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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Contents
• Chapter 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing
• 1.1 Introduction
• Overview of the Electromagnetic Remote Sensing Process
• Organization of the Book
• 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles
• 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere
• Scattering
• Absorption
• 1.4 Energy Interactions with Earth Surface Features
• Spectral Reflectance of Earth Surface Feature Types
• Spectral Response Patterns
• Atmospheric Influences on Spectral Response Patterns
• Geometric Influences on Spectral Response Patterns
• 1.5 Data Acquisition and Digital Image Concepts
• Elevation Data
• 1.6 Reference Data
• 1.7 The Global Positioning System and Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems
• International Status of GNSS Development
• GNSS Data Processing and Corrections
• 1.8 Characteristics of Remote Sensing Systems
• 1.9 Successful Application of Remote Sensing
• 1.10 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• 1.11 Spatial Data Frameworks for GIS and Remote Sensing
• 1.12 Visual Image Interpretation
• Elements of Image Interpretation
• Image Interpretation Strategies
• Image Interpretation Keys
• Wavelengths of Sensing
• Color Perception and Color Mixing
• Temporal Aspects of Image Interpretation
• Image Spatial Resolution and Ground Sample Distance
• Other Forms of Resolution Important in Image Interpretation
• Image Scale
• Approaching the Image Interpretation Process
• Basic Equipment for Visual Interpretation
• Relationship between Visual Image Interpretation and Computer Image Processing
• Chapter 2 Elements of Photographic Systems
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography
• 2.3 Photographic Basics
• The Simple Camera
• Focus
• Exposure
• Geometric Factors Influencing Exposure
• Filters
• 2.4 Film Photography
• Film Density and Characteristic Curves
• Black-and-White Films
• Color Film
• Color Infrared Film
• 2.5 Digital Photography
• Digital versus Analog Photography
• Advantages of Digital Photography
• 2.6 Aerial Cameras
• Single-Lens Frame Film Cameras
• Panoramic Film Cameras
• Digital Camera Format Sizes
• Geometric Elements of Area Array Digital Cameras
• 2.7 Spatial Resolution of Camera Systems
• Film Camera Systems
• Digital Camera Systems
• Detection, Recognition, and Identification of Objects
• 2.8 Aerial Videography
• 2.9 Conclusion
• Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs
• Geometric Types of Aerial Photographs
• Taking Vertical Aerial Photographs
• Geometric Elements of a Vertical Photograph
• Photocoordinate Measurement
• 3.3 Photographic Scale
• 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs
• 3.5 Area Measurement
• 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features
• Characteristics of Relief Displacement
• Object Height Determination from Relief Displacement Measurement
• Correcting for Relief Displacement
• 3.7 Image Parallax
• Characteristics of Image Parallax
• Object Height and Ground Coordinate Location from Parallax Measurement
• Parallax Measurement
• 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography
• 3.9 Determining the Elements of Exterior Orientation of Aerial Photographs
• Indirect Georeferencing
• Direct Georeferencing
• 3.10 Production of Mapping Products from Aerial Photographs
• Elementary Planimetric Mapping
• Evolution from Hardcopy to Softcopy Viewing and Mapping Systems
• Space Intersection and DEM Production
• Digital/Orthophoto Production
• Multi-Ray Photogrammetry
• 3.11 Flight Planning
• 3.12 Conclusion
• Chapter 4 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Across-Track Scanning
• 4.3 Along-Track Scanning
• 4.4 Example Across-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery
• 4.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery
• 4.6 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery
• Spatial Resolution and Ground Coverage
• Tangential-Scale Distortion
• Resolution Cell Size Variations
• One-Dimensional Relief Displacement
• Flight Parameter Distortions
• 4.7 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner Imagery
• 4.8 Thermal Imaging
• 4.9 Thermal Radiation Principles
• Radiant Versus Kinetic Temperature
• Blackbody Radiation
• Radiation from Real Materials
• Atmospheric Effects
• Interaction of Thermal Radiation with Terrain Elements
• 4.10 Interpreting Thermal Imagery
• 4.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Images and Temperature Mapping
• Internal Blackbody Source Referencing
• Air-to-Ground Correlation
• Temperature Mapping with Thermal Images
• 4.12 FLIR Systems
• 4.13 Hyperspectral Sensing
• 4.14 Conclusion
• Chapter 5 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 General Characteristics of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems Operating in the Optical Spectrum
• Satellite Bus and Mission Subsystems
• Satellite Orbit Design
• Sensor Design Parameters
• Other System Considerations
• 5.3 Moderate Resolution Systems
• 5.4 Landsat-1 to -7
• 5.5 Landsat-8
• 5.6 Future Landsat Missions and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems
• 5.7 SPOT-1 to -5
• 5.8 SPOT-6 and -7
• 5.9 Evolution of Other Moderate Resolution Systems
• 5.10 Moderate Resolution Systems Launched prior to 1999
• 5.11 Moderate Resolution Systems Launched since 1999
• 5.12 High Resolution Systems
• 5.13 Hyperspectral Satellite Systems
• 5.14 Meteorological Satellites Frequently Applied to Earth Surface Feature Observation
• 5.15 NOAA POES Satellites
• 5.16 JPSS Satellites
• 5.17 GOES Satellites
• 5.18 Ocean Monitoring Satellites
• 5.19 Earth Observing System
• MODIS
• ASTER
• MISR
• 5.20 Space Station Remote Sensing
• 5.21 Space Debris
• Chapter 6 Microwave and Lidar Sensing
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Radar Development
• 6.3 Imaging Radar System Operation
• Range Resolution
• Azimuth Resolution
• 6.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar
• 6.5 Geometric Characteristics of Radar Imagery
• Slant-Range Scale Distortion
• Relief Displacement
• Parallax
• 6.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals
• 6.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics
• Radar Image Speckle
• Radar Image Range Brightness Variation
• 6.8 Radar Image Interpretation
• Geometric Characteristics
• Electrical Characteristics
• Effect of Polarization
• Soil Response
• Vegetation Response
• Water and Ice Response
• Urban Area Response
• Summary
• 6.9 Interferometric Radar
• 6.10 Radar Remote Sensing from Space
• 6.11 Seasat-1 and the Shuttle Imaging Radar Missions
• SIR-A
• SIR-B
• SIR-C
• 6.12 Almaz-1
• 6.13 ERS, Envisat, and Sentinel-1
• 6.14 JERS-1, ALOS, and ALOS-2
• 6.15 Radarsat
• 6.16 TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and PAZ
• 6.17 The COSMO-SkyMed Constellation
• 6.18 Other High-Resolution Spaceborne Radar Systems
• 6.19 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
• 6.20 Spaceborne Radar System Summary
• 6.21 Radar Altimetry
• 6.22 Passive Microwave Sensing
• Microwave Radiometers
• Imaging Microwave Radiometers
• 6.23 Basic Principles of Lidar
• 6.24 Lidar Data Analysis and Applications
• 6.25 Spaceborne Lidar
• Chapter 7 Digital Image Analysis
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Preprocessing of Images
• Radiometric Correction
• Geometric Correction
• Subsetting, layer stacking, and mosaicking
• 7.3 Image Enhancement
• 7.4 Contrast Manipulation
• Gray-Level Thresholding
• Level Slicing
• Contrast Stretching
• 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation
• Spatial Filtering
• Convolution
• Edge Enhancement
• Fourier Analysis
• 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation
• Spectral Ratioing
• Normalized Difference Ratios and Other Indices
• Principal and Canonical Components
• Vegetation Components
• Intensity–Hue–Saturation Color Space Transformation
• Decorrelation Stretching
• 7.7 Image Classification
• 7.8 Supervised Classification
• 7.9 The Classification Stage
• Minimum-Distance-to-Means Classifier
• Parallelepiped Classifier
• Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Classifier
• 7.10 The Training Stag
• 7.11 Unsupervised Classification
• 7.12 Hybrid Classification
• 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels
• Spectral Mixture Analysis
• Fuzzy Classification
• 7.14 The Output Stage and Postclassification Smoothing
• 7.15 Object-Based Classification
• 7.16 Neural Network Classification
• 7.17 Classification Accuracy Assessment
• Classification Error Matrix
• Evaluating Classification Error Matrices
• Sampling Considerations
• Final Thoughts on Accuracy Assessment
• 7.18 Change Detection
• 7.19 Image Time Series Analysis
• 7.20 Data Fusion and GIS Integration
• Multitemporal Data Fusion
• Multisensor Image Fusion
• Merging of Image Data with Ancillary Data
• Incorporating GIS Data in Automated Land Cover Classification
• 7.21 Hyperspectral Image Analysis
• Atmospheric Correction of Hyperspectral Images
• Hyperspectral Image Analysis Techniques
• 7.22 Biophysical Modeling
• Scale Effects
• 7.23 Conclusion
• Chapter 8 Applications of Remote Sensing
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping
• 8.3 Geologic and Soil Mapping
• Geologic Mapping
• Soil Mapping
• 8.4 Agricultural Applications
• 8.5 Forestry Applications
• 8.6 Rangeland Applications
• 8.7 Water Resource Applications
• Water Quantity and Distribution
• Water Quality
• 8.8 Snow and Ice Applications
• 8.9 Urban and Regional Planning Applications
• 8.10 Wetland Mapping
• 8.11 Wildlife Ecology Applications
• 8.12 Archaeological Applications
• 8.13 Environmental Assessment and Protection
• 8.14 Natural Disaster Assessment
• Wildfires
• Severe Storms
• Volcanic Eruptions
• Dust and Smoke
• Earthquakes
• Tsunamis
• Shoreline Erosion
• Landslides
• 8.15 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation
• Soil Characteristics
• Land Use Suitability Evaluation
• Elements of Image Interpretation for Landform Identification and Evaluation
• Vegetation and Land Use
• The Image Interpretation Process
• 8.16 Conclusion
• Works Cited
• Index
• SI Units Frequently Used in Remote Sensing
• Supplemental Images
• EULA