Care Disparities—Science, Politics, and Race
• References
• Part 2: Conceptualizing Race and Ethnicity
• Chapter 4: Why Genes Don’t Count (for Racial Differences in Health)
• The Myth of Race as Biology
• The Double Error Inherent in Genetic Explanations of Racial Differences
• Why Race-as-Genes Fails in Practice
• From Studies of Race-as-Genetics to Studies of Racialism and Racism
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 5: Using “Socially Assigned Race” to Probe White Advantages in Health Status
• Introduction
• Methods
• Data Analysis
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Author Contributions
• Part 3: Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities
• Psychosocial and Individual-Level Determinants
• Chapter 6: Racism as a Stressor for African Americans: A Biopsychosocial Model
• Conceptualizations of Racism
• Evidence of Racism
• Biopsychosocial Effects of Perceived Racism in African Americans: A Contextual Model
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• References
• Chapter 7: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 8: Stress, Coping, and Health Outcomes Among African-Americans: A Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis
• John Henryism
• References
• Chapter 9: Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities Over the Life Course
• Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
• The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Chapter 10: Epigenetics and the Embodiment of Race: Developmental Origins of U.S. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health
• Background
• An Epigenetic Model of Black-White Disparities in CVD
• Discussion
• Literature Cited
• The Effects of Culture
• Chapter 11: Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context
• Introduction
• Acculturation and Assimilation: A History of the Concepts
• Definitions of Acculturation Used in the Public Health Literature
• Current Evidence Regarding the Effects of Acculturation on Latino Health Outcomes
• Recommendations for Public Health Practice and Research
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• Literature Cited
• Chapter 12: Measuring Culture: A Critical Review of Acculturation and Health in Asian Immigrant Populations
• Introduction
• Background
• Method
• Literature Review
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• Appendix A
• Notes
• References
• Chapter 13: Racial Influences Associated with Weight-Related Beliefs in African American and Caucasian Women
• Introduction
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Author Contributions
• Chapter 14: Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Between U.S.- and Foreign-Born Women in Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Social Determinants
• Chapter 15: Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale
• Levels of Racism
• Levels of Racism: A Gardener’s Tale
• References
• Chapter 16: Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health
• Nature and Origins of Residential Segregation
• Segregation and Health Status: Individual and Household SES
• Segregation and Educational Opportunity
• Segregation and Employment Opportunities
• Consequences of Segregation: Racial Differences in SES
• Race, SES, and Health
• Segregation and the Effects of Place
• Segregation and Neighborhood and Housing Quality
• Segregation and Health Behaviors
• Segregation and Medical Care
• Segregation and Crime, Homicide, and Social Context
• Research Directions
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 17: Life Course Theories of Race Disparities: A Comparison of the Cumulative Dis/Advantage Theory Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis
• Introduction
• Overview
• How Social Disadvantage Affects Health
• Similarities and Distinctions Between the CDA Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis
• Future Directions for the CDA Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis in Health Disparities Research
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 18: U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations
• Introduction
• Socioeconomic Status and Health
• Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health Status
• Mechanisms Underlying SES and Racial Differences in Health
• Are Inequalities in Health Inevitable?
• Conclusion
• Literature Cited
• Chapter 19: Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities
• Introduction
• Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities—EHDIC
• Analysis Strategy
• Findings from the EHDIC-SWB Study
• Race Inequalities, Health Policy, and Social Conditions
• References
• Environmental Determinants
• Chapter 20: Race/Ethnicity, the Social Environment, and Health
• Perceptions of Race/Ethnicity and Socio-Economic Status
• Understanding the Social Context of Health
• Reasons for Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health
• Methodological Issues in Studying Race/Ethnicity and the Social Environment
• Importance of Research on Race/Ethnicity and the Social Environment
• References
• Chapter 21: Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations
• Introduction
• Background
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Chapter 22: Health Risk and Inequitable Distribution of Liquor Stores in African American Neighborhoods
• Background
• Methods
• Results
• Summary and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 23: Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts
• Health Disparities and the Environment
• The Stress-Exposure Disease Framework
• The Exposure-Disease Paradigm
• Race and Residential Location
• Environmental Hazards and Pollutants
• Structural Factors
• Community Stressors
• Neighborhood Resources
• Community Stress
• Future Directions
• Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 24: Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Scientific Evidence, Methods, and Research Implications for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Occupational Health
• People of Color in the US Workforce
• Classic Case Studies
• Disproportionate Exposure, Disproportionate Disease
• Methodological Issues
• Strategies to Decrease Injury and Disease
• Research and Surveillance Agenda
• References
• Part 4: Health Services and Health System Effects
• Patients
• Chapter 25: Attitudes About Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Care Among African American and White Cardiac Patients
• New Contribution
• Conceptual Framework
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Appendix
• References
• Chapter 26: The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care?
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Chapter 27: Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient–Physician Communication During Medical Visits
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Providers
• Chapter 28: Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients
• Background
• Methods
• Results
• Comment
• Appendix
• References
• Chapter 29: The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• Summary of Results
• Discussion
• Limitations
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 30: Ethnicity and Analgesic Practice
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Chapter 31: The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• System
• Chapter 32: Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework
• Three Phases of Health Disparities Research
• Phase 1: Detection
• Phase 2: Understanding
• Phase 3: Reducing Disparities
• Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 33: Linking Cultural Competence Training to Improved Health Outcomes: Perspectives from the Field
• The Evolution and Key Principles of Cultural Competence
• Evaluating Cultural Competence and Linking It to Health Care Outcomes
• Summing Up
• References
• Chapter 34: “We Don’t Carry That”—Failure of Pharmacies in Predominantly Nonwhite Neighborhoods to Stock Opioid Analgesics
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Chapter 35: Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care to Minorities Than to Whites?
• Study Data And Methods
• Study Results
• Discussion
• Notes
• Part 5: Health Disparities Solutions
• Chapter 36: Linking Science and Policy Through Community-Based Participatory Research to Study and Address Health Disparities
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Chapter 37: The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality
• Genesis of the NHPC
• Design of the NHPC
• Progress to Date
• Challenges and Lessons Learned
• Next Steps
• Summary and Conclusions
• Epilogue
• References
• Chapter 38: Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
• New Contribution
• Conceptual Model of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
• Key Questions
• Lessons Learned from Each Paper
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Diabetes
• Depression
• Breast Cancer
• Culture
• Performance Incentive Programs: Pay-for-Performance and Public Reporting
• Summary Conclusions
• References
• Index
• End User License Agreement