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• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Information
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 A (very) brief history of social psychology
• What is social psychology?
• Unpacking Allport’s definition
• BC–1890s: Early approaches to social psychology
• Pre-social psychology
• Social psychology as a discipline
• 1890s–1950s: The birth of social psychological science
• Social psychology as an experimental science
• Crowd behaviour and situationism
• 1950s–1980s: Rapid progress and fundamental questions
• The social-cognitive revolution and US domination
• The first crisis in social psychology
• European social psychology and social identity
• 1980s–present: Contemporary social psychology
• The second crisis of social psychology?
• What methods do today’s social psychologist use?
• Quantitative methods
• Qualitative methods
• The ethics of social psychology
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• Self and motivation
• Theme overview
• 2 Understanding the self
• What is the ‘self’?
• Theories of self: Individual-level accounts
• Psychodynamic views of the self
• Trait-based models
• The self in relation to others
• Self-discrepancy theory
• Theories of self: Group-level accounts
• Social identity theory
• Self-categorisation theory
• The cognitive effects of categorisation
• Criticisms of SIT
• Evolutionary perspectives on group-level self
• Self-esteem and social selves
• Individual and social sources of self-esteem
• BIRGing and CORFing
• Social creativity and self-esteem buffering
• Online versus offline personas
• Social behaviour, free will and automaticity
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• 3 The ways we think
• How rational are we? The role of social-cognitive bias
• Understanding the irrational self: Models of thinking
• Motivated tacticians
• Limitations of the motivated tactician approach
• Cognitive dissonance
• Ego depletion
• Criticism of the ego-depletion paradigm
• Embodied cognition
• The role of culture
• Language and social cognition
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• Theme summary: Self and motivation
• Social relationships
• Theme overview
• 4 Self and other people
• Person perception and impression formation
• First impressions
• Interpersonal attraction and relationships
• Attraction
• Evolutionary explanations
• Psychological factors
• What keeps relationships working?
• What’s ‘love’ got to do with it?
• Attribution theory and biases
• Models of attribution
• Attributional errors
• Limitations of attributional theory
• Non-verbal communication
• Facial expression and gaze
• Physical positioning
• Touch
• Gestures
• Social dilemmas
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• 5 Self and groups
• Definitions of groups
• What needs do groups fulfil?
• Group formation and dissolving
• Forming, norming and storming
• Group member socialisation
• Initiation rituals
• Social norms
• The functions of norms
• Can social norms change?
• Stereotypes
• Stereotypes as expectancies
• Self-fulfilling prophecies
• Stereotype change
• Stigmatisation and prejudice
• Prejudice and anxiety
• Prejudice and attributions
• Prejudice and self-esteem/performance
• How is prejudice maintained?
• Types of legitimising beliefs
• The role of social norms and conformity effects
• Managing intergroup relationships
• Contact theory
• Categorisation approaches
• Challenges to conflict reduction
• The Robber’s Cave study
• Acculturation psychology
• Limitations of the bi-dimensional approach.
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• Theme summary: Social relationships
• Social influence
• Theme overview
• 6 Conformity and obedience
• Conformity versus obedience
• Classic studies in conformity
• Sherif and the autokinetic effect
• The Asch paradigm
• The darker side of conformity: Milgram and Zimbardo
• The Milgram studies
• The Stanford prison study
• Beyond Zimbardo: The BBC prison study
• Social influence as a two-way street
• Group polarisation
• What happens when people break the rules? Ingroup deviance and minority influence
• Minority influence
• Behavioural styles and the green-blue paradigm
• Social facilitation and social loafing
• Social loafing
• How can we reduce levels of social loafing?
• Social facilitation
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• 7 Persuasion
• What is persuasion?
• Six sources of influence
• The Yale model and social judgement theory
• Dual-process theories of persuasion
• The elaboration likelihood model
• The heuristic systematic model
• Some examples of heuristics
• The role of fear in persuasion
• Contemporary approaches to persuasion: Nudges
• When persuasion fails: rebound effects
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• Theme summary: Social influence
• 8 Social psychology in applied context
• How does social psychology help in ‘the real world’?
• Aggression
• Biological approaches
• Psychosocial approaches
• Cultural effects on aggression
• Aggression and the media
• Aggression and automaticity
• When do we help others? Bystander helping
• Evolutionary perspectives
• Latané and Darley’s five-step model
• The good Samaritan study
• Jury decision-making
• Features of defendants and litigants
• Polling and forepeople
• Jury size
• Practical application of jury decision-making research
• The ‘social cure’
• Trauma and adaptation
• Old age
• Social identity and depression
• Addiction
• Social cure: Prospects for treatment
• Chapter summary
• Key chapter points
• Suggested further reading
• 9 Future directions and common themes
• What lies ahead for social psychology?
• Future directions in social psychology
• Directions influenced by conflict and geopolitics
• Directions influenced by social demands and new technology
• Common themes in social psychology
• Social psychology as a basic and applied discipline
• Social psychology as a multilevel phenomenon
• Social psychology as a dynamic process
• Social psychology as social influence
• Key chapter points
• Afterword
• References
• Index