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• Cover
• Title Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Terminology
• Introduction: Instincts and Human Passions
• Part I: Instinctivism, Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis
• 1. The Instinctivists
• The Older Instinctivists
• The Neoinstinctivists: Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz: Freud’s Concept of Aggression
• Lorenz’s Theory of Aggression
• Freud and Lorenz: Their Similarities and Differences
• 2. Environmentalists and Behaviorists
• Enlightenment Environmentalism
• Behaviorism
• B. F. Skinner’s Neobehaviorism
• Goals and Values
• The Reasons for Skinnerism’s Popularity
• Behaviorism and Aggression
• On Psychological Experiments
• The Frustration-Aggression Theory
• 3. Instinctivism and Behaviorism: Their Differences and Similarities
• A Common Ground
• More Recent Views
• The Political and Social Background of Both Theories
• 4. The Psychoanalytic Approach to the Understanding of Aggression
• Part II: The Evidence Against the Instinctivist Thesis
• 5. Neurophysiology
• The Relationship of Psychology to Neurophysiology
• The Brain as a Basis for Aggressive Behavior
• The Defensive Function of Aggression
• The “Flight” Instinct
• Predation and Aggression
• 6. Animal Behavior
• Aggression in Captivity
• Human Aggression and Crowding
• Aggression in the Wild
• Territorialism and Dominance
• Aggressiveness Among Other Mammals
• Has Man an Inhibition Against Killing?
• 7. Paleontology
• Is Man One Species?
• Is Man a Predatory Animal?
• 8. Anthropology
• “Man the Hunter”–The Anthropological Adam?
• Aggression and Primitive Hunters
• Primitive Hunters–The Affluent Society?
• Primitive Warfare
• The Neolithic Revolution
• Prehistoric Societies and “Human Nature”
• The Urban Revolution
• Aggressiveness in Primitive Cultures
• Analysis of Thirty Primitive Tribes
• System A: Life-Affirmative Societies
• System B: Nondestructive-Aggressive Societies
• System C: Destructive Societies
• Examples of the Three Systems
• The Evidence for Destructiveness and Cruelty
• Part III: The Varieties of Aggression and Destructiveness and Their Respective Conditions
• 9. Benign Aggression
• Preliminary Remarks
• Pseudoaggression
• Accidental Aggression
• Playful Aggression
• Self-Assertive Aggression
• Defensive Aggression
• Difference Between Animals and Man
• Aggression and Freedom
• Aggression and Narcissism
• Aggression and Resistance
• Conformist Aggression
• Instrumental Aggression
• On the Causes of War
• The Conditions for the Reduction of Defensive Aggression
• 10. Malignant Aggression: Premises
• Preliminary Remarks
• Man’s Nature
• The Existential Needs of Man and the Various Character-Rooted Passions
• A Frame of Orientation and Devotion
• Rootedness
• Unity
• Effectiveness
• Excitation and Stimulation
• Chronic Depression-Boredom
• Character Structure
• Conditions for the Development of Character-Rooted Passions
• Neurophysiological Conditions
• Social Conditions
• On the Rationality and Irrationality of Instincts and Passions
• Psychical Functions of the Passions
• 11. Malignant Aggression: Cruelty and Destructiveness
• Apparent Destructiveness
• Spontaneous Forms
• The Historical Record
• Vengeful Destructiveness
• Ecstatic Destructiveness
• The Worship of Destructiveness
• Kern, van Salomon: A Clinical Case of Destruction Idolatry
• The Destructive Character: Sadism
• Examples of Sexual Sadism/Masochism
• Joseph Stalin: A Clinical Case of Nonsexual Sadism
• The Nature of Sadism
• Conditions That Generate Sadism
• Heinrich Himmler: A Clinical Case of Anal-Hoarding Sadism
• 12. Malignant Aggression: Necrophilia
• The Traditional Concept
• The Necrophilous Character
• Necrophilic Dreams
• “Unintended” Necrophilic Actions
• The Necrophilic’s Language
• The Connection Between Necrophilia and the Worship of Technique
• Hypothesis on Incest and the Oedipus Complex
• The Relation of Freud’s Life and Death Instincts to Biophilia and Necrophilia
• Clinical/Methodological Principles
• 13. Malignant Aggression: Adolf Hitler, a Clinical Case of Necrophilia
• Preliminary Remarks
• Hitler’s Parentage and Early Years
• Klara Hitler
• Alois Hitler
• From Infancy to Age 6 (1889-1895)
• Childhood Ages 6 to 11 (1895-1900)
• Preadolescence and Adolescence: Ages 11 to 17 (1900-1906)
• Vienna (1907-1913)
• Munich
• A Comment on Methodology
• Hitler’s Destructiveness
• Repression of Destructiveness
• Other Aspects of Hitler’s Personality
• Relations to Women
• Gifts and Talents
• Veneer
• Defects of Will and Realism
• Epilogue: On the Ambiguity of Hope
• Appendix: Freud’s Theory of Aggressiveness and Destructiveness
• Bibliography
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• Y
• Z
• A Biography of Erich Fromm
• Copyright