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• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1 Ontroduction
• Preview of the Book
• Overview of Theoretical Approaches to Sensation and Perception
• The Behaviorist Approach
• The Empiricist Approach
• The Gestalt Approach
• The Gibsonian Approach
• The Information-Processing Approach
• The Computational Approach
• Themes of the Book
• How to Use this Book
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 2 Research Methods
• Measuring Responses to Low-Intensity Stimuli
• Classical Psychophysical Measurement of Detection
• Signal Detection Theory
• Two-Alternative Forced Choice Procedure
• Measuring Responses to More Intense Stimuli
• Classical Psychophysical Measurement of Discrimination
• Relationship between Physical Stimuli and Psychological Reactions
• Measuring Brain Activity Due to Perceptual Stimuli
• Studying Individual Neurons
• Studying Massed Brain Activity
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 3 The Visual System
• Visual Stimulus
• Structure and Function of the Eye
• Cornea, Sclera, and Anterior Chamber
• Iris and Pupil
• Lens
• Retina
• Posterior Chamber
• Structure and Function of the Retina
• Photoreceptors
• The Duplex Retina
• Vertical Connections: Bipolar and Ganglion Cells
• Lateral Connections: Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
• Pathways from the Retina to the Visual Cortex
• Information Flow from Retina to Visual Cortex
• Visual Cortex
• Concluding Remarks about the Visual System
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 4 Basic Visual Functions
• Prerequisites for Normal Vision
• Edges Are Important
• Change Is Important
• Higher-Level Processes and Experience Are Important
• Perceiving Light Energy
• Light Energy and Lightness Perception
• Lightness Constancy
• Explanations for Lightness Perception
• Perceptual Organization Precedes Lightness Perception
• Further Complexities in Lightness Perception
• Acuity
• Measuring Acuity
• Characteristics of the Eye That Affect Acuity
• Characteristics of the Stimulus That Affect Acuity
• Eye Movements
• Vergence Movements
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 5 Visual Pattern Perception
• Approaches to Shape and Pattern Perception
• Spatial Frequency Analysis Approach
• Gestalt Approach
• Computational Approach
• Feature-Integration Approach
• Prototype-Matching Approach
• Influence of Context on Shape and Pattern Perception
• Perceiving Letters in the Context of Words
• Perceiving Objects in the Context of Scenes
• Illusory Contours
• Distortions of Shape Due to Context
• Selected Topics in Shape and Pattern Perception
• The Role of Time in Shape Perception
• Ambiguous Figures
• Effects of Unusual Stimulus Orientations
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 6 Distance and Size Perception
• Perceiving a Three-Dimensional World
• Monocular Cues to Depth
• Binocular Disparity
• Eye Muscle Cues to Depth
• Approaches to Distance Perception
• Perceiving Three-Dimensional Objects
• Physiological Bases for Depth Perception
• Size Perception
• Factors Influencing Size Perception
• Size Constancy
• Illusions of Distance and Size
• Ambiguous Depth or Distance Information
• Illusions Involving Line-Length or Distance
• Explanations for Line-Length and Distance Illusions
• Illusions Involving Area
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 7 Color
• Nature of Color
• Color Mixing
• Subtractive Mixtures
• Additive Mixtures
• Anatomy and Physiology of Color Vision
• The Cone Mosaic and Trichromatic Theory
• Opponent-Process Theory
• Color Coding beyond the Photoreceptors
• Individual Differences in Color Vision
• Color Vision Deficiencies
• Aging and Color Perception
• Color Phenomena
• Color Constancy
• Simultaneous and Successive Color Contrast
• Subjective Colors
• Purkinje Shift
• Memory Color
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 8 Motion
• Visual Perception of Real Movement
• Detecting Motion
• Movement of the Observer
• Illusory Movement
• Stroboscopic Movement
• Perceiving Motion in Stationary Stimuli
• Misperceiving Motion Due to Context
• Theoretical Explanations for Motion Perception
• Corollary Discharge Theory
• Direct Perception Approach
• Computational Approach
• Physiological Basis of Motion Perception
• Processing Motion Information Before V1
• Processing Motion Information in V1 and Beyond
• Processing Self-Motion Information
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 9 The Auditory System
• The Auditory Stimulus
• Frequency
• Amplitude
• Phase Angle
• The Auditory System
• Outer Ear
• Middle Ear
• Inner Ear
• Higher Levels of Auditory Processing
• Hearing Impairments and Treatments
• Assessing Auditory Sensitivity
• Tinnitus
• Conductive Hearing Loss
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss
• Exposure to Loud Sounds
• Treatments: Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 10 Basic Auditory Functions
• Pitch Perception
• Background: Early Theories of Pitch Perception
• Developments in Place Theory
• Developments in Temporal Theory
• How Do We Perceive Pitch?
• The Complex Relationship between Frequency and Pitch
• Measuring Pitch
• Loudness Perception
• How Do We Perceive Loudness?
• The Complex Relationship between Amplitude and Loudness
• Intensity Discrimination
• Measuring Loudness
• Auditory Localization
• Sources of Information for Auditory Localization
• Physiological Basis of Auditory Localization
• Measuring Localization Abilities
• When Interaural Differences Aren’t Enough: Localization Difficulties
• Integrating Visual and Auditory Localization
• Perception of Simultaneous Sounds
• Perception of Pure Tone Combinations
• Masking
• Noise
• Sounds Below the Human Hearing Threshold
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 11 Auditory Pattern Perception
• Perception of Complex Auditory Patterns
• The Nature of Complex Sound Stimuli
• Making Sense of Complex Sounds
• Music Perception
• The Musical Stimulus
• Music and the Brain
• The Role of Cognition in Music Perception
• Brain Plasticity and Music
• Illusions in Music
• Speech Perception
• The Speech Stimulus
• Theories of Speech Perception
• Speech and the Brain
• The Role of Cognition in Speech Perception
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 12 The Skin Senses
• The Skin
• Receptors in the Skin
• From the Skin to the Brain
• Touch
• Afferent Systems for Touch
• Passive Touch
• Active Touch
• Interactions between Touch and Other Senses
• Temperature
• Afferent Systems for Temperature
• Thresholds for Temperature
• Adapting to Temperature
• Pain
• Afferent Systems for Pain and Gate-Control Theory
• Measuring Pain
• Adapting to Pain
• Controlling Pain
• Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses
• Kinesthetic Sense
• Vestibular Sense
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 13 The Chemical Senses Taste and Smell
• Taste
• Sensory Aspects of Taste
• Modifying Taste Perception
• Measuring Taste Perception
• Individual Differences in Taste Perception
• Smell
• Sensory Aspects of Smell
• Cognitive Aspects of Smell
• Modifying Olfactory Perception
• Measuring Olfactory Perception
• Individual Differences in Olfactory Perception
• Recognizing and Identifying Odors
• Flavor: Interaction of Taste, Smell, and Other Senses
• Contributions of Taste and Smell to Flavor
• Contributions of Somatosensory Input to Flavor
• Contributions of Temperature to Flavor
• Contributions of Vision to Flavor
• Contributions of Audition to Flavor
• Contributions of Cognition to Flavor
• Putting It All Together: Hedonics of Foods
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Chapter 14 Perceptual Development
• Studying Perceptual Development in Infancy
• Preference Method
• Habituation Method
• Conditioning Method
• Physiological Methods
• Early Development of Visual Abilities
• The Developing Visual System
• Acuity
• Eye Movements
• Depth and Distance Perception
• Color Perception
• Motion Perception
• Early Development of Auditory Abilities
• The Developing Auditory System
• Speech Perception
• Early Development of Intersensory Abilities
• Integrating Vision and Audition
• Integrating Vision and Touch
• Synesthesia
• Late Development of Perceptual Abilities
• Vision in Late Adulthood and Old Age
• Hearing in Late Adulthood and Old Age
• Multisensory Integration in Late Adulthood and Old Age
• The Senses and Aging
• Review Questions
• Key Terms
• Recommended Readings
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index