Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Metrics and measures
• Introduction
• References
• Section I The Anthropocene and the Earth system: foundational concepts
• References
• Q1 What is the Anthropocene?
• References
• Q2 Is the Anthropocene a geological time unit?
• References
• Q3 What is the Earth system?
• References
• Q4 What are biogeochemical cycles?
• References
• Q5 What is albedo?
• References
• Q6 What are ecosystems, landscapes and biomes?
• References
• Q7 What are environmental (ecosystem) services?
• References
• Q8 Are global environmental change and climate change different?
• References
• Q9 Are the totality of human impacts on the Earth system novel?
• References
• Section II The emergence of the Anthropocene
• References
• Q10 Did Stone Age people change the Earth system?
• References
• Q11 Did early agriculturalists change the Earth system as proposed by the Ruddiman hypothesis?
• References
• Q12 Did the early colonial era change the Earth system?
• References
• Q13 Has the industrial era affected the Earth system?
• References
• Q14 Are we entering a new technological era beyond the industrial one?
• References
• Q15 Is the Anthropocene concept applicable in the distant past?
• References
• Section III Human changes to the land surface/lithosphere
• References
• Q16 Has human activity changed the land surface of the Earth?
• References
• Q17 Has human activity changed forests?
• References
• Q18 Why does tropical deforestation attract so much attention?
• References
• Q19 What is the forest transition thesis and its relevance to global forests?
• References
• Q20 How much land is cultivated and what are its environmental consequences?
• References
• Q21 Has human activity eroded and degraded soils globally?
• References
• Q22 Will agriculture require less land in the future as proposed by the Borlaug hypothesis?
• References
• Q23 Does land taken out of cultivation decrease the global area cultivated or lead to displacement and land-grabbing?
• References
• Q24 How much grasslands and pastures have been altered or degraded globally?
• References
• Q25 What are co-adapted landscapes?
• References
• Q26 What is desertification and how much has occurred?
• References
• Q27 Does human landscape burning have Earth system impacts?
• References
• Q28 Has human activity reduced mangrove forests?
• References
• Q29 Has human activity on tundra influenced climate warming?
• References
• Q30 Has human activity created land subsidence worldwide?
• References
• Q31 Does urbanization impact the Earth system?
• References
• Section IV Human changes to the hydrosphere
• References
• Q32 Has human activity altered the hydrological (water) cycle?
• References
• Q33 What are water withdrawal, water consumption and water footprint, and their implications for water availability?
• References
• Q34 Has human activity altered freshwater surface stocks and with what environmental consequences?
• References
• Q35 Has human activity degraded groundwater and aquifer stocks globally?
• References
• Q36 Has human activity depleted wetlands globally?
• References
• Q37 Has human activity reduced frozen water – the cryosphere – globally?
• References
• Q38 Has human activity increased ocean heat?
• References
• Q39 Has human activity raised sea levels?
• References
• Q40 Has human activity disrupted the thermohaline circulation/meridional overturning circulation, and what are the consequences?
• References
• Q41 Has human activity acidified and deoxygenated the oceans?
• References
• Q42 Has human activity polluted the oceans globally in new ways?
• References
• Section V Human changes to the atmosphere
• References
• Q43 Has human activity altered the functioning of the troposphere and stratosphere?
• References
• Q44 Has human activity increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
• References
• Q45 Has human activity increased aerosols in the atmosphere?
• References
• Q46 Is the Earth system warming – is climate change real – and how do we know?
• References
• Q47 What is the Earth’s average temperature and how is it determined?
• References
• Q48 What is the evidence for human-induced global climate warming?
• References
• Q49 Do El Niño and La Niña (ENSO) events cause warming of the Earth system?
• References
• Q50 Will human activity increase the occurrence of droughts globally?
• References
• Q51 Has human activity increased tropical storms?
• References
• Q52 Is the extreme cold of the polar vortex human-induced and does it negate the trends in global warming?
• References
• Q53 Has human activity damaged the ozone layer?
• References
• Q54 Do cities amplify local temperatures and precipitation and contribute to global warming?
• References
• Section VI Human changes to life in the biosphere
• References
• Q55 Is human activity creating a new mass extinction?
• References
• Q56 Has the human movement of domesticated and other biota changed the Earth system?
• References
• Q57 Do pollutants from human activities degrade land biota worldwide?
• References
• Q58 Has human activity reduced marine fish stocks?
• References
• Q59 Has human activity affected coral reefs?
• References
• Q60 Has human activity affected microorganisms and their links to the Earth system?
• References
• Q61 Does the built environment of cities alter biota dynamics?
• References
• Section VII The human causes of the Anthropocene
• References
• Q62 Does IPAT explain environmental change?
• References
• Q63 Does an increasing population alter environments?
• References
• Q64 Does increasing affluence alter environments?
• References
• Q65 Does technology create environmental change?
• References
• Q66 Do institutions create environmental change?
• References
• Q67 Are some economies and political economies more environmentally degrading than others?
• References
• Q68 Do cultural values and norms shape environmental behaviour?
• References
• Section VIII Understanding our relationship with nature
• References
• Q69 What is – and ought to be – our relationship with nature?
• References
• Q70 How has science treated human–environment relationships conceptually and analytically?
• References
• Q71 What is the social–environment system in human–environmental science?
• References
• Q72 Do views about human–environment relationships cross-cut cultures and social groups?
• References
• Q73 How do the Cassandra and Cornucopian perspectives shape views on human–environment relationships?
• References
• Q74 How does the Malthusian thesis and its implications apply to human–environment relationships?
• References
• Q75 Does carrying capacity apply to conditions in the Anthropocene?
• References
• Q76 How does the Boserupian thesis and its implications apply to human–environment relationships?
• References
• Q77 Can the Malthusian and Boserupian theses be reconciled and what are the implications for understanding human–environment relationships?
• References
• Q78 What was “The Bet” and what are its implications for understanding human–environment relationships?
• References
• Q79 Why is human-induced climate change so seriously challenged despite the science supporting it?
• References
• Q80 In what ways do humanists influence our understanding of human–environment relationships?
• References
• Section IX Sustainability in the Anthropocene
• References
• Q81 Do distinctions exist among approaches to sustainability?
• References
• Q82 In what ways does sustainability differ from previous environmental concerns?
• References
• Q83 What does “place-based” research mean in sustainability science?
• References
• Q84 How does sustainable development differ from sustainability?
• References
• Q85 What is the distinction between weak and strong sustainability and its implications for sustainability goals?
• References
• Q86 What are complex adaptive systems and their implications for sustainability?
• References
• Q87 Why are uncertainty, surprise and the precautionary principle applied throughout sustainability problems?
• References
• Q88 Is the Earth system approaching its planetary boundaries to function?
• References
• Q89 Are tipping elements in the Earth system reaching their tipping points?
• References
• Q90 What is the Gaia hypothesis and what are its implications for Earth system sustainability?
• References
• Q91 What is the environmentalist’s paradox and what does it mean for sustainability?
• References
• Q92 In what ways are the concepts of vulnerability and resilience applicable to sustainability interests?
• References
• Q93 Do the vulnerability and resilience of past human–environment relationships provide insights about current sustainability?
• References
• Q94 Can the economic value of global environmental services – the biosphere and Earth system – be calculated?
• References
• Q95 What is inclusive wealth and its applicability to sustainability?
• References
• Q96 What other measures of sustainability are used?
• References
• Q97 What are the distinctions and implications of mitigation and adaptation for climate change?
• References
• Q98 What can we learn from the CFC-ozone and CO2-climate change experiences about the pros and cons of international environmental agreements to reduce degradation of the Earth system?
• References
• Q99 What are the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals and what are their implications for sustainability?
• References
• Q100 How might the knowledge of sustainability science lead to improved actions toward sustainable development?
• References
• Q101 Is a sustainable Anthropocene possible?
• References
• Glossary
• Appendix: International programmes, conventions and platforms dealing with the environment and sustainability
• Permissions and acknowledgements for figures and tables
• Index