Efnisyfirlit

• The Guidebook to Sociolinguistics
• Copyright
• Contents
• Figures
• Tables
• Preface
• 1 What Are Sociolinguistics?
• 1.1 What is language?
• 1.2 What is a language?
• Naming languages
• 1.3 What then are sociolinguistics?
• Sociology of language
• Critical-constructivist sociolinguistics
• Ethnographic-interactional sociolinguistics
• Variationist sociolinguistics
• 1.4 Neighbouring and overlapping fields
• 1.5 A guide to the guidebook
• The book’s trajectory
• General reading
• Doing sociolinguistics
• References
• 2 A Profusion of Languages
• 2.1 Being multilingual
• Who is bilingual?
• How multilingualism arises
• The values of multilingualism
• 2.2 Six dimensions of bilingualism
• 1: Individual versus social
• 2: Productive versus receptive
• 3: Primary versus secondary
• 4: Additive versus subtractive
• 5: Stable versus dynamic
• 6: Indigenous versus immigrant
• 2.3 Approaches to multilingualism
• The sociology of language
• Ethnolinguistic vitality
• Critical/constructivist approaches
• 2.4 Language surveys and censuses
• 2.5 The case of Canada
• Controversy over questions
• Comparing French and English
• Language transfer
• The place of Québec
• The uses of censuses
• 2.6 Research activity: A bilingual survey
• 2.7 Summary
• 2.8 Further reading
• References
• 3 Language Shift and Maintenance
• 3.1 Introducing language contact
• 3.2 Language functions
• Official and national languages
• Malawi
• 3.3 Shifting languages
• Low status
• Unfavourable demographics
• Institutional opposition
• 3.4 Maintaining and revitalizing languages
• Reversing language shift
• Linguistic human rights
• 3.5 The case for Māori
• The Treaty, te reo and television
• Māori revitalized?
• 3.6 Research activity doing a project (1) – the setup
• Step 1: Aims and rationale
• Step 2: Literature review
• Step 3: Design and method
• 3.7 Summary
• 3.8 Further reading
• References
• 4 Language Birth and Death
• 4.1 Pidgins and creoles
• Jargons
• Pidgins
• Creoles
• Attempting definitions
• 4.2 Where do pidgins and creoles come from?
• Comparing theories
• 4.3 The creole continuum
• 4.4 Language danger and death
• Counting languages in danger
• Discourses of language death
• Processes of language death
• 4.5 The microlinguistics of dying languages
• 4.6 The cases of Gaelic and Melanesian
• East Sutherland Gaelic in Scotland
• Creoles of the Pacific
• 4.7 Research activity the making of Melanesian Pidgin
• 4.8 Summary
• 4.9 Further reading
• References
• 5 Codes and Choices
• 5.1 Varieties, codes and repertoires
• 5.2 The speech community
• 5.3 Diglossia
• Classic diglossia
• Fishman and Fasold extend diglossia
• Diglossia: caveats and critiques
• 5.4 Code switching
• 5.5 The sociolinguistics of code switching
• Gumperz: interactional code switching
• Myers-Scotton: the Markedness Model
• Auer: code switching as practice
• 5.6 The case of Oberwart
• ‘Peasant men can’t get wives’
• Language choice in Oberwart–Felsöör
• 5.7 Research activity observation versus self-report
• 5.8 Summary
• 5.9 Further reading
• References
• 6 Situated Language
• 6.1 Situations, contexts and domains
• Domains of use
• 6.2 Ethnographies of communication
• 6.3 Speakers in situ
• 6.4 Audiences for language
• 6.5 Speech acts and politeness
• Sociolinguists and speech acts
• Politeness
• 6.6 The sociolinguistics of interaction
• 6.7 Gender and conversation
• 6.8 The case of slang in Rio
• Pragmatic markers
• The pragmatics of gíria
• ‘One normal word in ten’
• 6.9 Research activity ethnographing the class
• 6.10 Summary
• 6.11 Further reading
• References
• 7 Variation in Language
• 7.1 Foundations: New York City
• Doing sociolinguistic interviews
• The sociolinguistic variable
• Style × social stratification
• 7.2 Class in language
• What is class?
• Prestige and counter-prestige
• Conflict or consensus?
• 7.3 Ethnicity in language
• What is ethnicity?
• The ethnicity–language interface
• 7.4 Ethnic varieties of English
• African American Vernacular English
• Ethnic variation in Englishes worldwide
• 7.5 Gender in language
• 7.6 The case of ING
• New England, USA, 1958
• New York City, USA, 1966
• Norwich, UK, 1974
• Wellington, New Zealand, 1992
• Masculinity and ING in America, 1998
• 7.7 Research activity doing a project (2) – data collection
• Step 4: getting the data: how to interview
• Step 5: processing the data
• 7.8 Summary
• 7.9 Further reading
• References
• 8 Language in Time
• 8.1 Age in language
• The sociolinguistic life course
• Linguistic change across the lifespan
• 8.2 Real time and apparent time
• The ruse of apparent time
• Age grading versus generational change
• Lifespan stability versus change
• 8.3 The linguistics of language change
• Discourse change
• Change in syntax and morphology
• 8.4 Sound change
• Consonants
• Vowel change
• 8.5 The social life of language change
• Class
• Change in sign languages
• Gender
• 8.6 Markets, networks and communities
• Linguistic market
• Social networks
• Networks and change in Belfast
• 8.7 The case of Belten High
• The sociolinguistics of jocks and burnouts
• The community of practice
• 8.8 Research activity language change on the internet
• Language change in the press
• Sexist language
• Celebrity accents across the lifespan
• 8.9 Summary
• 8.10 Further reading
• References
• 9 Language in Space
• 9.1 Dialectology
• Dialect maps
• A new dialectology
• 9.2 Making space
• Routines and interactions
• Rural and urban
• Linguistic landscape
• 9.3 Dialect contact
• Mobility
• Diffusing language change
• 9.4 Dialect birth
• Multicultural European dialects
• Koineization
• 9.5 Dialect death
• 9.6 The case of colonial Englishes
• Determinism
• Dynamism
• 9.7 Research activity: Linguistic landscape
• 9.8 Summary
• 9.9 Further reading
• References
• 10 Valuing Language
• 10.1 Ideologies of language
• Processes of language ideology
• Colonial language ideologies
• 10.2 Language with attitude
• Asking about language
• Asking about speakers
• The matched guise
• Perceptual dialectology
• 10.3 Evaluating individual linguistic variables
• Responding to ING
• Hearing vowel shifts
• The paradox of near-mergers
• 10.4 The Indexical Cycle
• The creation of social meaning
• Understanding indexicality
• The indexical field
• 10.5 Discriminating language
• Standard language and language standards
• The processes of standardization
• Linguistic disadvantage
• Valuing the vernacular
• 10.6 The case of Bakhtin
• Centrifugal and centripetal language
• Heteroglossia
• 10.7 Research activity doing a project (3) – results and reporting
• Step 6: coding the data
• Step 7: data analysis
• Step 8: data interpretation
• Step 9: writing up
• 10.8 Summary
• 10.9 Further reading
• References
• 11 Styling Language and Identities
• 11.1 Two takes on style
• Style as linguistic range
• Style shift as linguistic variation
• Critique and development
• 11.2 Audience Design
• Genesis
• The model
• Accommodation theory
• 11.3 Referee Design
• Frames for stylization
• Taking the initiative
• The force of stylization
• Critiques
• 11.4 Performing sociolinguistic identities
• Doing gender
• Doing ethnicity
• 11.5 The case of Marlene Dietrich
• The non-native performer
• ‘Falling in love again’: 1930
• Referee Design
• ‘Falling in love again’: 1964
• Iconization and enregisterment
• 11.6 Research activity a performance language project
• Staged performance
• The sociolinguistics of performance
• Doing a performance project
• 11.7 Summary
• 11.8 Further reading
• References
• 12 Theory and Engagement
• 12.1 The place of the social in sociolinguistics
• Taking the social out
• Putting the social into sociolinguistics
• 12.2 Structure and agency
• 12.3 Towards a socially constituted sociolinguistics
• Babel revisited
• A sociolinguistics of voice
• References
• References
• Index