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• Cover
• Praise for previous editions of The Christian Theology Reader
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Approaching the Readings
• To the Student: How to Use This Book
• To the Teacher: How to Use This Book
• Video Resources for This Textbook
• The Development of Christian Theology: An Historical Overview
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: Getting Started: Preliminaries
• Introduction
• 1.1 Justin Martyr on Philosophy and Theology
• 1.2 Clement of Alexandria on Philosophy and Theology
• 1.3 Tertullian on the Relationship between Philosophy and Heresy
• 1.4 Augustine of Hippo on Philosophy and Theology
• 1.5 The Nicene Creed
• 1.6 The Apostles’ Creed
• 1.7 Anselm of Canterbury’s Proof for the Existence of God
• 1.8 Gaunilo’s Reply to Anselm’s Argument
• 1.9 Thomas Aquinas on Proofs for the Existence of God
• 1.10 Thomas Aquinas on the Principle of Analogy
• 1.11 William of Ockham on Proofs for the Existence of God
• 1.12 Martin Luther on the Theology of the Cross
• 1.13 John Calvin on the Nature of Faith
• 1.14 The Heidelberg Catechism on Images of God
• 1.15 John Locke on the Formation of the Concept of God
• 1.16 René Descartes on the Existence of God
• 1.17 Blaise Pascal on Proofs for the Existence of God
• 1.18 Blaise Pascal on the Hiddenness of God
• 1.19 Immanuel Kant on Anselm’s Ontological Argument
• 1.20 Søren Kierkegaard on the Subjectivity of Truth
• 1.21 The First Vatican Council on Faith and Reason
• 1.22 John Henry Newman on the Grounds of Faith
• 1.23 Adolf Von Harnack on the Origins of Dogma
• 1.24 Karl Barth on the Nature and Task of Theology
• 1.25 Ludwig Wittgenstein on Analogy
• 1.26 Ludwig Wittgenstein on Proofs for the Existence of God
• 1.27 Vladimir Lossky on Apophatic Approaches to Theology
• 1.28 Dietrich Bonhoeffer on God in a Secular World
• 1.29 Paul Tillich on the Method of Correlation
• 1.30 Ian T. Ramsey on the Language of Christian Doctrine
• 1.31 Sallie McFague on Metaphor in Theology
• 1.32 Gustavo Gutiérrez on Theology as Critical Reflection
• 1.33 Brian A. Gerrish on Accommodation in Calvin’s Theology
• 1.34 George Lindbeck on Postliberal Approaches to Doctrine
• 1.35 Dumitru Stăniloae on the Nature of Dogma
• 1.36 Kevin Vanhoozer on the Challenge of Postmodernity for Theology
• 1.37 John Polkinghorne on Motivated Belief in Theology
• 1.38 Pope Francis on Faith and Truth in Theology and the Church
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 2: The Sources of Theology
• Introduction
• 2.1 Melito of Sardis on Typology and Old Testament Interpretation
• 2.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Role of Tradition
• 2.3 Hippolytus on Typological Interpretation of Scripture
• 2.4 Clement of Alexandria on the Fourfold Interpretation of Scripture
• 2.5 Tertullian on Tradition and Apostolic Succession
• 2.6 Origen on the Three Ways of Reading Scripture
• 2.7 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Role of Creeds
• 2.8 Augustine of Hippo on the Literal and Allegorical Senses of Scripture
• 2.9 Jerome on the Role of Scripture
• 2.10 Vincent of Lérins on the Role of Tradition
• 2.11 Bernard of Clairvaux on the Allegorical Sense of Scripture
• 2.12 Stephen Langton on the Moral Sense of Scripture
• 2.13 Ludolf of Saxony on Reading Scripture Imaginatively
• 2.14 Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples on the Senses of Scripture
• 2.15 Martin Luther on the Fourfold Sense of Scripture
• 2.16 Martin Luther on Revelation in Christ
• 2.17 John Calvin on the Natural Knowledge of God
• 2.18 John Calvin on the Relationship between the Old and New Testaments
• 2.19 The Council of Trent on Scripture and Tradition
• 2.20 The Gallic Confession on the Canon of Scripture
• 2.21 The Belgic Confession on the Book of Nature
• 2.22 Melchior Cano on the Church As An Interpreter of Scripture
• 2.23 The Formula of Concord on Scripture and the Theologians
• 2.24 Robert Bellarmine on Protestant Biblical Interpretation
• 2.25 The King James Translators on Biblical Translation
• 2.26 Sir Thomas Browne on the Two Books of Revelation
• 2.27 Francis White on Scripture and Tradition
• 2.28 Jonathan Edwards on the Beauty of Creation
• 2.29 William Paley on the Wisdom of the Creation
• 2.30 Johann Adam Möhler on Living Tradition
• 2.31 John Henry Newman on the Role of Tradition
• 2.32 Charles Hodge on the Inspiration of Scripture
• 2.33 Gerard Manley Hopkins on God’s Grandeur in Nature
• 2.34 Charles Gore on the Relationship between Dogma and the New Testament
• 2.35 James Orr on the Centrality of Revelation for Christianity
• 2.36 Wilhelm Herrmann on the Nature of Revelation
• 2.37 Karl Barth on Revelation As God’s Self-Disclosure
• 2.38 Emil Brunner on the Personal Nature of Revelation
• 2.39 Rudolf Bultmann on Demythologization and Biblical Interpretation
• 2.40 Pope Pius XII on the Authority of the Vulgate Translation of the Bible
• 2.41 Austin Farrer on Demythologization, History, and Biblical Interpretation
• 2.42 Gerhard Von Rad on Typology and Biblical Interpretation
• 2.43 Karl Rahner on the Authority of Scripture
• 2.44 Brevard S. Childs on the Canonical Interpretation of Scripture
• 2.45 Phyllis Trible on Feminist Biblical Interpretation
• 2.46 John Meyendorff on Living Tradition
• 2.47 James I. Packer on the Nature of Revelation
• 2.48 Thomas F. Torrance on Karl Barth’s Criticism of Natural Theology
• 2.49 The Catechism of the Catholic Church on Scripture and Tradition
• 2.50 N. T. Wright on the Authority of Biblical Narratives
• 2.51 Alister E. Mcgrath on a Christian Approach to Natural≈theology
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 3: The Doctrine of God
• Introduction
• 3.1 Athenagoras of Athens on the Christian God
• 3.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Origin of Evil
• 3.3 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Trinity
• 3.4 Tertullian on Creation from Preexistent Matter
• 3.5 Origen on Creation from Preexistent Matter
• 3.6 Origen on the Relationship between God and Evil
• 3.7 Gregory of Nyssa on Human Analogies of the Trinity
• 3.8 Basil of Caesarea on the Work of the Holy Spirit
• 3.9 Gregory of Nazianzus on the Gradual Revelation of the Trinity
• 3.10 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Holy Spirit and the Trinity
• 3.11 Hilary of Poitiers on the Trinity
• 3.12 Augustine of Hippo on the Trinity
• 3.13 Augustine of Hippo on the Relationship between God and Evil
• 3.14 Epiphanius of Constantia on Sabellianism
• 3.15 Cyril of Alexandria on the Role of the Holy Spirit
• 3.16 John of Damascus on the Holy Spirit
• 3.17 The Eleventh Council of Toledo on the Trinity
• 3.18 Anselm of Canterbury on the Compassion of God
• 3.19 Richard of St. Victor on Love within the Trinity
• 3.20 Alexander of Hales on the Suffering of God in Christ
• 3.21 Thomas Aquinas on Divine Omnipotence
• 3.22 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio on the Origin of Evil
• 3.23 Julian of Norwich on God as our Mother
• 3.24 William of Ockham on the Two Powers of God
• 3.25 Thomas À Kempis on the Limits of Trinitarian Speculation
• 3.26 John Calvin on the Providence of God
• 3.27 Benedict Spinoza on the Impassibility of God
• 3.28 F. D. E. Schleiermacher on the Trinity
• 3.29 Karl Barth on the “Otherness” of God
• 3.30 Jürgen Moltmann on the Suffering of God
• 3.31 Hans Urs Von Balthasar on the Glory of God
• 3.32 Leonardo Boff on the Trinity as Good News for the Poor
• 3.33 Robert Jenson on the Trinity
• 3.34 Hans Küng on the Immutability of God
• 3.35 Eberhard Jüngel on the Crucified God
• 3.36 Jacques Ellul on the Theology of Icons
• 3.37 Walter Kasper on the Rationality of the Trinity
• 3.38 Paul Jewett on Noninclusive Language and the Trinity
• 3.39 John Milbank on the Trinity in a Postmodern Age
• 3.40 Elizabeth A. Johnson on Male and Female Images of God
• 3.41 Anne Carr on Feminism and the Maleness of God
• 3.42 Sarah Coakley on Social Models of the Trinity
• 3.43 David Bentley Hart on God and Evil
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 4: The Person of Christ
• Introduction
• 4.1 Ignatius of Antioch on Docetism
• 4.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on Gnosticism in Christology
• 4.3 Tertullian on Patripassianism
• 4.4 Tertullian on the Incarnation
• 4.5 Novatian on the Divinity of Christ
• 4.6 Origen on the Two Natures of Christ
• 4.7 Arius on the Status of Christ
• 4.8 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Two Natures of Christ
• 4.9 Apollinarius of Laodicea on the Person of Christ
• 4.10 Gregory of Nazianzus on Apollinarianism
• 4.11 Theodore of Mopsuestia on the “Union of Good Pleasure”
• 4.12 Nestorius on the Term Theotokos
• 4.13 Cyril of Alexandria on the Incarnation
• 4.14 Pope Leo the Great on the Two Natures of Christ
• 4.15 The Chalcedonian Definition of the Christian Faith
• 4.16 John of Damascus on the Incarnation and Icons
• 4.17 Honorius of Autun on the Cause of the Incarnation
• 4.18 Thomas Aquinas on the Necessity of the Incarnation
• 4.19 Gregory Palamas on the Divine Condescension in the Incarnation
• 4.20 Martin Luther’s Critique of Nestorianism
• 4.21 François Turrettini on the Threefold Office of Christ
• 4.22 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing on the Ditch of History
• 4.23 F. D. E. Schleiermacher on the “Natural Heresies” of Christianity
• 4.24 Martin Kähler on the Historical Jesus
• 4.25 George Tyrrell on the Christ of Liberal Protestantism
• 4.26 Albert Schweitzer on the Failure of the “Quest of The Historical Jesus”
• 4.27 G. K. Chesterton on the Incarnation, Myth, and Reason
• 4.28 P. T. Forsyth on the Person of Christ
• 4.29 Dorothy L. Sayers on Christology and Dogma
• 4.30 Paul Tillich on the Dispensability of the Historical Jesus
• 4.31 Wolfhart Pannenberg on the Indispensability of the Historical Jesus
• 4.32 Thomas F. Torrance on the Incarnation and Soteriology
• 4.33 Rosemary Radford Ruether on the Maleness of Christ
• 4.34 Morna D. Hooker on Chalcedon and the New Testament
• 4.35 N. T. Wright on History and Christology
• 4.36 Janet Martin Soskice on Christ’s Significance for Women
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 5: Salvation in Christ
• Introduction
• 5.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on the “Ransom” Theory of the Atonement
• 5.2 Irenaeus of Lyons on “Recapitulation” in Christ
• 5.3 Clement of Alexandria on Christ’s Death as an Example of Love
• 5.4 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Death of Christ
• 5.5 Athanasius of Alexandria on the Relationship between Christology and Soteriology
• 5.6 Pseudo-Hippolytus on the Cosmic Dimensions of the Cross
• 5.7 Rufinus of Aquileia on the “Fish-Hook” Theory of the Atonement
• 5.8 An Ancient Liturgy on Christ’s Descent into Hell
• 5.9 Theodoret of Cyrrhus on the Death of Christ
• 5.10 Augustine of Hippo on Redemption in Christ
• 5.11 Maximus the Confessor on the Economy Of Salvation
• 5.12 Simeon the New Theologian on Salvation as Deification
• 5.13 Anselm of Canterbury on the Atonement
• 5.14 Peter Abelard on the Love of Christ in Redemption
• 5.15 Hugh of St. Victor on the Death of Christ
• 5.16 Rupert of Deutz on the Incarnation as God’s Response to Sin
• 5.17 Thomas Aquinas on the Satisfaction of Christ
• 5.18 Nicolas Cabasilas on the Death of Christ
• 5.19 John Calvin on the Grounds of Redemption
• 5.20 The Socinian Critique of the Idea of Satisfaction
• 5.21 John Donne on the Work of Christ
• 5.22 George Herbert on the Death of Christ and Redemption
• 5.23 Charles Wesley on Salvation in Christ
• 5.24 F.D.E. Schleiermacher on Christ as a Charismatic Leader
• 5.25 F.D.E. Schleiermacher on Christology and Soteriology
• 5.26 Charles Gore on the Relationship Between Christology and Soteriology
• 5.27 Hastings Rashdall on Christ as a Moral Example
• 5.28 Gustaf Aulén on the Classic Theory of the Atonement
• 5.29 Vladimir Lossky on Redemption as Deification
• 5.30 Bernard Lonergan on the Intelligibility of Redemption
• 5.31 Wolfhart Pannenberg on Soteriological Approaches to Christology
• 5.32 James I. Packer on Penal Substitution
• 5.33 Dorothee Sölle on Suffering and Redemption
• 5.34 Colin E. Gunton on the Language of Atonement
• 5.35 The Catechism of the Catholic Church on the Sacrifice of Christ
• 5.36 Miroslav Volf on the Cross of Christ and Human Violence
• 5.37 Rosemary Radford Ruether on Suffering and Redemption
• 5.38 J. Denny Weaver on Violence in Traditional Approaches to the Atonement
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 6: Human Nature, Sin, and Grace
• Introduction
• 6.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on Human Progress
• 6.2 Tertullian on Inherited Guilt
• 6.3 Origen on the Image of God
• 6.4 Lactantius on Political Aspects of the Image of God
• 6.5 Ambrose on the Unmerited Character of Salvation
• 6.6 Ambrosiaster on Original Sin
• 6.7 Gregory of Nyssa on Human Longing for God
• 6.8 Augustine of Hippo on the Nature of Predestination
• 6.9 Augustine of Hippo on Fallen Human Nature
• 6.10 Pelagius on Human Responsibility
• 6.11 Pelagius on Human Freedom
• 6.12 The Council of Carthage on Grace
• 6.13 The Second Council of Orange on Grace and Freedom
• 6.14 Hildegard of Bingen on the Creation of Man and Woman
• 6.15 Alan of Lille on Penitence as a Cause of Grace
• 6.16 Francis of Assisi on the Creation
• 6.17 Thomas Aquinas on the Nature of Grace
• 6.18 Mechthild of Magdeburg on Humanity’s Longing for God
• 6.19 Duns Scotus on the Immaculate Conception of Mary
• 6.20 Gregory of Rimini on Predestination
• 6.21 Gabriel Biel on Merit and Justification
• 6.22 Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola on Human Nature
• 6.23 Martin Luther on Justifying Faith
• 6.24 Martin Luther on Sin and Grace
• 6.25 Philip Melanchthon on Justification by Faith
• 6.26 John Calvin on Predestination
• 6.27 John Calvin on the Concept of Justification
• 6.28 The Council of Trent on Justification
• 6.29 Theodore Beza on the Causes of Predestination
• 6.30 John Donne on the Bondage of the Human Will
• 6.31 The Westminster Confession of Faith on Predestination
• 6.32 Jonathan Edwards on Original Sin
• 6.33 John Wesley on Justification
• 6.34 John Henry Newman on Original Sin
• 6.35 Karl Barth on Election in Christ
• 6.36 Emil Brunner on Barth’s Doctrine of Election
• 6.37 Reinhold Niebuhr on Original Sin
• 6.38 Valerie C. Saiving on Feminist Approaches to Sin
• 6.39 The Second Vatican Council on Human Nature
• 6.40 Mary Hayter on Human Sexuality and the Image of God
• 6.41 Pope Benedict XVI on the Identity of Humanity
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 7: The Church
• Introduction
• 7.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Function of the Church
• 7.2 Origen on the Church and Salvation
• 7.3 Cyprian of Carthage on the Unity of the Church
• 7.4 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Catholicity of the Church
• 7.5 Petilian of Cirta on the Purity of Ministers
• 7.6 Augustine of Hippo on the Mixed Nature of the Church
• 7.7 Pope Leo the Great on Ministry Within the Church
• 7.8 Pope Innocent III on the Church and State
• 7.9 Thomas Aquinas on the Catholicity of the Church
• 7.10 Pope Boniface VIII on Papal Primacy
• 7.11 Jan Hus on the Church
• 7.12 Martin Luther on the Marks of the Church
• 7.13 Martin Luther on Priests and Laity
• 7.14 Philip Melanchthon on the Nature of Catholicity
• 7.15 Sebastian Franck on the True Church
• 7.16 The First Helvetic Confession on the Nature of the Church
• 7.17 John Calvin on the Marks of the Church
• 7.18 Richard Hooker on the Purity of the Church
• 7.19 The Westminster Confession of Faith on the Church
• 7.20 Roger Williams on the Separation of the Church from the World
• 7.21 F. D. E. Schleiermacher on the Church as a Fellowship of Believers
• 7.22 The First Vatican Council on Papal Primacy in the Church
• 7.23 Henry Barclay Swete on the Apostolicity of the Church
• 7.24 The Barmen Confession on the Identity of the Church
• 7.25 Stephen Charles Neill on Holiness and the Mission of the Church
• 7.26 Yves Congar on the Hierarchy of the Church
• 7.27 The Second Vatican Council on the Nature of the Church
• 7.28 John D. Zizioulas on Local and Universal Churches
• 7.29 Avery Dulles on the Meanings of “Catholicity”
• 7.30 Stanley Hauerwas on the Church and the Story of Faith
• 7.31 George Dragas on the Orthodox Concept of the Church
• 7.32 Pope John Paul II on the laity and Mission
• 7.33 John Webster on the Church and the Gospel
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 8: The Sacraments
• Introduction
• 8.1 Clement of Alexandria on Faith As Feeding on Christ
• 8.2 Tertullian on the Significance of Water in Baptism
• 8.3 Cyprian of Carthage on Heretical Baptism
• 8.4 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Meaning of Baptism
• 8.5 Cyril of Jerusalem on the Body and Blood of Christ
• 8.6 Hilary of Poitiers on the Effects of Baptism
• 8.7 Gregory of Nazianzus on the Symbolism of Baptism
• 8.8 Augustine of Hippo on Donatist Approaches to the Sacraments
• 8.9 Augustine of Hippo on the “Right to Baptize”
• 8.10 John of Damascus on the Holy Spirit and the Eucharist
• 8.11 Paschasius Radbertus on the Real Presence
• 8.12 Ratramnus of Corbie on the Real Presence
• 8.13 Candidus of Fulda on “This Is My Body”
• 8.14 Lanfranc of Bec on the Mystery of the Sacraments
• 8.15 Hugh of St. Victor on the Definition of a sacrament
• 8.16 Peter Lombard on the Definition of a Sacrament
• 8.17 The Fourth Lateran Council on Baptism and the Eucharist
• 8.18 Thomas Aquinas on Transubstantiation
• 8.19 Martin Luther on the Doctrine of Transubstantiation
• 8.20 Martin Luther on the Bread and Wine As a Testament
• 8.21 Huldrych Zwingli on “This Is My Body”
• 8.22 Huldrych Zwingli on the Nature of Sacraments
• 8.23 John Calvin on the Nature of Sacraments
• 8.24 The Council of Trent on Transubstantiation
• 8.25 John Wesley on the Eucharist and Salvation
• 8.26 John Henry Newman on Infant Baptism
• 8.27 The Second Vatican Council on the Eucharist
• 8.28 Edward Schillebeeckx on the Real Presence
• 8.29 The World Council of Churches on Baptism
• 8.30 Alexander Schmemann on the Eucharist
• 8.31 Rowan Williams on the Nature of a Sacrament
• 8.32 Pope John Paul II on the Eucharist As a Sign of Hope
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 9: Christianity and Other Religions
• Introduction
• 9.1 Justin Martyr on Christianity and Judaism
• 9.2 Ludwig Feuerbach on the Human Origins of Religion
• 9.3 Karl Marx on Feuerbach’s Views on Religion
• 9.4 Karl Barth on Christianity and Religion
• 9.5 C. S. Lewis on Myth in Christianity and Other Faiths
• 9.6 Karl Rahner on Christianity and the Non-Christian Religions
• 9.7 The Second Vatican Council on Non-Christian Religions
• 9.8 Clark Pinnock on Pluralists and Christology
• 9.9 John Hick on Complementary Pluralism
• 9.10 John B. Cobb Jr. on Religious Pluralism
• 9.11 Lesslie Newbigin on the Gospel in a Pluralist Culture
• 9.12 Gavin D’Costa on the Self-Contradictions of Pluralism
• 9.13 Herbert McCabe on Christianity and the Abolition of the Gods
• 9.14 David Ford on Scriptural Reasoning and Interreligious Dialogue
• 9.15 Pope Francis on Evangelism and Interreligious Dialogue
• For Further Reading
• Chapter 10: The Last Things
• Introduction
• 10.1 Irenaeus of Lyons on the Final Restoration of Creation
• 10.2 Theophilus of Antioch on Conditional Immortality
• 10.3 Tertullian on Hell and Heaven
• 10.4 Tertullian on the Millennium
• 10.5 Origen on the Resurrection Body
• 10.6 Cyprian of Carthage on Paradise as the Christian Homeland
• 10.7 Methodius of Olympus on the Resurrection
• 10.8 Cyril of Jerusalem on Prayers for the Dead
• 10.9 Gregory of Nyssa on the Resurrection Body
• 10.10 John Chrysostom on Prayers for the Dead
• 10.11 Augustine of Hippo on the Christian Hope
• 10.12 Gregory the Great on Purgatory
• 10.13 Peter Lombard on the Appearance of Humanity in Heaven
• 10.14 Pope Benedict XII on Seeing God in Heaven
• 10.15 Catherine of Genoa on Purgatory
• 10.16 John Donne on the Resurrection
• 10.17 Jeremy Taylor on Death and Heaven
• 10.18 Jonathan Edwards on the Reality of Hell
• 10.19 John Wesley on Universal Restoration
• 10.20 C. S. Lewis on the Hope of Heaven
• 10.21 Rudolf Bultmann on the Existential Interpretation of Eschatology
• 10.22 Helmut Thielicke on Ethics and Eschatology
• 10.23 Richard Bauckham on Jürgen Moltmann’s Eschatology
• 10.24 Hans Urs von Balthasar on Hell
• 10.25 The Catechism of the Catholic Church on Heaven
• 10.26 Kathryn Tanner on Eternal Life
• For Further Reading
• A Glossary of Theological Terms
• Sources of Readings
• For Further Study: Additional Collections of Readings
• Index
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