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• About this Book
• Cover Page
• Halftitle Page
• Multimedia supports teaching and learning for SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Third Edition
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• About the Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1 The Revealing Science of Social Psychology
• The Roots of Social Psychology
• An Instinct-Based View of Human Behavior
• Psychoanalytic Theory: The Hidden Desires That Guide Behavior
• Behaviorism: Behavior Is Shaped by Experience
• The Emergence of Modern Social Psychology
• Toward an Integrated Perspective on Human Behavior
• Section Review: The Roots of Social Psychology
• The Four Core Assumptions of Social Psychology
• 1. Behavior Is a Joint Product of the Person and the Situation
• 2. Behavior Depends on a Socially Constructed View of Reality
• 3. Behavior Is Strongly Influenced by Our Social Cognition
• 4. The Best Way to Understand Social Behavior Is to Use the Scientific Method
• Section Review: The Four Core Assumptions of Social Psychology
• Cultural Knowledge: The Intuitive Encyclopedia
• Explaining Behavior Through Introspection
• Explaining Behavior Using Intuitive Observation
• Section Review: Cultural Knowledge: The Intuitive Encyclopedia
• The Scientific Method: Systematizing the Acquisition of Knowledge
• The Cycle of Theory and Research in Social Psychology
• Stereotype Threat: Case Study of a Theory
• Research: The Correlational Method
• Research: The Experimental Method
• Section Review: The Scientific Method: Systematizing the Acquisition of Knowledge
• Theory Building: The Engine of Scientific Progress
• What Makes for a Good Theory in Social Psychology?
• Assessing Abstract Theories with Concrete Research
• The Limitations of Science
• Section Review: Theory Building: The Engine of Scientific Progress
• Ethical Considerations in Research
• Harming Research Participants
• Deceiving Research Participants
• Ethical Safeguards
• Section Review: Ethical Considerations in Research
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Social Behavior
• Evolution: How Living Things Change over Time
• Natural Selection
• Survival of the Fittest: Yes, but What Is Fittest?
• Section Review: Evolution: How Living Things Change over Time
• General Adaptations of the Cultural Animal
• Humans Are Social Beings
• Humans Are Very Intelligent Beings
• Humans Are Motivated, Goal-Striving Beings
• Humans Are Very Emotional Beings
• Section Review: General Adaptations of the Cultural Animal
• Culture: The Uniquely Human Adaptation
• What Is Culture?
• Culture as Creative Adaptation
• Section Review: Culture: The Uniquely Human Adaptation
• How Culture Helps Us Adapt
• Culture and the Natural Environment
• Culture and the Social Environment
• Culture and the Metaphysical Environment
• Culture as a Synthesis of Human-Created Adaptations
• Section Review: How Culture Helps Us Adapt
• Culture in the Round: Central Issues
• Does Culture Illuminate or Obscure Reality?
• Is Culture a Good or Bad Thing?
• Is There Just One Culture? Beyond a Monolithic View
• Section Review: Culture in the Round: Central Issues
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 3 The Core Elements of Social Cognition
• The “Why” of Social Cognition: The Motives Behind Thinking
• Section Review: The “Why” of Social Cognition: The Motives Behind Thinking
• The “How” of Social Cognition: Two Ways to Think About the Social World
• The Strange Case of Facilitated Communication
• Dual Process Theories
• The Smart Unconscious
• Section Review: The “How” of Social Cognition: Two Ways to Think About the Social World
• The “What” of Social Cognition: Schemas as the Cognitive Building Blocks of Knowledge
• Knowledge Is Stored in Mental Structures Called Schemas
• Where Do Schemas Come From? Cultural Sources of Knowledge
• How Do Schemas Work? Accessibility and Priming of Schemas
• Confirmation Bias: How Schemas Alter Perceptions and Shape Reality
• Beyond Schemas: Metaphor’s Influence on Social Thought
• Section Review: The “What” of Social Cognition: Schemas as the Cognitive Building Blocks of Knowledge
• Returning to the “Why”: Motivational Factors in Social Cognition and Behavior
• Priming and Motivation
• Motivated Social Cognition
• Mood and Social Judgment
• The Next Step Toward Understanding Social Understanding
• Section Review: Returning to the “Why”: Motivational Factors in Social Cognition and Behavior
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 4 Thinking About People and Events
• Remembering Things Past
• How Are Memories Formed?
• How Do We Remember?
• Section Review: Remembering Things Past
• Inferring Cause and Effect in the Social World
• Common Sense Psychology
• Automatic Processes in Causal Attribution
• Dispositional Attribution: A Three-Stage Model
• Elaborate Attributional Processes
• Section Review: Inferring Cause and Effect in the Social World
• What If, If Only: Counterfactual Thinking
• The More Easily We Can Mentally Undo an Event, the Stronger Our Reaction to It
• Upward Counterfactuals
• Downward Counterfactuals
• Upward and Downward Counterfactuals and Personal Accomplishments: The Thrill of Victory, the Agony of Defeat
• Is It Better to Generate Upward or Downward Counterfactuals?
• Section Review: What If, If Only: Counterfactual Thinking
• Forming Impressions of People
• Beginning with the Basics: Perceiving Faces, Physical Attributes, and Group Membership
• Impression Formation
• Changing First Impressions
• Section Review: Forming Impressions of People
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 5 The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self
• Social Influences on the Self-Concept
• Culture
• Gender
• Context
• Section Review: Social Influences on the Self-Concept
• How Do We Come to Know the Self?
• Reflected Appraisals: Seeing Ourselves Through the Eyes of Others
• Social Comparison: Knowing the Self Through Comparison with Others
• Self-Perception Theory: Knowing the Self by Observing One’s Own Behavior
• Using the Self to Know One’s Feelings
• Section Review: How Do We Come to Know the Self?
• Self-Regulation
• Self-Awareness and Self-Regulation
• Staying on Target: How Goals Motivate and Guide Action
• Self-Regulation and the Psychology of Time
• Section Review: Self-Regulation
• Self-Regulatory Challenges
• Willpower: Running Hot and Cool
• Insufficient Energy or Diminished Motivation
• Getting Our Emotions Under Control
• When We Can’t Let Go: Self-Regulatory Perseveration and Depression
• Section Review: Self-Regulatory Challenges
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 6 The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth
• The Motive to Maintain a Consistent Self
• Self-Consistency at the Micro Level: Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Self-Consistency at the Macro Level: Sustaining a Sense of the Self as a Unified Whole
• Section Review: The Motive to Maintain a Consistent Self
• The Self-Esteem Motive: Establishing and Defending One’s Value
• What Is Self-Esteem, and Where Does It Come From?
• Maintaining and Defending Self-Esteem
• Why Do People Need Self-Esteem?
• The Influence of Treatment by Others: Ostracism
• Protecting and Enhancing Self-Esteem: Cultural Differences
• Types of Self-Esteem
• Should We Stop Caring About Self-Esteem?
• Section Review: The Self-Esteem Motive: Establishing and Defending One’s Value
• Self-Presentation: The Show Must Go On
• The Dramaturgical Perspective
• Individual Differences in Self-Presentation
• Audience-Monitoring Errors
• The Goals of Self-Presentation
• Section Review: Self-Presentation: The Show Must Go On
• Motives for Growth and Self-Expansion
• Self-Determination Theory
• Section Review: Motives for Growth and Self-Expansion
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 7 Social Influence
• Learning from Others
• Social Learning Theory
• Social Priming and the Influence of Norms
• Social Contagion
• The Social Construction of Reality
• Section Review: Learning from Others
• Conformity
• Asch Conformity Studies
• What the Asch Conformity Studies Teach Us About Why People Conform
• What Personality and Situational Variables Influence Conformity?
• Neural Processes Associated with Conformity
• Section Review: Conformity
• Minority Influence
• How Minorities Exert Their Influence
• Section Review: Minority Influence
• Compliance: The Art and Science of Getting What You Want
• Self-Perception and Commitment
• Reciprocity
• Social Proof
• Scarcity
• Mindlessness
• Section Review: Compliance: The Art and Science of Getting What You Want
• Obedience to Authority
• Other Variables That Play Roles in Obedience
• Anticipating Your Questions
• Why Do We Obey?
• The Role of Charisma in the Rise to Power
• Section Review: Obedience to Authority
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 8 Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior
• Elaboration Likelihood Model: Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion
• Motivation to Think
• Ability to Think
• Why It Matters
• Section Review: Elaboration Likelihood Model: Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion
• Characteristics of the Source
• Communicator Credibility
• Communicator Attractiveness
• Communicator Similarity
• Section Review: Characteristics of the Source
• Characteristics of the Message
• Thinking Differently: What Changes Our Minds
• Emotional Responses to Persuasive Messages
• Section Review: Characteristics of the Message
• Characteristics of the Audience
• Persuadability
• Initial Attitudes
• Need for Cognition and Self-Monitoring
• Regulatory Focus
• Section Review: Characteristics of the Audience
• Resistance to Persuasion
• Knowing What to Resist
• Being Motivated to Resist
• Resisting Strategically: Attitude Inoculation
• Consequences of Forewarning
• Section Review: Resistance to Persuasion
• The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior
• Why Attitudes Often Don’t Predict Behavior
• Factors That Affect How Well Attitudes Predict Behavior
• How Attitudes Influence Behavior
• Section Review: The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 9 Group Processes
• What Is a Group?
• Section Review: What Is a Group?
• Why Do People Join and Identify with Groups?
• Promoting Survival and Achieving Goals
• Reducing Uncertainty
• Bolstering Self-Esteem
• Managing Mortality Concerns
• Section Review: Why Do People Join and Identify with Groups?
• Cooperation in Groups
• Social Dilemmas and the Science of Cooperation
• When Do People Cooperate?
• Why Do People Cooperate?
• Fairness Norms: Evolutionary and Cultural Perspectives
• Section Review: Cooperation in Groups
• Performance in a Social Context
• Performing in Front of Others: Social Facilitation
• Performing with Others: Social Loafing
• Social Facilitation and Social Loafing Compared
• Deindividuation: Getting Caught Up in the Crowd
• Section Review: Performance in a Social Context
• Group Decision Making
• Group Polarization
• Groupthink
• Section Review: Group Decision Making
• Leadership, Power, and Group Hierarchy
• What Makes a Leader Effective?
• Power Changes People
• Hierarchy in Social Groups
• Section Review: Leadership, Power, and Group Hierarchy
• Why Do People Leave and Disidentify with Groups?
• Promoting Survival
• Reducing Uncertainty
• Bolstering Self-Esteem
• Managing Mortality Concerns
• Section Review: Why Do People Leave and Disidentify with Groups?
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 10 Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination
• The Nature of Prejudice: Pervasiveness and Perspective
• Section Review: The Nature of Prejudice: Pervasiveness and Perspective
• The Roots of Prejudice: Three Basic Causes
• Hostile Feelings Linked to a Category
• Ingroup Bias: We Like Us Better Than Them
• Ethnocentrism, the Cultural Worldview, and Threat
• Section Review: The Roots of Prejudice: Three Basic Causes
• The Prejudiced Personality
• Section Review: The Prejudiced Personality
• Has Prejudice Become Less Prevalent over Time?
• Complexities of Modern Prejudice
• Implicit Prejudice
• Section Review: Has Prejudice Become Less Prevalent over Time?
• Stereotyping: The Cognitive Companion of Prejudice
• Where Do People’s Stereotypic Beliefs Come From?
• Why Do We Apply Stereotypes?
• How Do Stereotypes Come into Play?
• How Do Stereotypes Contribute to Bias?
• Section Review: Stereotyping: The Cognitive Companion of Prejudice
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 11 Responding to and Reducing Prejudice
• Prejudice from a Target’s Perspective
• Perceiving Prejudice and Discrimination
• The Harmful Impact of Stereotypes on Behavior
• Section Review: Prejudice from a Target’s Perspective
• What’s a Target to Do? Coping with Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
• Coping with Stereotype and Social Identity Threat
• Coping with Prejudice and Discrimination: Social Strategies
• Coping with Prejudice and Discrimination: Psychological Strategies
• Section Review: What’s a Target to Do? Coping with Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
• Reducing Prejudice
• Working from the Top Down: Changing the Culture
• Connecting Across a Divide: Controlling Prejudice in Intergroup Interactions
• Setting the Stage for Positive Change: The Contact Hypothesis
• Reducing Prejudice Without Contact
• Final Thoughts
• Section Review: Reducing Prejudice
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 12 Interpersonal Aggression
• Defining Aggression
• The Role of Intention
• The Harm Caused by Aggression
• Affective and Instrumental Aggression
• Measuring Aggression
• Section Review: Defining Aggression
• Biology and Human Aggression
• An Ethological Perspective
• The Physiology of Aggression
• Natural-Born Pacifists
• Uniquely Human Aspects of Aggression
• Section Review: Biology and Human Aggression
• Situational Triggers of Aggression: The Context Made Me Do It
• The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
• When Do Hostile Feelings Lead to Aggression? The Cognitive Neoassociationism Model
• Priming Aggressive Cognitions
• Section Review: Situational Triggers of Aggression: The Context Made Me Do It
• Learning to Aggress
• Media and Aggression
• Culture and Aggression
• Section Review: Learning to Aggress
• Individual Differences in Aggression
• Gender Differences in Aggression
• Trait Aggressiveness
• Intelligence
• Personality Traits and Reactivity to Provocation
• Sadism
• Section Review: Individual Differences in Aggression
• The Roles of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Aggression
• Section Review: The Roles of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Aggression
• Violence Against Women
• Domestic Violence
• Sexual Coercion and Rape
• Section Review: Violence Against Women
• Reducing Aggression
• Societal Interventions
• Interpersonal Interventions
• Individual Interventions
• Section Review: Culture: Reducing Aggression
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 13 Prosocial Behavior
• The Basic Motives for Helping
• Human Nature and Prosocial Behavior
• Learning to Be Good
• Section Review: The Basic Motives for Helping
• Does Altruism Exist?
• Social Exchange Theory: Helping to Benefit the Self
• Empathy: Helping to Benefit Others
• Section Review: Does Altruism Exist?
• The Social and Emotional Triggers of Helping
• Similarity and Prejudice
• The Empathy Gap
• The Role of Causal Attributions
• Other Prosocial Feelings
• Section Review: The Social and Emotional Triggers of Helping
• Priming Prosocial Feelings and Behavior
• Positive Affect
• Priming Prosocial Roles
• Priming Religious Values
• Section Review: Priming Prosocial Feelings and Behavior
• Why Do People Fail to Help?
• The Bystander Effect
• Population Density
• Section Review: Why Do People Fail to Help?
• Who Is Most Likely to Help?
• An Altruistic Personality?
• Individual Differences in Motivations for Helping
• The Role of Political Values
• The Role of Gender
• Section Review: Who Is Most Likely to Help?
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 14 Interpersonal Attraction
• The Need to Belong
• Why Do We Need to Belong?
• Where Did This Need Come From?
• Section Review: The Need to Belong
• The Basics of Interpersonal Attraction
• Proximity: Like the One You’re Near
• The Reward Model of Liking
• Others’ Attributes Can Be Rewarding
• Attraction to Those Who Fulfill Needs
• Section Review: The Basics of Interpersonal Attraction
• Physical Attractiveness
• The Importance of Physical Appearance
• The Physical Attractiveness Stereotype, AKA the Halo Effect
• Common Denominators of Attractive Faces
• Do Men and Women Differ in What They Find Attractive? An Evolutionary Perspective
• Attraction in Same-Sex Relationships
• Cultural and Situational Influences on Attractiveness
• Section Review: Physical Attractiveness
• Gender Differences in Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors
• An Evolutionary Perspective
• Cultural Influences
• Your Cheating Heart: Reactions to Infidelity
• Section Review: Gender Differences in Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Chapter 15 Close Relationships
• What Makes Close Relationships Special?
• Parasocial Relationships
• Why Are Close Relationships So Important?
• Section Review: What Makes Close Relationships Special?
• This Thing Called Love
• Romantic Love
• Culture and Love
• Psychological Theories of Love
• Models of the Experience of Love
• Section Review: This Thing Called Love
• Cost–Benefit Perspectives on Relationships
• The Social Exchange Model
• Equity Theory
• Assortative Mating
• Section Review: Cost–Benefit Perspectives on Relationships
• Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Relationships
• Cross-Cultural Differences in Romantic Commitment
• Section Review: Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Relationships
• The Time Course of Romantic Relationships
• Self-Disclosure
• Rose-Colored Lenses?
• Adjusting to Interdependence
• Marital Satisfaction?
• When the Party’s Over … The Breakup
• Are We All Doomed?
• Section Review: The Time Course of Romantic Relationships
• Long-Term Relationships: Understanding Those That Dissolve and Those That Thrive
• Should I Stay or Should I Go?
• And in the Red Corner: Managing Conflict
• Booster Shots: Keeping the Relationship and Passion Alive
• Section Review: Long-Term Relationships: Understanding Those That Dissolve and Those That Thrive
• Critical Learning Exercises
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Back Cover