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• Front Matter
• Ch01_Understanding Social Behavior
• Social Psychology and the Understanding of Social Behavior
• A Model for Understanding Social Behavior
• Expanding Lewin’s Model
• Social Psychology and Related Fields
• Research in Social Psychology
• Experimental Research
• Correlational Research
• Settings for Social Psychological Research
• The Role of Theory in Social Psychological Research
• What Do We Learn from Research in Social Psychology?
• Ethics and Social Psychological Research
• Sandy Hook Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch02_The Social Self
• Self-Concept
• Self-Knowledge: How Do You Know Thyself?
• The Self and Memory
• Religion and the Self
• The Self: The Influence of Groups and Culture
• Self-Esteem: Evaluating the Self
• Internal Influences on Self-Esteem
• Self-Esteem and Stigma
• Self-Esteem and Cultural Influences
• What’s So Good about High Self-Esteem?
• Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem
• Self-Control: How People Regulate Their Behavior
• Self-Control and Self-Regulation
• The Cost and Ironic Effects of Self-Control
• Thinking about Ourselves
• Self-Serving Cognitions
• Maintaining Self-Consistency
• Self-Awareness
• Self-Knowledge and Self-Awareness
• Managing Self-Presentations
• Self-Esteem and Impression Management
• Self-Monitoring and Impression Management
• Self-Presentation and Manipulative Strategies
• Self-Handicapping
• The Impression We Make on Others
• The Life of Serena Williams Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch03_Social Perception: Understanding Other People
• Automatic and Controlled Processing
• Automatic Processing
• Controlled Processing
• Impression Formation
• How Accurate Are Our Impressions?
• Confidence and Impression Formation
• The Importance of First Impressions
• Person Perception: Reading Faces and Catching Liars
• The Attribution Process: Deciding Why People ActAs They Do
• Heider’s Early Work on Attribution
• Correspondent Inference Theory
• Covariation Theory
• Dual-Process Models
• Intentionality and Attributions
• Attribution Biases
• Misattributions
• The Fundamental Attribution Error
• The Actor-Observer Bias
• The False Consensus Bias
• Schemas
• Assimilating New Information into a Schema
• Origins of Schemas
• The Relationship Between Schemas and Behavior
• Shortcuts to Reality: Heuristics
• Positive Psychology: Optimism, Cognition, Health, and Life
• Optimism and Cognition
• Optimism and Health
• What Makes Us Happy?
• Can You Improve Your Level of Optimism?
• Cognitive Optimism: An Evolutionary Interpretation
• The Vincennes Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch04_Prejudice and Discrimination
• The Dynamics of Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination
• Prejudice
• Stereotypes
• Stereotype Accuracy and Malleability
• Discrimination
• The Persistence and Recurrence of Prejudiceand Stereotypes
• Individual Differences and Prejudice: Personality and Gender
• The Authoritarian Personality
• Social Dominance Orientation
• Openness to New Experience and Agreeableness
• Other Personality Correlates of Prejudice
• Gender and Prejudice
• The Social Roots of Prejudice
• Explicit and Implicit Prejudice
• Changing Social Norms
• The Cognitive Roots of Prejudice: From Categoriesto Stereotypes
• Identification with the In-Group
• The Role of Language in Maintaining Bias
• System Justification and Prejudice
• Illusory Correlations
• The Confirmation Bias
• The Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
• The Difference Between Prejudiced and Nonprejudiced Individuals
• The Consequences of Being a Target of Prejudice
• Ways Prejudice Can Be Expressed
• Prejudice-Based Jokes
• Stereotype Threat
• Collective Threat
• Expecting to Be a Target of Prejudice
• Coping with Prejudice
• Raising the Value of a Stigmatized Group
• Making In-Group Comparisons
• Anticipating and Confronting Prejudice
• Compensating for Prejudice
• Reducing Prejudice
• Contact Between Groups
• Personalizing Out-Group Members
• Reducing the Expression of Prejudice Through Social Norms
• Reducing Prejudice Through Training
• A Success Story: The Disarming of Racism in the U.S. Army
• The Mormon Experience Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch05_Attitudes
• What Are Attitudes?
• Allport’s Definition of Attitudes
• Attitude Structures
• Attitudes as an Expression of Values
• Explicit and Implicit Attitudes
• How Are Attitudes Measured?
• The Attitude Survey
• Behavioral Measures
• Cognitive Measures: The Implicit Association Test (IAT)
• How Are Attitudes Formed?
• Mere Exposure
• Direct Personal Experience
• Operant and Evaluative Conditioning
• Observational Learning
• The Effect of the Mass Media
• The Heritability Factor
• The Importance of Groups and Networks
• Social Networks
• Attitudes and Behavior
• An Early Study of Attitudes and Behavior
• Theory of Planned Behavior
• The Importance of Conviction
• The Nonrational Actor
• Ideology and How We Feel About Those Who Think Differently from Us
• Ideology
• Ideology and Political Polarization
• Ideology as Motivated Social Cognition
• Does Ideology Predict Behavior?
• IDA Tarbell Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch06_Persuasion and Attitude Change
• The Persuasion Process
• The Yale Communication Model
• Communicator Efficacy and Persuasion
• The Message and the Audience
• The Cognitive Approach to Persuasion
• The Elaboration Likelihood Model
• The Effect of Mood on Processing
• The Effect of Personal Relevance on Processing
• The Impact of Attitude Accessibility on Elaboration
• Do Vivid Messages Persuade Better Than Nonvivid Messages?
• The Need for Cognition and Affect
• The Heuristic Model of Persuasion
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory: A Model of Self-Persuasion
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Does Inconsistency Lead to Cognitive Dissonance?
• Alternatives to Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Persuading the Masses Through Propaganda
• Propaganda: A Definition
• Characteristics of Propaganda
• The Aims of Propaganda
• Propaganda Techniques
• Hitler’s Rise to Power
• The Leopold and Loeb Case Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch07_Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
• Conformity: Going Along with the Crowd
• Informational and Normative Social Influence
• Social Norms: The Key to Conformity
• Classic Studies in Conformity
• How Does Social Influence Bring About Conformity?
• Different Forms of Conformity
• Factors That Affect Conformity
• Minority Influence
• Can a Minority Influence the Majority?
• Majority and Minority Influence: Two Processes or One?
• Compliance: Responding to a Direct Request
• Foot-in-the-Door Technique
• Door-in-the-Face Technique
• Compliance Techniques: Summing Up
• Obedience
• Defining Obedience
• Destructive Obedience and the Social Psychology of Evil
• Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience
• The Role of Gender in Obedience
• Obedience or Aggression?
• Obedience Across Culture, Situation, and Time
• Reevaluating Milgram’s Findings
• Critiques of Milgram’s Research
• Disobedience
• Breaking with Authority
• Reassessing the Legitimacy of the Authority
• Strength in Numbers
• The Jury Room Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch08_Group Processes
• What Is a Group?
• Characteristics of Groups
• What Holds a Group Together?
• How and Why Do Groups Form?
• Meeting Basic Needs
• Roles in Groups
• How Do Groups Influence the Behavior of Individuals?
• The Effects of an Audience on Performance
• Group Performance: Conditions That Decrease or Increase Motivationof Group Members
• Groups, Self-Identity, and Intergroup Relationships
• The Power of Groups to Punish: Social Ostracism
• Deindividuation and Anonymity: The Power of Groups to Do Violence
• Group Performance
• Individual Decisions and Group Decisions
• The Harder the Problem, the Better the Group
• The Effect of Leadership Style on Group Decision Making
• Factors That Affect the Decision-Making Ability of a Group
• Group Composition
• Group Size
• The Dynamics of Group Decision Making: Decision Rules, Group Polarization, and Groupthink
• Group Decisions: How Groups Blend Individual Choices
• Group Polarization
• Groupthink
• The Challenger Explosion Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch09_Interpersonal Attraction and Close Relationships
• The Roots of Interpersonal Attraction and Close Relationships
• Affiliation and Intimacy
• Loneliness and Social Anxiety
• Loneliness
• Social Anxiety
• Love and Close Relationships
• Love’s Triangle
• Types of Love
• The Formation of Intimate Relationships
• Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction
• Physical Proximity: Being in the Right Place
• Similarity
• Physical Attractiveness
• Dynamics of Close Relationships
• Relationship Development
• Dating Scripts and Relationship Formation
• Evaluating Relationships
• Love over Time
• Sculpting a Relationship
• Responses to Conflict
• Love in the Lab
• Friendships
• Gender Differences in Friendships
• Friendships over the Life Cycle
• Gertrude and Alice Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch10_Interpersonal Aggression
• What Is Aggression?
• Levels and Types of Aggression
• Gender Differences in Aggression
• Explanations for Aggression
• Biological Explanations for Aggression
• Ethology
• Sociobiology
• Genetics and Aggression
• The Physiology of Aggression
• Alcohol and Aggression
• Physiology and Aggression: Summing Up
• The Frustration-Aggression Link
• Components of the Frustration-Aggression Sequence
• Factors Mediating the Frustration-Aggression Link
• The Social Learning Explanation for Aggression
• The Socialization of Aggression
• Aggressive Scripts: Why and How They Develop
• The Role of the Family in Developing Aggressive Behaviors
• Child Abuse and Neglect
• Family Disruption
• The Role of Culture in Violent Behavior
• The Role of Television in Teaching Aggression
• Exposure to Violent Video Games
• Viewing Sexual Violence: The Impact on Aggression
• The Impact of Sexually Violent Material on Attitudes
• Men Prone to Sexual Aggression: Psychological Characteristics
• Reducing Aggression
• Reducing Aggression in the Family
• Reducing Aggression with Cognitive Intervention and Therapy
• The Beltway Sniper Case Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch11_Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
• Why Do People Help?
• Empathy: Helping in Order to Relieve Another’s Suffering
• Empathy and Egoism: Two Paths to Helping
• Pathological Empathy and Altruism
• Biological Explanations: Helping in Order to Preserve Our Own Genes
• Helping in Emergencies: A Five-Stage Decision Model
• Stage 1: Noticing the Situation
• Stage 2: Labeling the Situation as an Emergency
• Stage 3: Assuming Responsibility to Help: The Bystander Effect
• Stage 4: Deciding How to Help
• Stage 5: Implementing the Decision to Help
• Increasing the Chances of Receiving Help
• Courageous Resistance and Heroism
• Explaining Courageous Resistance and Heroism: The Role of Personality
• Righteous Rescuers in Nazi-Occupied Europe
• A Synthesis: Situational and Personality Factors in Altruism
• Altruistic Behavior from the Perspective of the Recipient
• Seeking Help from Others
• Reacting to Help When It Is Given
• Irene Opdyke Revisited
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Ch12_Applying Social Psychology: Law, Business, and Health
• Social Psychology and the Law: The Wrongful Conviction of Ronald Cotton
• Eyewitness Testimony
• Eyewitness Accuracy: Why Are Eyewitnesses Often Wrong?
• Weapon Focus
• Emotional Experience of the Eyewitness
• Eyewitness Memory
• The Misinformation Effect
• The Jury’s Use of Eyewitness Testimony
• Can Eyewitness Testimony Be Improved? Educating Jurors aboutEyewitness Testimony
• Juries: Group Processes in Action
• Conformity Pressure as a Function of Jury Size
• Arriving at a Decision
• Social Influence in the Jury Room
• The Effect of Deliberation on Individual Opinion
• Intergroup Bias in Court
• Confessions: Are They Always What They Seem?
• Summary of This Section
• The Social Psychology of Work:Industrial Organizational Psychology
• Personnel Selection
• Performance Appraisals
• Motivation at Work
• Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
• Social Psychology and Health
• Perceived Stress and Health
• Coping with Stress
• Chapter Review
• Key Terms
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index