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• Cover Page
• Half-Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Boxes
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1 An Introduction to the Study of Social Inequality
• Thinking about Social Inequality
• Inequality in the United States in Global Context
• American Perceptions of Inequality
• Is Inequality Desirable or Undesirable?
• Is Inequality Inevitable?
• Key Terms and Usages
• Social Inequality and Stratification
• Globalization
• Intersectionality
• Representing Race and Ethnicity
• Gender-Neutral Language Choices
• Organization of the Book
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• PART 1 Extent and Forms of Social Inequality
• 2 Poverty, Wealth, and Inequality
• Income and Wealth Inequality in the United States
• Income and Wealth Defined
• Income and Wealth in US History
• Income Inequality: Trends from 1980 to Today
• Wealth Inequality: Current Trends
• Understanding Poverty in the United States
• Theoretical Explanations for Poverty
• Who Are the Poor?
• Dimensions of Poverty
• US Poverty and Welfare in Comparative Perspective
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 3 Class, Governmental Policy, and Mobility
• The Everyday Reality of Class
• Two Views of the US Class Structure
• Socioeconomic Definition of Class
• Marxist View of the Class Structure
• A Hybrid Model
• Transfer Payments and Class
• Social Insurance Programs
• Public Assistance Programs
• Taxation Policy and Class
• The Impact of Taxes and Transfers on Inequality
• Minimum Wage Policy and Class
• Trade Policy and Class
• Mobility
• Mobility from 1850s to 1990s
• Current US Mobility Patterns
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 4 Status Inequality
• Theories of Social Status
• Status Groups
• Deference and Demeanor
• Assessment of Social Status
• Some Key Status Characteristics in the United States
• Occupation
• Education
• Wealth
• Poverty and Welfare
• Physical Appearance and Status
• Disability and Status
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 5 Power
• Portraits of National Power Structure
• The Pluralist View
• The Power-Elite View
• The Ruling-Class View
• Distribution of Political Power
• Voting
• Holding Political Office
• Interlinkage of Economic and Political Power
• Candidate Selection and Campaign Funding
• Ruling-Class Unity
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• PART 2 Causes of Inequality
• 6 Classical Explanations of Inequality
• Karl Marx (1818–1883)
• The Theoretical Context of Marx’s Class Analysis
• Maintenance of the Class Structure
• Stages of Capitalism
• Crises in Capitalism and Class Struggle
• Some Comments on Marx
• Max Weber (1864–1920)
• Rationalization of the World
• Tripartite Nature of Inequality
• Émile Durkheim (1858–1917)
• Durkheim and Inequality
• W.E.B. Du Bois (1868–1963)
• Race, Capitalism, and Class Inequality
• The Color Line: Race as Caste
• Urban Ecology
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 7 Contemporary Explanations of Inequality
• Inequality as Individual Difference
• Functionalist Theory of Stratification
• Critique of the Functionalist Theory of Stratification
• Labor Market Theories of Earnings Inequality
• Categorical Inequalities
• The Social Construction of Categories
• How Inequalities Persist
• Symbolic and Cultural Resources
• Spatial Inequalities
• Identities, Interactions, and Inequalities
• Theories of Intersectionality
• Applying Intersectionality to Labor Market Theory
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• PART 3 Winners and Losers
• 8 Sex and Gender Inequality
• Terms Relating to Sex and Gender
• Isn’t It about Biology?
• Gender as Structure
• Cultural and Symbolic Processes
• Gender Frames, Status, and Inequality
• Doing Gender
• Hegemonic Masculinity
• Material Processes
• Inscribing the Body
• Gender and the Legal System
• Family
• Education
• Gender and Work
• A Brief History of Gender and Work in the United States
• Explaining Work Inequality
• Global Trends in Gender Inequality
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 9 Sexual Orientation and Inequality
• The Complexity of Sexuality
• Intersectionality and Sexuality
• Population
• Historical Inequality Based on Sexuality
• Inequality Based on Sexuality Today
• Material Resources
• Cultural and Symbolic Resources
• Public Opinion
• LGB People as Status Groups
• The Law and Sexual Orientation
• Globalization and Sexuality
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 10 Racial and Ethnic Inequality
• The Meaning and Creation of Race
• The Census and Racial Formation
• US Racial and Ethnic Relations: An Historical Sketch
• Native Americans
• European Immigrants
• African Americans
• Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
• Mexican Americans
• Racial and Ethnic Inequality Today
• Cultural and Symbolic Resources
• Class, Color, and Race
• Theories of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
• Biological Explanations for Racial Inequality
• Class-Based Explanations of Racial Inequality
• Race-Based Explanations of Inequality
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 11 Immigration, Place, and Religion
• Immigration in American History
• Mexican Immigrants
• Asian Immigrants
• Immigration Today
• Settlement, Ethnic Enclaves, and Assimilation
• The Impact of Immigration
• Undocumented Immigration
• Undocumented Childhood Arrivals
• Public Opinion Toward Immigration
• Recent Immigration Policies
• Religion and Inequality
• Religious Diversity in the United States
• Religion and the Legitimation of Inequality
• Religion and Inequality in Society
• Religion and Discrimination
• Place and Inequality
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• PART 4 Consequences of Social Inequality
• 12 Inequality, Health, and the Environment
• Physical Health
• Social Context and Physical Health
• Individual Factors in Physical Health
• Protective Factors
• Health in Cross National Perspective
• Psychological Health
• Access to Healthcare
• COVID-19 and Inequality
• COVID-19 Infections
• Mortality from COVID-19
• Avoidance of Medical Care
• Opioid Epidemic
• Lead Poisoning
• Climate Change
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 13 Inequality, Crime, and Criminal Justice
• Perspectives on Crime and the Law
• The Measurement of Crime
• Criminality
• Economic Inequality and Crime at the Macro Level
• Inequality and Crime at the Micro Level
• Victimization
• The Criminal Justice System
• School-to-Prison Pipeline
• Arrests
• Bail
• Criminal Sentencing
• Mass Incarceration
• Impact of a Criminal Record on Individual-Level Inequality
• Impact of Mass Incarceration on Societal Level Inequality
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• PART 5 Social Change
• 14 Social Inequality and Social Movements
• What Are Social Movements?
• How Do Social Movements Arise?
• The Labor Movement
• The Historical Development of the Labor Movement: The Industrial Revolution
• From the Depression to the Present
• The Civil Rights Movement
• The Changing Context of Racial Inequality
• A Brief History of the Civil Rights Movement
• The Black Lives Matter Movement
• The Women’s Movement
• The Early Social Context and Directions
• From Limbo to Resurgence
• Support for the Contemporary Feminist Movement
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• 15 Policy Alternatives
• Redistributive Policies
• Universal Basic Income
• Changes to the Wage Structure
• Changes to Taxation Policies
• Developing the Capacity for Self-Sufficiency
• Reducing the Wealth Gap
• Educational Reform
• Addressing Spatial Inequalities
• Encouraging Home Ownership
• Expanding and Guaranteeing Political Representation
• Summary
• Critical Thinking
• Web Connections
• Film Suggestions
• Glossary of Basic Terms
• References
• Index