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• Front Matter
• Cover Page
• Halftitle Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• About The Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development
• Developmental Science
• Periods of Development
• Domains of Development
• Contexts of Development
• Children, Society, and Science
• Historical Beliefs About Children and Childhood
• The Emergence of Developmental Science
• The New Field of Developmental Science
• The Central Issues of Developmental Science
• Questions About the Sources of Development
• Questions About Plasticity
• Questions About Continuity/Discontinuity
• Questions About Individual Differences
• Theories of Development
• Theory in Developmental Science
• Grand Theories
• Modern Theories
• Methods for Studying Development
• The Goals of Developmental Research
• Criteria for Developmental Research
• Methods of Data Collection
• Research Designs
• Ethical Standards
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Part One In the Beginning
• Chapter 2 Biocultural Foundations
• Inheriting Culture
• The Tools of Culture
• Processes of Cultural Inheritance
• The Complexity of Culture
• Biological Inheritance
• Genes and Traits
• Evolution’s Process of Natural Selection
• Genetic Inheritance Through Sexual Reproduction
• Laws of Genetic Inheritance
• Mutations and Genetic Abnormalities
• The Phenotype: From Genes to Traits
• Heritability
• Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Human Behavior
• The Coevolution of Culture and Biology
• Lactose Tolerance
• Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth
• The Periods of Prenatal Development
• The Germinal Period
• The Embryonic Period
• The Fetal Period
• Maternal Conditions and Prenatal Development
• Maternal Stress
• Nutritional Influences
• Teratogens: Environmental Sources of Birth Defects
• Drugs
• Infections and Other Health Conditions
• Birth
• The Stages of Labor
• Cultural Variations in Childbirth
• Childbirth in the United States
• The Newborn’s Condition
• Assessing a Baby’s Viability
• Problems and Complications
• Developmental Consequences
• Beginning the Parent–Child Relationship
• The Baby’s Appearance
• Social Expectations
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Part Two Infancy
• Chapter 4 The First 3 Months
• Physical Growth
• Measuring Body Growth
• Growth of the Skull
• Brain Development
• Neurons and Networks of Neurons
• The Structure of the Central Nervous System
• Experience and Development of the Brain
• Sensing the Environment
• Methods of Evaluating Infant Sensory Capacities
• Hearing
• Vision
• Taste and Smell
• Multimodal Perception
• The Organization of Behavior
• Reflexes
• From Reflex to Coordinated Action
• Reaching
• Piaget’s Theory of Developing Action
• Learning Theories of Developing Action
• Temperament
• Becoming Coordinated with the Social World
• Sleeping
• Feeding
• Crying
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 5 Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy
• Physical Growth
• Size and Shape
• The Musculoskeletal System
• Brain Development
• Brain and Behavior
• Brain and Experience
• Motor Development
• Fine Motor Skills
• Gross Motor Skills
• The Role of Practice in Motor Development
• Cognitive Development: The Great Debate
• Sensorimotor Development
• Conceptual Development
• Understanding the Permanence of Objects
• Understanding Other Properties of the Physical World
• Reasoning About Objects
• The Growth of Attention and Memory
• Developing Attention
• Developing Memory
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 6 Social and Emotional Development in Infancy
• The Nature of Infant Emotions and Emotional Expressions
• Theories of Emotional Development
• Infant Emotions and Social Life
• Intersubjectivity and the Brain
• The First Emotional Relationships
• Theories of Attachment
• Explanations of Attachment
• Phases of Attachment
• Patterns of Attachment
• Attachment Patterns Across Development and Generations
• First Relationships and Culture
• The Changing Nature of Communication
• Social Referencing
• Following a Caregiver’s Signs of Interest
• A Sense of Self
• Self-recognition
• The Emergence of Self-conscious Emotions
• Developing Trust and Autonomy
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Part Three Early Childhood
• Chapter 7 Language Acquisition
• The Power and Foundations of Language
• Keys to the World of Language
• The Biological Key to Language
• The Environmental Key to Language
• The Basic Domains of Language Acquisition
• Phonological Development
• Semantic Development
• Grammar Development
• Pragmatic Development
• Explanations of Language Acquisition
• Biological Explanations
• Social and Cultural Explanations
• Constructivist and Dynamic Systems Approaches
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 8 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
• Physical and Motor Development
• The Changing Body
• Motor Development
• Health
• Brain Development
• Preoperational Development
• Centration
• The Problem of Uneven Levels of Performance
• Information-Processing Approaches to Cognitive Development
• Cognitive Development in Privileged Domains
• The Domain of Psychology
• The Domain of Biology
• The Domain of Physics
• Explaining Domain-Specific Cognitive Development
• Cognitive Development and Culture
• Cultural Scripts
• Cultural Context and the Unevenness of Development
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 9 Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood
• Identity Development
• Gender Identity
• Ethnic Identity
• Personal Identity
• A New Moral World
• The Psychodynamic View
• The Constructivist View
• The Social Domain View
• Developing Self-Regulation
• Regulating Thought and Action
• Self-Regulation and Play
• Regulating Emotions
• Understanding Aggression
• The Development of Aggression
• What Causes and Controls Aggression?
• Developing Prosocial Behaviors
• Empathy
• Sympathy
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 10 Contexts of Development
• The Family Context
• The Biocultural Origins of Family
• Parenting Practices
• The Role of Siblings
• Family Diversity
• Distressed Families
• Nonparental Child Care
• Varieties of Child Care
• Developmental Effects of Child Care
• Neighborhoods and Communities
• Community and Culture
• Distressed Communities
• Media Contexts
• Print Media
• Television
• Interactive Media
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Part Four Middle Childhood
• Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
• Physical and Motor Development
• Patterns of Growth
• Motor Development
• Brain Development
• Concrete-Operational Development
• Conservation
• Classification
• Planning
• Metacognition
• Limitations of Concrete Operations
• Information-Processing Approaches
• The Role of Memory
• Thinking About Memory
• Increased Control of Attention
• Executive Function
• The Role of Social and Cultural Contexts
• Is the Acquisition of Conservation Universal?
• Cultural Variations in Memory and Attention
• Cultural Variations in Planning
• Individual Differences in Cognitive Development
• Measuring Intelligence
• Persistent Questions About Intelligence
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 12 School as a Context for Development
• The Contexts of Learning
• School Readiness
• Precursors to Reading and Writing
• Precursors to Learning Mathematics
• The Role of Family
• Preschools
• In the Classroom
• Social Organization of the Classroom and Instructional Design
• Barriers to School Success
• The Cognitive Consequences of Schooling
• The School-Cutoff Strategy
• Comparing Schooled and Nonschooled Children
• Assessing the Second-Generation Impact of Schooling
• Contemporary Challenges in a Globalizing World
• The Culture of School
• The Language of School
• Culturally Responsive Classroom Strategies
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 13 Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
• A New Sense of Self
• Changing Conceptions of the Self
• Self-Esteem
• Moral Development
• Constructivist View of Moral Development
• Social Domain Theory
• Peer Relationships
• Peer Relationships and Social Status
• Bullies and Their Victims
• Competition and Cooperation Among Peers
• Relationships Between Boys and Girls
• Friendship: A Special Type of Relationship
• The Influence of Parents
• Changing Interactions
• Parents and Peers
• Divorce
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Part Five Adolescence
• Chapter 14 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
• Adolescents and Society
• Historical Views
• Adolescents in Modern Society
• The Emergence of a Scientific Approach
• G. Stanley Hall
• Sigmund Freud
• Margaret Mead
• Puberty
• The Growth Spurt
• Sexual Development
• Brain Development
• The Neuro-Hormonal System
• The Timing of Puberty
• Puberty and Health
• Cognitive Development
• Piaget’s Theory of Formal Operations
• Information-Processing Approaches
• Sociocultural Approaches
• Moral Development
• Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
• Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
• Parent and Peer Contributions to Moral Development
• Cultural Variations in Moral Reasoning
• The Relationship Between Moral Reasoning and Moral Action
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 15 Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence
• Emotional Development in Adolescence
• The Experience of Emotions
• Regulating Emotions
• Relationships with Peers
• Friendships
• Digital Media: A Threat to Intimacy?
• Adolescent Peer Group Life and Culture
• Peer Pressure, Conformity, and Deviance
• Romantic Relationships
• Sexual Behavior
• Learning About Sex
• The Sexual Debut
• Relationships with Parents
• Adolescent–Parent Conflicts
• Attachment and Adjustment
• Self and Identity Development
• Self-Determination and Agency
• Achieving a Mature Identity
• Forming an Ethnic Identity
• Forming a Sexual Identity
• Adolescent Health and Well-Being
• Emotional Health
• Positive Youth Development
• Looking Ahead
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Back Matter
• Footnotes
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
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• Subject Index
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• Back Cover