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• Cover
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Statistical Tables
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Authors
• 1. Introduction to Research
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Meaning of Research
• 1.3 Criteria of Good Research
• 1.4 Objectives of Research
• 1.5 Types of Research
• 1.5.1 Exploratory Research
• 1.5.2 Conclusive Research
• 1.5.2.1 Descriptive Research
• 1.5.2.2 Experimental Research
• 1.5.3 Business Research
• 1.5.3.1 The Scope of Business Research
• 1.5.3.2 Types of Business Research
• 1.5.4 According to the Branch of Knowledge
• 1.5.5 Management Research
• 1.5.6 Manufacturing Research
• 1.5.7 Personnel Management Research
• 1.5.8 Management Research
• 1.5.9 Accounting Research
• 1.5.10 Marketing Research
• 1.5.11 Business Policy Research
• 1.5.12 Business History Research
• 1.5.13 According to the Nature of Data
• 1.5.13.1 Quantitative Research
• 1.5.13.2 Qualitative Research
• 1.5.14 According to the Coverage
• 1.5.15 According to Utility or Application
• 1.5.15.1 Basic Research
• 1.5.15.2 Applied Research
• 1.5.16 According to the Place where it is Carried Out
• 1.5.17 According to the Use of Research Methods
• 1.5.18 According to the Time Frame
• 1.5.18.1 One Time or Single Time Period Research
• 1.5.18.2 Longitudinal Research
• 1.5.19 According to the Purpose of the Study
• 1.5.19.1 Descriptive Study
• 1.5.19.2 Analytical Study
• 1.5.19.3 Evaluation Study
• 1.5.19.4 Exploratory Study
• 1.6 Importance of Research
• 1.7 Problem or Opportunity Identification
• 1.8 Problem or Opportunity Prioritization and Selection
• 1.9 Problem or Opportunity Resolution
• 1.10 Implementing the Course of Action
• 1.11 Factors Affecting Research
• 1.11.1 Time Constraints
• 1.11.2 Availability of Resources and Data
• 1.11.3 Nature of Information Sought Expected by the Organization
• 1.11.4 Costs Involved
• 1.12 Globalization and Research
• 1.13 Research and the Internet
• 1.13.1 Primary Research
• 1.13.2 Secondary Research
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 2. Research Process
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Steps in the Research Process
• 2.2.1 Identifying and Defining the Problem or Opportunity
• 2.2.1.1 Exploratory Research
• 2.2.1.2 Preparing the Statement of Research Objectives
• 2.2.1.3 Formulation of Objectives
• 2.2.2 Formulation of Hypothesis
• 2.2.3 Identifying, Manipulating, and Controlling Variables
• 2.2.3.1 Dependent Variable
• 2.2.3.2 Independent Variable
• 2.2.3.3 Extraneous Variable or Relevant Variable
• 2.2.4 Formulation of a Research Design
• 2.2.5 Constructing Device for Observation and Measurement
• 2.2.6 Selecting the Research Method
• 2.2.6.1 Surveys
• 2.2.6.2 Experiments
• 2.2.6.3 Secondary Data Studies
• 2.2.6.4 Observation Techniques
• 2.2.6.5 Analyzing Research Designs
• 2.2.6.6 Selecting the Sampling Procedure
• 2.2.7 Data Collection
• 2.2.8 Evaluation of the Data
• 2.2.9 Data Analysis and Interpretation
• 2.2.10 Drawing Conclusion
• 2.2.11 Preparing and Presenting the Research Report and Publication
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 3. Research Design
• 3.1 Introduction to Research Design
• 3.2 Meaning of Research Design
• 3.3 Need for Research Design
• 3.4 Characteristics of a Good Research Design
• Example
• 3.5 Function of a Research Design
• 3.6 Research Design Concepts
• 3.6.1 Dependent and Independent Variables
• 3.6.2 Extraneous Variable
• 3.6.3 Control
• 3.6.4 Confounded Relationship
• 3.6.5 Research Hypothesis
• 3.6.6 Experimental and Nonexperimental Hypothesis
• 3.6.7 Experimental and Control Groups
• 3.6.8 Treatments
• 3.6.9 Experiment
• 3.6.10 Experimental Units
• 3.7 Classification of Research Designs
• 3.7.1 Exploratory Studies
• 3.7.1.1 Secondary Data Analysis
• 3.7.1.2 Experience Surveys
• 3.7.1.3 Focus Groups
• 3.7.1.4 2-Stage Design
• 3.7.2 Descriptive Studies
• 3.7.3 Causal Studies
• 3.7.3.1 Causal Relationships
• 3.7.3.2 Symmetrical
• 3.7.3.3 Reciprocal
• 3.7.3.4 Asymmetrical
• 3.8 Selection of Specific Research Design
• 3.8.1 Desired Degree of Formality
• 3.8.2 Objective of Study
• 3.8.3 Data Collection Method
• 3.8.4 Variable Control
• 3.8.5 Time Dimension
• 3.8.6 Scope of the Study
• 3.8.7 Environment Conditions of Research
• 3.8.8 Subject’s Perceptions
• 3.9 Benefits of Research Designs
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 4. Measurement Concepts in Research
• 4.1 Measurement
• 4.2 Identifying and Deciding on the Variables to Be Measured
• 4.3 Research Measurement Issues
• 4.4 Need Development of Measurement Scales
• 4.5 Measurement Scales
• 4.5.1 Nominal Scale
• 4.5.1.1 Occupation
• 4.5.2 Ordinal Scale
• 4.5.3 Interval Scale
• 4.5.4 Ratio Scale
• 4.6 Criteria for Good Measurement
• 4.7 Reliability
• 4.7.1 Meaning of Reliability
• 4.7.2 Methods of Estimating Reliability
• 4.7.2.1 External Consistency Procedures
• 4.7.2.2 Internal Consistency Procedures
• 4.8 Validity
• 4.8.1 Content Validity
• 4.8.2 Criterion-Related Validity
• 4.8.2.1 Concurrent Validity
• 4.8.2.2 Predictive Validity
• 4.8.3 Construct Validity
• 4.8.3.1 Convergent Validity
• 4.8.3.2 Discriminant Validity
• 4.8.4 Face Validity
• 4.8.5 Internal Validity
• 4.8.5.1 Threats to Internal Validity
• 4.8.6 External Validity
• 4.9 Practicality
• 4.10 Sensitivity
• 4.11 Generalizability
• 4.12 Relevance
• 4.13 Errors in Measurement
• 4.13.1 Respondent-Associated Errors
• 4.13.2 Nonresponse Errors
• 4.13.3 Response Bias
• 4.13.4 Errors Associated with Instrument
• 4.13.5 Situational Errors
• 4.13.6 Measurer as Error Source
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 5. Measurement of Attitude
• 5.1 Introduction to Measurement of Attitude
• 5.2 Components of Attitude
• 5.2.1 Cognitive Component
• 5.2.2 Affective Component
• 5.2.3 Behavioral Component
• 5.3 Relationship between Attitude and Behavior
• 5.4 Changing Attitude
• 5.4.1 Altering Existing Beliefs about a Product
• 5.4.2 Changing Attitudes by Changing the Importance of Beliefs
• 5.4.3 Adding New Beliefs
• 5.5 Association between Measurement of Beliefs and Situation
• 5.6 Attitude Scales
• 5.6.1 Definition of Attitude Scale
• 5.6.2 Definition of Scaling
• 5.7 Types of Attitude Scales
• 5.7.1 Comparative Scales
• 5.7.1.1 Paired Comparison Scale
• 5.7.1.2 Rank Order Scale
• 5.7.1.3 Constant Sum Scale
• 5.7.1.4 Q-Sort Scale
• 5.7.2 Noncomparative Scale
• 5.7.2.1 Continuous Rating Scale
• 5.7.2.2 Itemized Rating Scale
• 5.7.2.3 Stapel Scale
• 5.7.2.4 Category Scale
• 5.7.2.5 Cumulative Scale or Guttman Scale
• 5.7.3 Multi-Item Scales
• 5.7.3.1 Thurstone Equal Appearing Interval Scale
• 5.7.3.2 Likert Scale
• 5.7.3.3 Semantic Differential Scale (Bipolar Scale)
• 5.8 Profile Analysis
• 5.9 Considerations in Selecting Attitude Measurement Scale
• 5.9.1 Problem Definition and Statistical Analysis
• 5.9.2 The Choice between Comparative and Noncomparative Scales
• 5.9.3 Type of Category Labels
• 5.9.4 Number of Categories
• 5.9.5 Odd or Even Number of Scale Categories
• 5.9.6 Balanced Versus Unbalanced Scale
• 5.9.7 Forced Versus Unforced Choice
• 5.9.8 Limitations of Attitude Measurement Scales
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 6. Sampling Design
• 6.1 Introduction to Sampling
• 6.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts
• 6.2.1 Element
• 6.2.2 Population or Universe
• 6.2.3 Sample and Sampling
• 6.2.4 Sample Size and Sampling Design or Strategy
• 6.2.4.1 Sampling Design or Strategy
• 6.2.5 Sampling Units
• 6.2.6 Sampling Frame
• 6.2.7 Study Population
• 6.2.8 Bias
• 6.2.9 Precision
• 6.3 Sampling Designs
• 6.3.1 Probability Sampling Methods or Random Sampling Methods
• 6.3.1.1 Simple Random Sampling
• 6.3.1.2 Systematic Sampling
• 6.3.1.3 Stratified Random Sampling
• 6.3.1.4 Cluster Sampling
• 6.3.1.5 Area Sampling
• 6.3.1.6 Multistage Sampling
• 6.3.2 Nonprobability Sampling Methods or Nonrandom Sampling Methods
• 6.3.2.1 Haphazard, Accidental, or Convenience Sampling
• 6.3.2.2 Quota Sampling
• 6.3.2.3 Purposive Sampling or Judgment Sampling
• 6.3.2.4 Snowball or Network or Chain Referral or Reputation Sampling
• 6.4 Steps in a Sampling Process
• 6.4.1 Defining the Target Population
• 6.4.2 Specifying the Sampling Frame
• 6.4.3 Specifying the Sampling Unit
• 6.4.4 Selection of the Sampling Method
• 6.4.5 Determination of Sample Size
• 6.4.5.1 Techniques of Determination of Sample Size
• 6.4.5.2 Numerical (The Case of Means)
• 6.4.5.3 The Case of Proportion
• 6.4.6 Specifying the Sampling Plan
• 6.4.7 Selecting the Sample
• 6.5 Criteria for Selecting an Appropriate Sampling Design
• 6.5.1 Degree of Accuracy
• 6.5.2 Resources
• 6.5.3 Time
• 6.5.4 Prior Knowledge of the Population
• 6.6 Essentials of a Good Sample
• 6.7 Sampling Errors
• 6.7.1 Random Sampling Errors
• 6.7.2 Nonsampling Error
• 6.7.2.1 Non-observational Errors
• 6.7.2.2 Respondent Errors
• 6.7.2.3 Administrative Errors
• 6.7.3 Error Control
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 7. Secondary Data
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Classification of Secondary Data
• 7.2.1 Classification by Source
• 7.2.1.1 Internal Sources of Secondary Data
• 7.2.1.2 External Sources of Secondary Data
• 7.2.2 Classification by Category
• 7.2.3 Books and Periodicals
• 7.2.4 Government Publications
• 7.2.5 Nongovernmental Associations
• 7.2.6 Directories, Industry Experts, Special Collections
• 7.2.6.1 Directories
• 7.2.6.2 Industry Experts
• 7.2.6.3 Special Collections
• 7.2.7 Classification by Medium
• 7.2.8 Classification by Database Content
• 7.2.8.1 Reference Database
• 7.2.8.2 Source Database
• 7.3 Scrutiny of Secondary Data
• 7.3.1 Suitability
• 7.3.2 Reliability
• 7.3.3 Adequacy
• 7.3.4 Accuracy
• 7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Data
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 8. Survey Research
• 8.1 Introduction to Survey Research
• 8.2 Concept and Meaning of Survey Research
• 8.3 Nature of Surveys
• 8.4 Classifying Survey Research Methods
• 8.4.1 Cross-Sectional Survey
• 8.4.1.1 Advantage of Cross-Sectional Survey
• 8.4.1.2 Disadvantage of Cross-Sectional Survey
• 8.4.2 Longitudinal Survey
• 8.4.2.1 Trend Studies
• 8.4.2.2 Cohort Studies
• 8.4.2.3 Panel Studies
• 8.5 Survey Methods
• 8.5.1 Sampling
• 8.5.2 Questionnaire Design
• 8.5.2.1 Mail Survey
• 8.5.2.2 Group-Administered Questionnaire
• 8.5.2.3 Household Drop-off Survey
• 8.5.3 Personal Interviews
• 8.5.3.1 Structured Interview
• 8.5.3.2 Unstructured Interview
• 8.5.3.3 Telephonic Interview
• 8.5.3.4 Door-to-Door Interviewing
• 8.5.3.5 Executive Interviewing
• 8.5.3.6 Self-Administered Interviews
• 8.5.4 Mall-Intercept Surveys
• 8.5.5 Mail Surveys
• 8.6 Steps in Conduction of Survey
• 8.7 Constructing a Survey Research
• 8.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research
• 8.9 Difficulties and Issues of Survey Research
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 9. Questionnaire 111
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Definition of Questionnaire Method
• 9.3 Construction of Questionnaire
• 9.3.1 Steps in Questionnaire Construction
• 9.3.2 Length of the Questionnaire
• 9.3.3 Guiding Principles to be Followed for Questionnaire Construction
• 9.4 Structured Questions
• 9.4.1 Dichotomous Questions
• 9.4.2 Level of Measurement-Based Questions
• 9.4.3 Filter or Contingency Questions
• 9.5 Unstructured Questions
• 9.6 Designing a Questionnaire
• 9.7 Questionnaire Format
• 9.7.1 Structure
• 9.7.2 Disguise
• 9.7.3 Structured–Nondisguised Questionnaire
• 9.7.4 Structured–Disguised Questionnaire
• 9.7.5 Nonstructured–Nondisguised Questionnaire
• 9.7.6 Nonstructured–Disguised Questionnaire
• 9.8 Questionnaire Administration
• 9.9 Preliminary Decisions
• 9.9.1 Required Information
• 9.9.2 Target Respondents
• 9.9.3 Interview Technique
• 9.10 Question Content
• 9.10.1 Utility of Data
• 9.10.2 Data-Producing Effectiveness
• 9.10.3 The Participant’s Ability to Answer Accurately
• 9.10.3.1 Unable to Verbalize the Response
• 9.10.4 The Respondent’s Willingness to Answer Accurately
• 9.10.5 Effect of External Events
• 9.11 Response Format
• 9.11.1 Open-Ended Questions
• 9.11.1.1 Probing
• 9.11.1.2 Projective
• 9.11.1.3 Advantages of Open-Ended Questions
• 9.11.1.4 Disadvantages of Open-Ended Questions
• 9.11.2 Close-Ended Questions
• 9.11.2.1 Binary Questions
• 9.11.2.2 Ranking Questions
• 9.11.2.3 Multiple Choice Questions
• 9.11.2.4 Checklist Questions
• 9.11.2.5 Advantages of Close-Ended Questions
• 9.11.2.6 Disadvantages of Close-Ended Questions
• 9.12 Question Wording
• 9.12.1 Shared Vocabulary
• 9.12.2 Unsupported Questions
• 9.12.3 Frame of Reference
• 9.12.4 Biased Wording
• 9.12.5 Adequate Alternatives
• 9.12.6 Double-Barreled Questions
• 9.12.7 Generalizations and Estimates
• 9.12.8 Length of the Question
• 9.12.9 Unfamiliar Vocabulary
• 9.12.10 Combined Questions
• 9.13 Questionnaire Sequence
• 9.13.1 Lead-in Questions
• 9.13.2 Qualifying Questions
• 9.13.3 Warm-up Questions
• 9.13.4 Specific Questions
• 9.13.5 Demographics Questions
• 9.14 Questionnaire Pretest, Revision, and Final Draft
• 9.14.1 Final Draft
• 9.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Questionnaire Method
• 9.15.1 Advantages of Questionnaire Method
• 9.15.2 Disadvantages of Questionnaire Method
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 10. Qualitative Research
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Rationale for Using Qualitative Methods
• 10.3 Types of Qualitative Research
• 10.3.1 Case Study
• 10.3.2 Ethnography
• 10.3.3 Historical Method
• 10.3.4 Grounded Theory
• 10.4 Comparison between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
• 10.5 Qualitative Research Methods
• 10.5.1 Individual ‘Depth’ or ‘Intensive’ Interviews
• 10.5.2 Nondirective or Unstructured Interviews
• 10.5.3 Semi-Structured or Focused Interviews
• 10.5.4 Standardized Open-Ended Interviews
• 10.6 Focus Group Discussion
• 10.6.1 Brain Storming
• 10.6.2 Focused Group Discussion
• 10.7 Projective Techniques
• 10.7.1 Association Techniques
• 10.7.1.1 Word Association Test
• 10.7.1.2 Sentence Completion Test
• 10.7.1.3 Fantasy Situation
• 10.7.1.4 Cartoon Completion
• 10.7.1.5 Picture Interpretation (Thematic Apperception Test)
• 10.7.2 Completion Techniques
• 10.7.2.1 Sentence Completion
• 10.7.2.2 Story Completion
• 10.7.3 Construction Techniques
• 10.7.3.1 Picture Response Techniques
• 10.7.3.2 Cartoon Technique
• 10.7.4 Expressive Techniques
• 10.7.5 Sociometry
• 10.8 Observation Methods
• 10.8.1 Direct Observation
• 10.8.2 Natural and Contrived Observations
• 10.8.2.1 Natural Observations
• 10.8.2.2 Contrived Observations
• 10.8.3 Content Analysis
• 10.8.4 Physical Trace Measures
• 10.8.5 Participant Observation
• 10.8.6 Behavior Recording Devices
• 10.9 Importance of Qualitative Research
• 10.10 Uses of Qualitative Research
• 10.11 Ethical Guidelines in Qualitative Research
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 11. Experimentation
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Experimentation Issues
• 11.2.1 Treatment of Independent Variable
• 11.2.2 Experimental and Control Groups
• 11.2.3 Selection and Measurement of the Dependent Variable
• 11.2.4 Control of Extraneous Variables
• 11.2.4.1 Randomization
• 11.2.4.2 Physical Control
• 11.2.4.3 Matching
• 11.2.4.4 Design Control
• 11.2.4.5 Statistical Control
• 11.3 Experimental Validity
• 11.4 Internal Validity
• 11.4.1 History
• 11.4.2 Maturation
• 11.4.3 Testing
• 11.4.4 Instrumentation
• 11.4.5 Selection Bias
• 11.4.6 Statistical Regression
• 11.4.7 Mortality
• 11.5 External Validity
• 11.6 Experimental Environment
• 11.6.1 Laboratory Environment
• 11.6.2 Field Environment
• 11.7 Types of Experimental Designs
• 11.7.1 Pre-Experimental Designs
• 11.7.1.1 One-Short Design or After Only Design
• 11.7.1.2 One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design
• 11.7.1.3 Static Group Design
• 11.7.2 True Experimental Designs
• 11.7.2.1 Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design
• 11.7.2.2 Posttest-Only Control Group Design
• 11.7.2.3 Solomon Four-Group Design
• 11.7.3 Quasi-Experimental Design
• 11.7.3.1 Time-Series Designs
• 11.7.4 Statistical Designs
• 11.7.4.1 Completely Randomized Design
• 11.7.4.2 Randomized Block Design or Matched Group Design
• 11.7.4.3 Latin Square Design
• 11.7.4.4 Factorial Design
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 12. Data Preparation and Preliminary Analysis
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Validating and Editing
• 12.2.1 Treatment of Unsatisfactory Responses
• 12.2.1.1 Assigning Missing Values
• 12.2.1.2 Returning to the Field
• 12.2.1.3 Discarding Unsatisfactory Responses
• 12.3 Coding
• 12.3.1 Categorization Rules
• 12.3.1.1 Appropriate
• 12.3.1.2 Exhaustive
• 12.3.1.3 Mutually Exclusive
• 12.3.1.4 Single Dimension
• 12.3.2 Code Book
• 12.3.3 Coding Close-Ended Questions
• 12.3.4 Coding Open-Ended Questions
• 12.3.5 Content Analysis for Open-Ended Questions
• 12.3.6 Coding “Don’t Knows”
• 12.3.6.1 Handling DK Responses
• 12.4 Data Entry
• 12.4.1 Optical Scanning
• 12.4.2 Barcode Reader
• 12.4.3 Voice Recognition
• 12.5 Data Cleaning
• 12.6 Tabulation of Survey Results
• 12.6.1 One-Way Frequency Tabulation
• Table 12.2 One-Way Frequency Table
• 12.6.2 Cross Tabulation
• Table 12.3 Simple Cross Tabulation
• Table 12.4 Cross Tabulation
• 12.7 Data Mining
• 12.7.1 Data Mining in Research
• 12.7.2 Uses of Data Mining
• 12.7.2.1 Market Segmentation
• 12.7.2.2 Customer Defection
• 12.7.2.3 Fraud Detection
• 12.7.2.4 Direct Marketing
• 12.7.2.5 Interactive Marketing
• 12.7.2.6 Market Basket Analysis
• 12.7.2.7 Trend Analysis
• 12.7.3 Applications of Data Mining
• 12.7.3.1 Banking
• 12.7.3.2 Finance
• 12.7.3.3 Retail
• 12.7.3.4 Insurance
• 12.7.4 Process of Data Mining
• 12.7.4.1 Sampling
• 12.7.4.2 Exploring
• 12.7.4.3 Modifying
• 12.7.4.4 Modeling
• 12.7.4.5 Assessing
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 13. Concepts of Hypothesis Testing
• 13.1 Introduction to Hypothesis
• 13.2 Meaning of Hypothesis
• 13.3 Characteristics of Hypothesis
• 13.4 Formulation of Hypothesis
• 13.5 Forms of Hypothesis
• 13.5.1 Declarative Hypothesis
• 13.5.2 Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis
• 13.5.3 Hypothesis in Question Form
• 13.6 Problems in Formulation of Good Hypothesis
• 13.7 Types of Hypothesis
• 13.7.1 Explanatory Hypothesis
• 13.7.2 Descriptive Hypothesis
• 13.7.3 Analogical Hypothesis
• 13.7.4 Working Hypothesis
• 13.7.5 Null Hypothesis
• 13.7.6 Alternative Hypothesis
• 13.7.7 Statistical Hypothesis
• 13.8 Errors in Hypothesis Testing
• 13.9 Importance of Hypothesis Formulation
• 13.10 Stages of Hypothesis Testing
• 13.11 Hypothesis Testing Procedure
• 13.11.1 Hypothesis Formulation
• 13.11.2 Selection of an Appropriate Statistical Test to be Used
• 13.11.2.1 Type of Research Questions Formulated
• 13.11.2.2 Number of Samples
• 13.11.2.3 Measurement Scales Used
• 13.11.3 Selection of the Level of Significance
• 13.11.3.1 The p-Value of a Test
• 13.11.3.2 Type I and Type II Errors
• 13.11.4 Calculation of the Sample Statistics
• 13.11.5 Determination of the Critical Values
• 13.11.5.1 Two-Tailed Tests
• 13.11.5.2 One-Tailed Test
• 13.11.5.3 Left-Tailed Test
• 13.11.5.4 Right-Tailed Test
• 13.11.6 Comparison of the Values of the Sample Statistic with the Critical Value
• 13.11.7 Finally Draw the Inference and Deduce the Research Conclusion
• 13.12 Uses of Hypothesis
• Summary
• Questions
• 14. Hypothesis Testing: Tests of Differences
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.1.1 Tests of Association
• 14.2 χ2 Test and Cross-Tabulation
• 14.2.1 Contingency Table
• 14.2.2 Test of Independence
• 14.3 χ2 Test—Goodness of Fit
• 14.3.1 Assumptions
• 14.3.2 Numerical
• 14.4 χ2 Test—Test of Independence
• 14.4.1 Assumptions
• 14.4.2 Numerical
• 14.4.3 The χ2 Test of Independence in Contingency Table
• 14.4.3.1 Calculation of Expected Frequencies (fe)
• 14.4.3.2 Computation of the χ2 Value, Using Formula (1)
• 14.4.3.3 Decide on the Degrees of Freedom
• 14.4.4 Numerical
• 14.4.5 Numerical
• 14.4.6 Strength of Association
• 14.4.7 Phi-Coefficient ϕ
• 14.4.8 Coefficient of Contingency (C)
• 14.5 Hypothesis Testing about a Single Mean
• 14.5.1 When Population Standard Deviation is Known
• 14.5.1.1 Numerical (Two-Tailed Test)
• 14.5.1.2 Numerical (One-Tailed Test)
• 14.5.2 When Population Standard Deviation is Not Known
• 14.5.2.1 Numerical
• 14.6 Hypothesis Testing for Differences between Means
• 14.6.1 Test for Difference between Means: Large Samples
• 14.6.1.1 Numerical (Two-Tailed Test)
• 14.6.2 Tests for Differences between Means: Small Samples
• 14.6.2.1 Numerical
• 14.6.3 Tests for Differences between Means and Paired Samples
• 14.6.3.1 Paired Samples t-Test
• 14.6.3.2 Numerical
• 14.7 Analysis of Variance
• 14.7.1 Explanation of Analysis of Variance through an Example
• 14.7.1.1 Numerical
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 15. Correlation and Regression Analysis
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.1.1 Scatter Diagrams
• 15.2 Correlation Analysis
• 15.3 Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Correlation
• 15.4 Rank Correlation Coefficient
• 15.4.1 Calculation of Rank Correlation Coefficient
• 15.4.2 Testing the Significance of Correlation Coefficient
• 15.5 Regression Analysis
• 15.5.1 Least Squares Method
• 15.5.1.1 Plotting a Regression Line
• 15.5.2 The Strength of Association—R2
• 15.5.3 Test of Statistical Significance of Regression Equation
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 16. Multivariate Analysis
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Multivariate Techniques
• 16.3 Dependency Techniques
• 16.3.1 Multiple Regression Analysis
• 16.3.1.1 Uses of Multiple Regression Analysis
• 16.3.1.2 Coefficient of Multiple Determination
• 16.3.1.3 Test of Significance
• 16.3.1.4 Issues in Multiple Regression Analysis
• 16.3.1.5 Multicollinearity
• 16.3.1.6 Dummy Variables
• 16.3.2 Discriminant Analysis
• 16.3.3 Canonical Correlation Analysis
• 16.3.4 Multivariate Analysis of Variance
• 16.4 Interdependency Techniques
• 16.4.1 Factor Analysis
• 16.4.1.1 Benefits of Factor Analysis
• 16.4.2 Cluster Analysis
• 16.4.2.1 Procedure Followed in Cluster Analysis
• 16.4.2.2 Selection of Clustering Approach
• 16.4.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering Approach
• 16.4.2.4 Nonhierarchical Clustering Approach
• 16.4.2.5 Deciding on the Number of Clusters to be Selected
• 16.4.2.6 Interpreting the Clusters
• 16.4.3 Multidimensional Scaling
• 16.4.3.1 Applications of Multidimensional Scaling
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 17. Research Reports
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Classification of Research Reports
• 17.2.1 Short Reports
• 17.2.2 Long Reports
• 17.2.2.1 Technical Report
• 17.2.2.2 Management Report
• 17.2.3 Monograph
• 17.2.3.1 Journalistic Report
• 17.2.3.2 Business Report
• 17.2.3.3 Project Report
• 17.2.3.4 Dissertation
• 17.2.3.5 Enquiry Report (Commission Report)
• 17.3 Research Reports Components
• 17.3.1 Cover Page and the Title Page
• 17.3.1.1 Letter of Transmittal
• 17.3.1.2 Authorization Statement
• 17.3.2 Introductory pages
• 17.3.2.1 Foreword
• 17.3.2.2 Preface
• 17.3.2.3 Acknowledgment
• 17.3.2.4 Table of Contents
• 17.3.2.5 Lists of Tables and Illustrations
• 17.3.2.6 Summary
• 17.3.4 Introduction
• 17.3.4.1 Problem Statement
• 17.3.4.2 Research Objectives
• 17.3.4.3 Background
• 17.3.5 Methodology
• 17.3.5.1 Sampling Design
• 17.3.5.2 Research Design
• 17.3.5.3 Data Collection
• 17.3.5.4 Data Analysis
• 17.3.5.5 Limitations of Research Study
• 17.3.6 Results and Findings
• 17.3.7 Analysis, Interpretation, and Conclusions
• 17.3.8 Recommendations and Implications
• 17.3.9 Reference Section
• 17.3.9.1 Appendices
• 17.3.9.2 Bibliography
• 17.3.9.3 Glossary
• 17.4 Written Presentation
• 17.4.1 Prewriting Concerns
• 17.4.2 Outline
• 17.4.3 Writing the Draft
• 17.4.3.1 Readability and Comprehensibility
• 17.4.3.2 Tone
• 17.4.3.3 Final Proof
• 17.5 Presentation of the Research Report
• 17.5.1 Oral Presentations
• 17.5.2 Visual Aids: Tables, Charts, and Graphs
• 17.5.2.1 Audio-Visual Aids
• 17.5.2.2 Tables
• 17.5.2.3 Charts and Graphs
• Summary
• Review Questions
• 18. Ethics in Research
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Ethical Decisions
• 18.3 Ethical Treatment of Respondents
• 18.3.1 Benefits
• 18.3.2 Deception
• 18.3.3 Informed Consent
• 18.3.4 Debriefing Respondents
• 18.3.5 Right to Privacy
• 18.3.6 Online Data Collection
• 18.4 Rights and Obligations of the Client
• 18.4.1 Right to Confidentiality
• 18.4.2 Right to Quality Research
• 18.4.3 Client Ethics
• 18.4.3.1 Issuing Bids, when a Research Supplier has been Predetermined
• 18.4.3.2 Obtaining Free Advice and Methodology via Bid Requests
• 18.4.3.3 Making False Promises
• 18.4.3.4 Unauthorized Request for Proposals
• 18.4.4 Open Relation with Research Supplier and Interested Parties
• 18.4.5 Privacy
• 18.5 Right to Protection against Client Tactics
• 18.5.1 Right to Protection against Client Tactics
• 18.5.2 Right to Safety
• 18.5.3 Right to Ethical Behavior of Assistants
• 18.5.4 Misrepresentation of Research
• 18.5.5 Protecting the Right to Confidentiality of both Client and Respondent
• 18.5.6 Abuse of Respondents
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Index