Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Dedication
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface to the first edition
• Preface to the second edition
• Acknowledgements
• 1 The Quaternary record
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The character of the Quaternary
• 1.3 The duration of the Quaternary
• 1.4 The development of Quaternary studies
• 1.4.1 Historical developments
• 1.4.2 Recent developments
• 1.5 The framework of the Quaternary
• 1.6 The causes of climatic change
• 1.7 The scope of this book
• Notes
• 2 Geomorphological evidence
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Methods
• 2.2.1 Field methods
• 2.2.2 Remote sensing
• 2.3 Glacial landforms
• 2.3.1 Extent of ice cover
• 2.3.2 Geomorphological evidence and the extent of ice sheets and glaciers during the last cold stage
• 2.3.3 Direction of ice movement
• 2.3.4 Reconstruction of former ice masses
• 2.3.5 Palaeotemperature estimates from glacial geomorphological evidence
• 2.4 Periglacial landforms
• 2.4.1 Palaeoclimatic inferences based on periglacial landforms
• 2.5 Sea-level change
• 2.5.1 Relative and ‘absolute’ sea-level changes
• 2.5.2 Eustatic changes in sea level
• 2.5.3 Tectonic influences
• 2.5.4 Shoreline sequences in areas affected by glacio-isostasy
• 2.5.5 Palaeoenvironmental significance of sea-level changes
• 2.6 River terraces
• 2.6.1 Origins of river terraces
• 2.6.2 River terraces and palaeoenvironments
• 2.6.3 The terraces of the River Thames
• 2.7 Quaternary landforms in low latitudest
• 2.7.1 Pluvial lakes
• 2.7.2 Dunefields
• 2.7.3 Fluvial landforms
• 2.7.4 Weathering crusts
• 2.8 Conclusions
• Notes
• 3 Lithological evidence
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Field and laboratory methods
• 3.2.1 Sediment sections
• 3.2.2 Coring
• 3.2.3 Laboratory methods
• 3.3 Glacial sediments
• 3.3.1 Introduction
• 3.3.2 The nature of glacial sediments
• 3.3.3 The classification of tills
• 3.3.4 The influence of the thermal régime of glacier ice
• 3.3.5 Analysis of glacigenic sequences
• 3.3.6 Ice-directional indicators
• 3.4 Periglacial sediments
• 3.4.1 Introduction
• 3.4.2 Structures associated with permafrost
• 3.4.3 Palaeoclimatic significance of periglacial structures
• 3.5 Palaeosols
• 3.5.1 Introduction
• 3.5.2 The nature of palaeosols
• 3.5.3 Analysis of palaeosols
• 3.5.4 Palaeosols and Quaternary environments
• 3.6 Lake level records from low latitude regions
• 3.6.1 Introduction
• 3.6.2 ‘Pluvial’ lake sediment sequences
• 3.6.3 Lake level changes and Quaternary palaeoclimates
• 3.7 Wind-blown sediments
• 3.7.1 Introduction
• 3.7.2 Loess stratigraphy
• 3.7.3 Mid-latitude sand belts (coversands)
• 3.7.4 Low latitude ‘sand seas’
• 3.7.5 Wind-blown sediments and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions
• 3.8 Cave sediments and carbonate deposits
• 3.8.1 Introduction
• 3.8.2 Detrital sediment in caves
• 3.8.3 Speleothem
• 3.8.4 Speleothem growth and environmental reconstruction
• 3.8.5 Oxygen isotope ratios in cave speleothem
• 3.8.6 Other carbonate deposits
• 3.9 Lake, mire and bog sediments
• 3.9.1 Introduction
• 3.9.2 The nature of lake and bog sediments
• 3.9.3 Palaeoenvironmental evidence from lake sediments
• 3.9.4 Palaeoenvironmental evidence from mire and bog sediments
• 3.10 Stable oxygen isotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sediments
• 3.10.1 Introduction
• 3.10.2 Oxygen isotope ratios and the ocean sediment record
• 3.10.3 Environmental influences on 180/160 ratios in marine sediments
• 3.10.4 Limitattons in oxygen isotope analysis
• 3.10.5 Carbon isotopes in marine sediments
• 3.11 Ice-core stratigraphy
• 3.11.1 Introduction
• 3.11.2 Ice masses as palaeoenvironmental archives
• 3.11.3 Analysis of ice cores
• 3.11.4 Palaeoenvironmental significance of ice-core data
• 3.12 Conclusions
• Notes
• 4 Biological evidence
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.1.1 The nature of the Quaternary fossil record
• 4.1.2 The taphonomy of Quaternary fossil assemblages
• 4.1.3 The interpretation of Quaternary fossil assemblages
• 4.2 Pollen analysis
• 4.2.1 Introduction
• 4.2.2 The nature of pollen and spores
• 4.2.3 Field and laboratory work
• 4.2.4 Pollen diagrams
• 4.2.5 The interpretation of pollen diagrams
• 4.2.6 Applications of pollen stratigraphy
• 4.3 Diatom analysis
• 4.3.1 Introduction
• 4.3.2 The nature and ecology of diatoms
• 4.3.3 Field and laboratory methods
• 4.3.4 The interpretation of Quaternary diatom records
• 4.3.5 Applications of diatom analysis
• 4.4 Plant macrofossil analysis
• 4.4.1 Introduction
• 4.4.2 The nature of plant macrofossils
• 4.4.3 Field and laboratory work
• 4.4.4 Data presentation
• 4.4.5 The interpretation of plant macrofossil data
• 4.4.6 Applications of plant macrofossil studies
• 4.5 Fossil insect remains
• 4.5.1 Introduction
• 4.5.2 Coleoptera
• 4.5.3 Laboratory methods
• 4.5.4 Coleopteran analysis and Quaternary environments
• 4.6 Chironomidae
• 4.7 Non-marine Mollusca
• 4.7.1 Introduction
• 4.7.2 The nature and distribution of molluscs
• 4.7.3 Field and laboratory work
• 4.7.4 Taphonomy of non-marine molluscan assemblages
• 4.7.5 Habitat preferences of non-marine Mollusca
• 4.7.6 Non-marine Mollusca and palaeoclimate reconstructions
• 4.8 Marine Mollusca
• 4.8.1 Introduction
• 4.8.2 Analysis of marine molluscan assemblages
• 4.8.3 Marine Mollusca and palaeoclimatic inferences
• 4.9 Ostracod analysis
• 4.9.1 The nature and distribution of ostracods
• 4.9.2 Collection and identification
• 4.9.3 Ostracoda in Quaternary studies
• 4.10 Foraminiferal analysis
• 4.10.1 The nature and distribution of Foraminifera
• 4.10.2 Collection and identification
• 4.10.3 Foraminifera in Quaternary inshore and shelf sediments
• 4.11 Micropalaeontology of deep-sea sediments
• 4.11.1 Introduction
• 4.11.2 Radiolaria
• 4.11.3 Coccolithophores
• 4.11.4 Marine microfossils in ocean sediments
• 4.11.5 Laboratory separation of marine microfossils
• 4.11.6 Marine palaeoclimatology
• 4.11.7 Marine palaeoproductivity and palaeocirculation
• 4.12 Vertebrate Remains
• 4.12.1 Introduction
• 4.12.2 The structure of teeth and bones
• 4.12.3 Fossilisation of bone material
• 4.12.4 Field and laboratory techniques
• 4.12.5 The taphonomy of fossil vertebrate assemblages
• 4.12.6 Vertebrate fossils and Quaternary environments
• 4.13 Other Fossil Groups
• 4.13.1 Chrysophytes
• 4.13.2 Cladocera
• 4.13.3 Coral polyps
• 4.13.4 Fungal remains
• 4.13.5 ‘Rhizopods’ or testate amoebae
• 4.14 Multi-proxy palaeoecological studies
• 4.15 Quaternary palaeobiology and ecological theory
• 4.15.1 Biomass and global climate change
• 4.15.2 Migration of biota and community structures
• 4.15.3 Extinctions
• 4.15.4 Conservation, biodiversity and habitat destruction
• 4.16 Conclusions
• Notes
• 5 Dating methods
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Precision and accuracy in Quaternary dating
• 5.3 Radiometric dating techniques
• 5.3.1 The nucleus and radioactivity
• 5.3.2 Radiocarbon dating
• 5.3.3 Potassium-argon and argon-argon dating
• 5.3.4 Uranium-series dating
• 5.3.5 Fission track dating
• 5.3.6 Luminescence dating
• 5.3.7 Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating
• 5.3.8 Other radiometric methods
• 5.4 Incremental dating methods
• 5.4.1 Dendrochronology
• 5.4.2 Varve chronology
• 5.4.3 Lichenometry
• 5.4.4 Annual layers in glacier ice
• 5.5 Age-equivalent stratigraphie markers
• 5.5.1 Palaeomagnetism
• 5.5.2 Tephrochronology
• 5.5.3 Oxygen isotope chronology
• 5.6 Relative chronology based on processes of chemical alteration
• 5.6.1 Amino-acid geochronology
• 5.6.2 Fluorine, uranium and nitrogen content of fossil bones
• 5.6.3 Obsidian hydration
• 5.6.4 Weathering characteristics of rock surfaces
• 5.6.5 Pedogenesis
• 5.7 Conclusions
• Notes
• 6 Approaches to Quaternary stratigraphy and correlation
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Stratigraphic subdivision
• 6.2.1 Principles of Quaternary stratigraphy
• 6.2.2 Stratotypes
• 6.2.3 Elements of Quaternary stratigraphy
• 6.3 Time-stratigraphic correlation
• 6.3.1 Principles of Quaternary correlation
• 6.3.2 Elements of time-stratigraphic correlation
• 6.3.3 Correlation between continental, marine and ice-core records
• 6.4 Conclusions
• Note
• 7 The last interglacial-glacial cycle: 130–10 ka BP
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 The stratigraphic framework for the last 130 ka
• 7.3 The last interglacial (01 substage 5e)
• 7.3.1 Defining the last interglacial
• 7.3.2 Proxy records from the last interglacial
• 7.3.3 Dating the last interglacial
• 7.4 The transition to the last cold stage (OI substages 5d to 5a)
• 7.4.1 The OI substage 5e/5d transition
• 7.4.2 OI substages 5c to 5a
• 7.4.3 The OI stage 5/4 transition
• 7.4.4 Short-lived ‘events’ during the last interglacial-glacial transition
• 7.5 The last cold stage (01 stages 4 to 2)
• 7.5.1 Events during the last cold stage: the marine record
• 7.5.2 Events during the last cold stage: the terrestrial record
• 7.5.3 Events during the last cold stage: the ice-sheet record
• 7.5.4 Events during the last cold stage: the ice-core record
• 7.5.5 Correlation between ice-core, marine, terrestrial and glacial records from the last cold stage
• 7.6 The last glacial-interglacial transition (Ol stage 2/1)
• 7.6.1 Stratigraphic nomenclature
• 7.6.2 Events during the last glacial-interglacial transition: the terrestrial record
• 7.6.3 Environmental changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition: the marine record
• 7.6.4 Ice-core records of environmental changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition
• 7.6.5 Correlation between terrestrial, marine and ice-core records of the last glacial-interglacial transition
• 7.7 Atmospheric circulation: global circulation models
• 7.7.1 Global circulation models (GCMs)
• 7.7.2 Setting the boundary conditions for GCMs
• 7.7.3 Running GCM experiments
• 7.7.4 Limitations of GCMs
• 7.7.5 The importance of GCMs
• 7.8 The search for causes
• 7.8.1 The Astronomical Theory of climatic change
• 7.8.2 Palaeoceanography and climatic change
• 7.8.3 Ice-sheet/glacier fluctuations and climatic change
• 7.8.4 Variation in atmospheric gas content and climatic change
• 7.8.5 Volcanic activity and climatic change
• 7.8.6 Variations in solar output and climatic change
• 7.8.7 Geodynamic factors
• 7.8.8 Conceptual models of Late Quaternary climatic change
• 7.9 Concluding remarks
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index