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• Title page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Part 1 } INTRODUCTION
• Chapter 1 A Child’s Journey
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: All Children Have Birthdays
• Children and Their Development
• What Is Development?
• The Study of Development
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Developmental Domains
• Developmental Epochs: Is Age the Answer?
• Issues in Development
• A Child’s Journey in the 21st Century
• Research Insights: Are Today’s Children More Imaginative?
• Parenting: Children in the Home
• Children and Their Cultural Communities
• Children in a Technological World
• Culture and Parents’ Views on Children’s Disabilities
• Practice: Video Games and Learning
• Explaining Development: The Theories
• Psychoanalytically Based Theories
• Cognitive Theories
• Learning Theories
• Ethological Theories
• Systems Theories
• Focus On: Urie Bronfenbrenner
• Asking Questions, Examining Answers
• The Scientific Method
• Designing Research Studies
• Collecting Data
• Reporting Research Results
• Policy: Ethical Considerations
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Part 2 } BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS
• Chapter 2 Biological Foundations of Child Development
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: It Can Start with Cells
• The Biology of Life
• The Functions of Cells
• DNA, RNA, and Protein
• WHEN CELLULAR SYSTEMS CONNECT: PKU as an Example
• Research Insights: “Turning Off” Genes
• Genes and Heredity
• Genes and Chromosomes
• Culture, Genetics, and Human Migration
• Patterns of Heredity
• Chromosomal Disorders
• Parenting: Genetic Counseling
• Gene-Environment Interactions
• Mechanisms of Interaction Between Genes and Environment
• Research on Gene-Environment Interactions: Kinship Studies
• The Physiology of Thinking and Feeling
• The Brain and Nervous System
• The Endocrine System and the Physiology of Stress
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Stress and Child Development
• Children’s Well-Being in Society
• Indicators of Children’s Well-Being in the United States
• Health Care among American Children
• Policy: Who Is Covered by Insurance, and How?
• Practice: A Hmong Child in the American Health-Care System
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 3 Prenatal Development
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Advocating for Care of Pregnant Women
• Conception
• Gametes and Meiosis
• Fertilization
• Prenatal Growth and Development
• The Germinal Period: 0 to 2 Weeks
• Policy: The Politics of Stem Cell Research
• The Period of the Embryo: 3 to 8 Weeks
• The Period of the Fetus: 9 Weeks to Birth
• The Developing Brain: A Closer Look
• Research Insights: Learning Before Birth
• Development and the Prenatal Environment
• Chemical Substances
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Alcohol and Pregnancy
• Focus On: Ann Streissguth and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Maternal Disease, Illness, and Stress
• Environmental Pollutants and Hazards
• Health During Pregnancy
• Physiology of Pregnancy
• Culture and Pregnancy
• Practice: Recommendations for a Healthy Pregnancy
• Complications of Pregnancy and High-Risk Pregnancies
• A Special High-Risk Case: The Pregnant Adolescent
• Pregnancy and Society
• Birth-Rate Trends
• Access to Health Care
• Infertility
• Parenting and ART: Telling the Children
• Practice: Multiple Births
• Parenting: Health, Family, and Culture
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 4 Birth and the Newborn
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: An Unexpected Birth Experience
• Birth
• What Do You Know About Childbirth?
• Preparing for the Birth of the Baby
• Parenting: Writing a Birth Plan
• Stages of Labor
• Childbirth and Pain
• The Place of Childbirth: Home or Hospital?
• Focus On: Pioneers in the Natural Childbirth Movement
• Research Insights: Risks in Planned Cesarean Delivery
• At-Risk Infants: A Different Beginning
• Prematurity and Birth Weight
• Causes and Treatments of Prematurity
• Prematurity and Developmental Outcomes
• Low Birth Weight in the Developing World
• A Different Beginning for Parents, Too
• Research Insights: The Long-Term Risks of Prematurity
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Early Intervention for At-Risk Newborns
• Focus On: Heidelise Als
• Neonatal Mortality
• Policy: The Fourth Millennium Development Goals
• The Newborn
• A Dramatic Transition
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Newborn Reflexes and Behavioral States
• The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
• Sensory Capacities and the Social Newborn
• The Developmental Tasks of the Newborn Period
• The Parent-Infant Bond
• Breast-Feeding: A Developmental Issue
• Practice: The UNICEF/WHO Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative
• Developmental Tasks Facing the Newborn
• Research Insights: Effects of Breast-Feeding on Intelligence
• Culture and Crying
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Part 3 } INFANCY
• Chapter 5 Physical Development and Health in Infancy and Toddlerhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Beating the Odds
• A Framework for Children’s Health and Physical Development
• Biology of Health: Physical, Motor, and Perceptual Development
• New Directions in Infant Motor Research
• What Happens in the Brain? Beginning to Walk
• Physical Development: How Babies Grow into Toddlers
• Motor Development: From Sitting to Jumping
• Research Insights: Climbing Stairs
• Theories of Motor Development
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Dynamic Systems Theory
• Sensory and Perceptual Development: Taking in the World
• The Developing Brain: Biology of Health
• An Exuberant Burst of Synapse Formation
• Focus On: Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Wilder Penfield, Pioneers in Brain Research
• Research Insights: Mirror Neurons
• Pruning: Refining the Brain Through Experience
• Foundations of Health: Nutrition and Health
• Nutrition for Infants and Toddlers
• Nutritional Problems
• Policy: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
• Capacities for Health: Caregivers, Environment, and Community
• The Physical Environment
• The Caregiving Environment
• Culture and Sleeping Arrangements
• Parenting: Products for Infants
• Practice: Infant and Toddler Child-Care Settings
• Motor Development in Different Cultural Environments
• Disruptions in Health: Neuromotor Disabilities
• Cerebral Palsy
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Down Syndrome
• Policy: Early Intervention
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 6 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Does Infant Stimulation Matter?
• Theories of Cognitive Development
• Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
• Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
• Culture and Fatherhood
• Other Theories
• Information-Processing Approaches
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: The Basis for Cognitive Gains
• Research Methods
• Visual Preference Procedures
• Object Exploration Approaches
• Practice: Making Sense of Media Reports
• Studies of Infant Imitation
• Neuroimaging Techniques
• Standardized Tests of Infant Cognitive Development
• The Beginnings of Language
• The Language Areas of the Brain
• Theories of Language Development
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: The Interactionist Approach
• Acquiring Language: From Speech Perception to First Words
• The Role of Experience in Language Development
• Parenting: Wireless Parents
• Research Insights: The Video Deficit
• Raising a Bilingual Child
• Infant and Toddler Education
• Policy: Disparities in Cognitive Development in the First Years of Life
• Focus On: James J. Heckman, Nobel Prize Winner in Economics
• High-Quality Programs for Infants and Toddlers
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 7 Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: The Infant Mental Health Professional
• Theories of Psychosocial Development
• Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
• Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: The Transactional Model
• The Importance of Attachment
• How Does Attachment Develop?
• Measuring Attachment
• Cultural Differences in Attachment
• Long-Term Effects of Early Attachment
• Policy: Maternal Employment During the First Year and How It Affects Attachment
• The Effects of Early Adverse Experiences
• Emotional Development
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: The Limbic System
• Emotion: The Language of Babies
• Expressing Emotion
• Transitions in Emotional Development in the First Years
• Emotional Regulation
• Social Competence
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Parenting: Red Flags for Autism Spectrum Disorder
• The Emerging Sense of Self
• Erikson, Stern, and the Sense of Self
• Self-Recognition and Self-Concept
• Empathy
• Are Babies Capable of Moral Acts?
• Research Insights: The Beginnings of Moral Development
• Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
• Cultural Differences in Parenting Practices During Infancy
• Focus On: Marian Wright Edelman and the Children’s Defense Fund
• Culture and School Readiness
• Fathers and Their Infants
• The Role of Siblings and Peers
• The Changing Role of Grandparents
• Practice: The Enduring Effects of Early Child Care
• The Role of Temperament
• Parenting: Goodness of Fit
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• MILESTONES IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
• Part 4 } EARLY CHILDHOOD
• Chapter 8 Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Soap
• Biology of Health: Physical Growth and Development
• Growth and Size
• Brain Development
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Stress
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: National Well-Being and Young Brains
• Motor Development
• Focus On: Jack P. Shonkoff, MD, and the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University
• Foundations of Health: Health Promotion
• Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
• Practice: Well-Child Visits and Developmental Screening
• Nutrition, Food Allergies, and Malnutrition
• Policy: Food Insecurity and Food Deserts
• Immunizations and Vaccines
• Research Insights: Lessons from the Autism”“Vaccine Controversy
• Promoting Dental Health
• Policy: Dental Health and Fluoride
• Capacity for Health: Caregivers, Community, and Child Safety
• Parenting: Health Literacy
• Kids, Germs, and Early Child Care
• Safety at Home and in the Community
• Common Disruptions in Health
• Asthma
• Culture and Medical Beliefs
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: An Ecological Perspective on Asthma Management
• Ear Infections: Otitis Media
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 9 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: The Harlem Children’s Zone
• Piaget’s Theory and Preoperational Thought
• Advances and Limitations in Preoperational Thought
• Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory
• Practice: Implications of Piaget’s Theory for Preschool Classrooms
• Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
• Features of Vygotsky’s Theory
• Criticisms of Vygotsky’s Theory
• Focus On: Barbara Rogoff
• Practice: Implications of Vygotsky’s Theory for Preschool Classrooms
• Information Processing Theory
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: The Role of Executive Function
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: A Growth Spurt in Executive Function
• Combining Theories: Neo-Piagetian Approaches
• Criticisms of Information Processing Theory
• Practice: Implications of Information Processing Theory for Preschool Classrooms
• Research Insights: Can We Teach Executive Function Skills to Young Children?
• Language Development
• Vocabulary Growth
• Grammar Usage
• Rules of Conversation
• Speaking Two Languages
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Language Delays
• School Readiness
• Emergent Reading
• What Happens in the Brain? Beginning to Read
• Parenting: Helping Preschool Children Become Readers
• Emergent Writing
• Emergent Number Concepts
• Culture and Learning Numbers
• Preschool Education
• Research Insights: Young Children and Board Games
• Policy: P.L. 104-193: The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Being a Voice for a Child
• Emotional Development
• Psychosocial Theory
• Recognizing Emotions
• Emotional Regulation
• Culture and Showing Pride and Shame
• The Development of a Sense of Self
• Self-Concept
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Self-Representation and the Brain
• Gender-Role Development
• Relationships with Peers
• Play
• Practice: How Can Preschool Teachers Support Play?
• Friendships
• Policy: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
• Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors
• Focus On: Albert Bandura
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Developing a Theory of Mind
• Research Insights: Do Children with Autism Lack a Theory of Mind?
• Moral Development
• Right and Wrong
• Distributive Justice
• Parenting Practices
• Parenting Styles
• Parenting: Spanking as a Form of Discipline
• Maltreatment of Children
• Policy: The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)
• Research Insights: The Effects of Extreme Emotional Neglect
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• MILESTONES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
• Part 5 } MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
• Chapter 11 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: School Health
• Biology of Health: Physical Growth and Development
• Growth and Size
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Middle Childhood
• Motor Development in Middle Childhood
• Research Insights: Degrees of Freedom
• Foundations of Health: Health Promotion
• Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
• Nutrition
• Culture and Body Weight
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Why the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity Has Increased
• Policy: Reducing and Preventing Childhood Obesity
• Parenting: Family Mealtime
• Physical Activity
• Focus On: Michelle Obama and Let’s Move!
• Capacity for Health: Caregivers and Community
• Safety from Unintentional Injuries
• Sports
• School Health
• Practice: The Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) Model
• Common Disruptions in Health
• Chronic Conditions in Childhood
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 12 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Be a Buddy
• Piaget’s Theory and Concrete Operational Thought
• Accomplishments of the Concrete Operational Period
• Practice: Helping Children Develop Their Cognitive Skills in the Classroom
• Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory
• Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
• Development in Middle Childhood
• Practice: Vygotsky in the Classroom
• Criticisms of Vygotsky’s Theory
• Information Processing
• Attention
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Attention
• Memory
• Research Insights: Children with Problems with Attention
• Focus On: Eric Kandel
• Practice: Teaching Effective Memory Strategies
• Criticisms of Information Processing Theory
• Intelligence and Thinking
• The Search for Intelligence
• Culture and Views on Intelligence
• Binet, Wechsler, and Intelligence Testing
• A Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
• The Development of Language, Literacy, and Mathematical Skills
• Language Development
• Policy: English Language Learners
• Literacy Skills
• Mathematical Skills
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Mathematical Skills and Executive Functioning
• Parenting: Parental Engagement in Children’s Schooling
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 13 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Service Learning
• Emotional Development
• Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
• Antisocial Behavior
• Research Insights: Do Violent Video Games Promote Aggression?
• Prosocial Behavior
• Emotional Regulation
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Coping with Stress
• Relating to One’s Self
• The I-Self and the Me-Self
• The Developing Sense of Self
• Gender Development
• Self-Esteem
• Parenting: Building Self-Esteem
• Relating to Others
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: The Social Brain
• Focus On: Antonio Damasio
• Understanding Others
• What Happens in the Brain? Emotional Self-Regulation in Middle Childhood
• Interacting with Peers
• Interacting with Parents
• Parenting: Supporting Children’s Well-Being After Divorce
• Interacting with Siblings
• Interacting at School
• Policy: Anti-Bullying Legislation
• Moral Development
• Cognitive-Developmental Theory: Piaget and Kohlberg
• Telling the Truth
• Distributive Justice
• Culture and Children’s Evaluations of Truths and Lies
• Practice: Making Moral Principles Meaningful
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• MILESTONES IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
• Part 6 } ADOLESCENCE
• Chapter 14 Physical Development and Health in Adolescence
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Youth Advocating for Youth
• Biology of Health: Physical Growth and Development
• Focus On: G. Stanley Hall
• Puberty
• The Timing of Puberty
• Hormones, Emotions, and Behavior
• Culture and Menarche
• Brain Development
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Adolescent Brain Development
• Foundations of Health: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
• Research Insights: Survey Data
• Nutrition and Physical Activity
• Sleep and Stress
• Adolescent Health Behaviors: Injury, Sexual Activity, and Substance Use
• Policy: Cervical Cancer, Human Papillomavirus, and a Vaccine
• Health Education and Prevention: Focus on Sex and Alcohol
• Parenting: The Role of Parents in Adolescent Sexual Behavior
• Alcohol and Drug Prevention Programs
• Capacity for Health: Caregivers, Community, and Safety
• Motor Vehicle Safety
• Access to Health Care for Adolescents
• What Happens in the Brain? Having a Conversation While Driving a Car
• Safety: Sports and Injury
• Practice: Treating Concussions in Adolescents
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: An Uneven Playing Field
• Common Disruptions in Health: Managing Chronic Illness
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 15 Cognitive Development in Adolescence
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Teen-to-Teen Tutors
• Piaget and Formal Operations
• Cognitive Changes in the Formal Operational Period
• Adolescent Egocentrism
• Contributions and Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory
• Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and the Adolescent Mind
• Acquiring Academic Language
• Practice: Peer Tutoring
• Contributions of Vygotsky’s Theory
• Information Processing in the Adolescent Years
• Cognitive Changes in Processing
• Changes in Metacognition
• Decision Making
• Contributions of the Information Processing Approach
• The Developing Brain: The Brain and Adolescent Cognition
• Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex
• Synaptic Pruning and Increased Myelination
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: The Effects of Experience
• Learning and Schooling
• Sex Differences in Math and Verbal Skills
• Academic Motivation
• Research Insights: Can Knowledge About Income Difference Motivate Students?
• Research Insights: Can You Grow Your Intelligence?
• Focus On: Claude Steele
• Parenting: Promoting School Achievement
• School Transitions
• School Completion
• Policy: The No Child Left Behind Act and High School Completion
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: School Completion
• Culture and Learning Models
• School and Work
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• Chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
• MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Peer Court
• The Development of the Self: Identity
• Erikson’s Theory
• Marcia’s Patterns of Identity Status
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Identity Achievement and Cognitive Skills
• Ethnic and Racial Identity
• Focus On: Janet E. Helms
• Culture and the Immigrant Paradox
• Sexual Identity
• Relating to Others
• Adolescent-Parent Relationships
• Parenting: Psychological Control
• Adolescent-Peer Relationships
• Moral Development
• Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
• Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
• THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Moral Judgments
• Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
• Research Insights: Impulsivity and Reward Seeking
• Policy: Trying Juveniles as Adults
• Risk and Resilience
• Adolescent Depression
• WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Risk Factors for Depression
• Research Insights: Treatment for Adolescents with Depression
• Adolescent Eating Disorders
• Practice: Positive Youth Development
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• KEY TERMS
• CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
• Real Development
• MILESTONES IN ADOLESCENCE
• References
• Glossary
• Name Index
• Subject Index