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• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Maps
• List of Boxes
• Preface to the Sixth Edition
• Note on Migration Statistics
• The Age of Migration Website
• List of Abbreviations
• 1 Introduction
• Migration in an age of globalization
• The growth and diversity of international migration
• Trends and patterns of global migration
• The challenges of international migration
• International migration in global governance
• Aims and argument of the book
• Structure of the book
• 2 Categories of Migration
• Defining migration and human mobility
• Internal and international migration
• Temporary and permanent migration
• Origin and destination
• Migration motives: Labour, family, study, business
• Forced migration: Refugees and asylum seekers
• Illegal, unauthorized, irregular, undocumented
• Smuggling and trafficking
• Climate refugees: The construction of a migration threat
• Conclusion
• 3 Theories of Migration
• Explaining the migratory process
• Functionalist theories
• Historical–structural theories
• Conceptualizing migratory agency
• Dual labour market
• New economics and household theory approaches
• Migration transition theories
• The aspirations-capabilities model
• The internal dynamics of migration processes
• Migration systems theory
• Conclusion
• 4 Migration, Ethnicity and Identity
• The formation of ethnic minorities
• Ethnicity
• Race and racism
• Gender and migration
• Culture and identity
• Transnationalism and diaspora formation
• State and nation
• Citizenship
• Conclusion
• 5 International Migration before 1945
• Migration during European imperialism
• Settlement and creolization
• Industrialization and trans-Atlantic migration
• Labour migration within Europe until 1914
• The interwar period: Protectionism, nativism and racism
• The Second World War, forced labour and genocide
• Conclusion
• 6 Migration in Europe since 1945
• Migration in the post-war boom (1945–1973)
• Settlement and the growth of dual labour markets (1973–1989)
• Migration during neoliberal globalization (1989–2008)
• Migration in the former Soviet space
• The EU and Schengen: Expansion and integration
• Southern European migration transitions
• The politicization of migration and the ‘global race for talent’
• Migration after 2008: Destination Europe
• Conclusion
• 7 Migration in the Americas
• Regional migration patterns
• America’s migration transition (1945–1973)
• The globalization of American immigration (1973–1989)
• An elusive quest for control? American migration since 1989
• Canada: A quintessential immigration country
• Social transformation and migration in Latin America
• Recent developments in the US: A backlash against diversity?
• Conclusion
• 8 Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region
• Colonial and post-colonial migration patterns
• The entry of Asia on the global migration stage (1973–1989)
• The globalization of Asian migration (1989–2008)
• The rise of Asian migration destinations
• Migration since 2008: Consolidation and expansion
• The changing geographies of Asia-Pacific migration
• Migration in Australia and New Zealand
• Conclusion
• 9 Migration in Africa and the Middle East
• The historical roots of contemporary African migrations
• Postcolonial and guestworker migration (1945–1973)
• Intraregional migration: Conflict, urbanization and economic transformation
• The rise of the Gulf as a global migration magnet (1973–1989)
• African migration in the post-Cold War era
• Social transformation, the Arab Spring and migration
• The entry of Africa on the global migration stage
• Conclusion
• 10 The State, Politics and Migration
• The exit revolution
• Migration, diplomacy and state power
• The securitization of migration
• The construction of an ‘Islamic threat’
• Is xenophobia really on the rise?
• Multilateral migration governance: A cul-de-sac?
• The European Union’s migration regime
• The international refugee regime
• Conclusion
• 11 The Evolution and Effectiveness of Migration Policies
• Migration policy categories
• The migration policy toolbox
• Between rhetoric and practice
• The liberalization of migration policies
• The liberal paradox
• Travel visas and the prevention of unwanted migration
• The enforcement challenge
• Legalization: Policy failure or policy tool?
• Unintended consequence of migration policies
• Conclusion
• Appendix: The migration policy toolbox
• 12 Migrants and Minorities in the Labour Force
• The social construction of labour needs
• The changing structure of labour demand
• Migrants in the labour market
• Migrant entrepreneurship
• The transformation of work
• The feminization of precarious work
• The chronic demand for migrant labour
• The continued importance of labour recruitment
• Conclusion
• 13 New Ethnic Minorities and Society
• Immigration policies and minority formation
• Residential segregation
• Migration and the global city
• Integration policies: A controversial issue
• Racism and minority formation
• Citizenship acquisition
• Linguistic and cultural rights
• Immigrants and nation
• Models of immigrant integration
• Conclusion
• 14 Migration and Development in Origin Societies
• The migration and development debate
• Remittances as development aid?
• The economic impacts of migration and remittances
• Brain drain or brain gain?
• Social remittances
• Reform as a condition for migration and development
• Policy implications
• Conclusion
• 15 Conclusion
• Future perspectives for global migration and mobility
• Improving international cooperation and governance
• Responding to irregular migration
• Legal migration and integration
• Ethnic diversity, social change and the nation state
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index