Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Half Title
• Praise
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Illustrations
• List of Texts
• List of Abbreviations
• Preface to the First Edition
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Acknowledgments
• Part I Before Britain
• 1 The Origins of English (Before 450)
• 1.1 The Origins of Human Language
• 1.2 Language Change
• 1.3 Changes in Germanic Before the Invasions of Britain
• 1.4 The World of the Germanic Peoples
• 1.5 The Germanic Migrations
• 1.6 Summary
• Part II Early English in Britain
• 2 Old English: Early Germanic Britain (450–700)
• 2.1 The First Peoples
• 2.2 The Germanic Incursions
• 2.3 Introduction to Old English
• 2.4 The Christianization of England
• 2.5 Literature in the Early Old English Period
• 2.6 Summary
• 3 Old English: The Viking Invasions and their Consequences (700–1066/1100)
• 3.1 the Viking Invasions
• 3.2 Linguistic Influence of Old Norse (On)
• 3.3 Creolization
• 3.4 Alfred’S Reforms and the West Saxon Standard
• 3.5 Monastic Reform, Linguistic Developments, and Literary Genres
• 3.6 Summary
• 4 Middle English: The Non-Standard Period (1066/1100–1350)
• 4.1 Dynastic Conflict and the Norman Conquest
• 4.2 Linguistic Features of Middle English in the Non-Standard Period
• 4.3 French Influence on Middle English and the Question of Creolization
• 4.4 English Literature
• 4.5 Dialectal Diversity in Early Me
• 4.6 Summary
• 5 Middle English: The Emergence of Standard English (1350–1500)
• 5.1 Political and Social Turmoil and Demographic Developments
• 5.2 The Expansion of Domains
• 5.3 Chancery English (Chancery Standard)
• 5.4 Literature in the Late Me Period
• 5.5 Variation in Late Me
• 5.6 Summary
• 6 The Early Modern English Period (1500–1700)
• 6.1 the Early Modern English Period
• 6.2 Early Modern English
• 6.3 Regulation and Codification
• 6.4 Religious and Scientific Prose and Belles Lettres
• 6.5 Variation: South and North
• 6.6 Summary
• Part III Britain and Beyond
• 7 the Spread of English (Since the Late Sixteenth Century)
• 7.1 Social-Historical Background
• 7.2 European Expansion and the Slave Trade
• 7.3 North America
• 7.4 The Southern Hemisphere
• 7.5 Second- and Foreign-Language Countries (Esl and Efl)
• 7.6 Summary
• 8 Standard and Non-Standard English (Modern English)
• 8.1 Standard English and General English
• 8.2 English in England, Wales, Scotland – and Ireland
• 8.3 North American English
• 8.4 Southern Hemisphere English
• 8.5 Ethnicity and Language
• 8.6 Summary
• 9 English Pidgins, English Creoles, and English (Since the Early Seventeenth Century)
• 9.1 Pidgins
• 9.2 Creoles
• 9.3 Pidgin and Creole Communities
• 9.4 Theories of Origins
• 9.5 History and Textual Examples
• 9.6 Summary
• 10 Grammatical Change in Modern English
• 10.1 Grammatical Developments and Word Order
• 10.2 The Noun Phrase
• 10.3 The Verb Phrase: Development of the Full Mode Paradigm
• 10.4 Other: Conjunctions and Prepositions
• 10.5 Substrate Influence
• 10.6 Summary
• 11 Pronunciation Change in Modern English
• 11.1 Introduction and Principles of Pronunciation Change
• 11.2 The Reference Accents and Other National Accents
• 11.3 Consonants in Mode
• 11.4 Vowels in Mode
• 11.5 Vowel Changes in Mode: Chain Shifts and Mergers
• 11.6 Summary
• 12 Vocabulary and Spelling Change in Modern English
• 12.1 New Words and Old
• 12.2 Borrowing
• 12.3 Word Formation
• 12.4 Pragmatics
• 12.5 Modern English Spelling
• 12.6 Summary
• Part IV World-Wide English
• 13 Global English (Since 1945)
• 13.1 The Beginnings of Global English
• 13.2 Media Dominance
• 13.3 Features of Medialized Language
• 13.4 English in a World-Wide Context
• 13.5 Bilingualism, Code-Switching, and Hybrid Languages
• 13.6 Summary
• The International Phonetic Alphabet
• Glossary
• General Bibliography
• Index