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• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Figures
• Tables
• List of Symbols and Conventions
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• 1 English as a Changing Language
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Sound Change
• Example 1.1 The Northern California Vowel Shift4
• 1.3 Lexical Change
• 1.4 Semantic Change
• 1.5 Morphological Change
• Example 1.2 Verb paradigms for ‘to choose’ in Old English and Modern English
• Example 1.3 Vietnamese
• Example 1.4 Turkish
• 1.6 Syntactic Change
• Example 1.5 SVO constituents
• Example 1.6 OV examples
• Example 1.7 Like as a quotative complementizer
• Example 1.8 Like to frame constructions of thought
• Example 1.9 Like and unspoken evaluation
• 1.7 Study Questions
• Notes
• 2 Language Families and the Pre-History of English
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 The Roots of English and Proto-Indo-European
• Example 2.1
• Example 2.2 Comparison of to bear
• Example 2.3 Comparsion of correspondences
• Example 2.4 The First Germanic Consonant Shift
• Example 2.5 The Sheep and the Horses (excerpt)
• 2.3 Meeting the Ancestors I
• 2.4 Meeting the Ancestors II
• 2.5 Study Questions
• Notes
• 3 Old English, 500–1100
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Social History
• 3.3 Anglo-Saxon Literature
• Example 3.1 OE verse
• 3.4 The Language of Old English
• 3.4.1 Features of OE Spelling and Pronunciation
• 3.4.1.1 OE vowels: graphs and sounds
• 3.4.1.2 OE consonants: graphs and sounds
• 3.4.2 Features of OE Grammar
• 3.4.2.1 OE nouns
• 3.4.2.2 OE definite articles
• 3.4.2.3 OE adjectives
• 3.4.2.4 OE personal pronouns
• 3.4.2.5 OE verbs
• 3.4.3 Features of OE Syntax: Word Order
• Example 3.4 OE word order OV word order
• 3.4.4 Features of OE Vocabulary
• 3.5 Doing Anglo-Saxon Gender: Heroic Men and Monstrous Women
• 3.6 Study Questions
• Notes
• 4 Middle English, 1100–1500
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Social History
• 4.3 Middle English Literature
• 4.4 The Language of Middle English
• 4.4.1 Features of ME Spelling
• 4.4.2 Features of ME Pronunciation
• 4.4.2.1 ME consonants
• 4.4.2.2 ME vowels
• 4.4.3 Features of ME Grammar
• Example 4.2 ME texts
• 4.4.3.1 ME nouns
• 4.4.3.2 ME pronouns
• 4.4.3.3 ME definite article
• 4.4.3.4 ME adjectives
• 4.4.3.5 ME verbs
• 4.4.4 Features of ME syntax
• Example 4.3 ME word order
• 4.4.5 Features of ME vocabulary
• Example 4.4 Use of donjun
• 4.5 Contact and Change: Middle English Creolization?
• 4.6 Study Questions
• Notes
• 5 Early Modern English, 1500–1700
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Social History
• 5.3 Early Modern English Literature
• 5.4 The Language of Early Modern English
• 5.4.1 Features of EModE spelling
• 5.4.2 Features of EModE pronunciation
• 5.4.2.1 EModE consonants
• 5.4.2.2 EModE vowels
• 5.4.3 Features of EModE grammar
• 5.4.3.1 EModE nouns
• 5.4.3.2 EModE adjectives
• 5.4.3.3 EModE pronouns
• 5.4.3.4 EModE verbs
• 5.4.4 Features of EModE Syntax
• Example 5.2 Subject~verb/subject~auxiliary inversion
• Example 5.3 Copia verborum
• 5.4.5 Features of EModE Vocabulary
• Example 5.4 An inkhorn letter
• 5.5 Contact and Change: English in Barbados
• 5.6 Study Questions
• Notes
• 6 Modern English, 1700 Onwards
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 The Eighteenth Century and the Rise of the Prescriptive Tradition
• 6.3 Nineteenth-Century Contact and Change: The Case of Singlish
• Example 6.1 SSE
• Example 6.2 CSE
• Example 6.3 CSE what
• Example 6.4 CSE ma
• Example 6.5 Lesson 23 (Conversation between a sales assistant (SA) and a customer (Simon))
• 6.4 The Twenty-First Century and Beyond: Where Will English Boldly Go?
• 6.5 Conclusion
• 6.6 Study Questions
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index