Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Endorsement
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Illustrations
• List of Texts
• List of Abbreviations
• Preface to the first edition
• Preface to the second edition
• Preface to the third edition
• Acknowledgments
• Part I Before Britain
• Chapter One The origins of English (before 450)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 1.1 The origins of human1 language
• 1.1.1 Divergence, change, and the family (tree) model
• 1.1.2 Proto-languages: the comparative method and language families
• 1.1.3 The speech community
• 1.2 Language change
• 1.2.1 Internal change
• 1.2.2 Typological change
• 1.2.3 External change
• 1.2.4 Borrowing
• 1.2.5 Creolization and substrate influence
• 1.3 Changes in Germanic before the invasions of Britain
• 1.3.1 Changes in grammar
• 1.3.2 Changes in pronunciation
• 1.3.3 Changes in vocabulary
• 1.4 The world of the Germanic peoples
• 1.4.1 Germanic–Roman contact
• 1.4.2 The influence of the Roman world and of Latin
• 1.5 The Germanic migrations
• 1.5.1 The northern peoples: the Saxons and Frisians
• 1.5.2 The Saxons, Angles, Jutes, and Frisians in Britain
• 1.5.3 Linguistic and social variation
• 1.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Part II English in Britain
• Chapter Two Old English: Early Germanic Britain (450–700)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 2.1 The first peoples
• 2.1.1 Celtic influence
• 2.1.2 Substrate influence of Celtic on English
• 2.1.3 Placenames or toponyms
• 2.1.4 Roman influence
• 2.2 The Germanic incursions
• 2.2.1 The Germanic kingdoms
• 2.2.2 The laws of Kent
• 2.3 Introduction to Old English
• 2.3.1 Alphabet, spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary
• 2.3.2 Pronouns
• 2.3.3 General grammatical information
• 2.4 The Christianization of England
• 2.5 Literature in the early Old English period
• 2.5.1 Beowulf
• 2.5.2 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Britain (and more about OE)
• 2.5.3 Social and linguistic variation
• 2.6 Summary
• Further Reading
• Chapter Three Old English: The Viking invasions and their consequences (700–1066/1100)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 3.1 The Viking invasions
• 3.1.1 The first phase of Viking incursions
• 3.1.2 The second phase: settlement
• 3.1.3 The final phase of Danish invasion: dynastic conflict
• 3.2 Linguistic influence of Old Norse (ON)
• 3.2.1 Vocabulary
• 3.2.2 Pronunciation
• 3.2.3 Inflection
• 3.2.4 Syntax
• 3.3 Creolization
• 3.3.1 Pidginization and creolization
• 3.3.2 Arguments and evidence
• 3.3.3 Creolization or not?
• 3.4 Standardization
• 3.4.1 Alfred’s reforms and the West Saxon standard
• 3.4.2 Monastic reform
• 3.5 Social and linguistic variation
• 3.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Four Middle English: The non-standard period (1066/1100–1350)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 4.1 Dynastic conflict and the Norman Conquest
• 4.1.1 The Norman French presence in England
• 4.1.2 Separation of France and England
• 4.1.3 Magna Carta, the re-emergence of English, reaction to foreigners, and growth of national feeling
• 4.2 Middle English and the question of creolization
• 4.3 Linguistic features of Middle English in the non-standard period
• 4.3.1 Pronunciation of ME and phonemicization (/v, ð, z/)
• 4.3.2 Spelling in ME
• 4.3.3 Grammar
• 4.3.4 Vocabulary
• 4.4 English literature
• 4.5 Dialectal diversity in early ME
• 4.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Five Middle English: The emergence of Standard English (1350–1500)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 5.1. Political and social turmoil and demographic developments
• 5.1.1 The Hundred Years’ War and the Peasants’ Revolt
• 5.1.2 The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485)
• 5.1.3 Lollardy
• 5.1.4 The decline of Latin
• 5.2 The expansion of domains
• 5.2.1 The emergence of a new standard
• 5.2.2 The rise of London English
• 5.2.3 London as a demographic and economic center
• 5.2.4 Wave theory
• 5.3 Chancery English
• 5.3.1 New grammatical patterns
• 5.3.2 Vocabulary
• 5.4 Literature in the late ME period
• 5.4.1 Literary models
• 5.4.2 Printing
• 5.5 Variation in late ME
• 5.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Six The Early Modern English period (1500–1700)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 6.1 The Early Modern English period
• 6.1.1 Economic and demographic developments
• 6.1.2 Reformation and Renaissance
• 6.1.3 Political-dynastic developments
• 6.1.4 The Puritans, the Civil War, and the Commonwealth
• 6.1.5 Restoration England
• 6.2 Early Modern English
• 6.2.1 Early Modern London
• 6.2.2 General English (GenE)
• 6.2.3 Standardization
• 6.2.4 Latin
• 6.2.5 A typological perspective
• 6.3 Regulation and codification
• 6.3.1 Spelling and pronunciation
• 6.3.2 Vocabulary and meaning
• 6.3.3 Grammar and morphology
• 6.3.4 Pragmatics: second person modes of address, titles
• 6.4 Religious and scientific prose and belles lettres
• 6.4.1 Religious writing
• 6.4.2 Scientific writing
• 6.4.3 EModE literature
• 6.5 Variation
• 6.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Plates Images
• Part III Britain and beyond
• Chapter Seven The spread of English (since the late sixteenth century)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 7.1 Social-historical background
• 7.1.1 The Age of Discovery
• 7.1.2 Demographic movements
• 7.1.2 Mercantilism and territorial expansion
• 7.2 European expansion and the slave trade
• 7.2.1 The major slave-trading powers
• 7.2.2 The mechanics of the slave trade
• 7.2.3 Linguistic correlates of European expansionism
• 7.3 North America
• 7.3.1 The beginnings of English in North America
• 7.3.2 Native American – English contact
• 7.3.3 Colonial English
• 7.3.4 Learning and education in New England
• 7.3.5 English in Canada
• 7.4 The Southern Hemisphere
• 7.4.1 Australia
• 7.4.2 South Africa
• 7.4.3 New Zealand
• 7.5 Second- and foreign-language countries (ESL and EFL)
• 7.5.1 Southern Africa
• 7.5.2 West Africa
• 7.5.3 East Africa
• 7.5.4 South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific
• 7.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Eight Standard and non-standard English
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 8.1 Standard English and General English
• 8.1.1 Standardization
• 8.1.2 The emergence of Non-Standard General English (NSGenE)
• 8.2 English in England, Wales, Scotland – and Ireland
• 8.2.1 The urban varieties
• 8.2.2 Regional English in England7 and Scotland
• 8.2.3 Ireland
• 8.3 North American English (NAmE)
• 8.3.1 Standardization in America
• 8.3.2 Koinéization
• 8.3.3 American NSGenE
• 8.3.4 The development of regional English in North America
• 8.4 Southern Hemisphere English
• 8.4.1 Southern Hemisphere NSGenE
• 8.4.2 Regional variation in the Southern Hemisphere Englishes
• 8.5 Ethnicity and language
• 8.5.1 African-American English
• 8.5.2 British Black English
• 8.5.3 Aboriginal English
• 8.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Nine English pidgins, English creoles, and English (since the early seventeenth century)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 9.0 Cultural survivals
• 9.1 Pidgins
• 9.1.1 What is a pidgin?
• 9.1.2 Examples of Pidgin English
• 9.2 Creoles
• 9.2.1 What is a creole?
• 9.2.2 Examples of English creoles
• 9.2.3 The creole continuum
• 9.3 Pidgin and creole communities
• 9.3.1 Language contact
• 9.3.2 The spread of English pidgins and creoles
• 9.4 Theories of origins
• 9.4.1 A monogenetic source
• 9.4.2 Polygenesis or parallel development.
• 9.4.3 The influence of the superstrate
• 9.4.4 The effect of linguistic universals – the bioprogram
• 9.5 History and textual examples
• 9.5.1 The Caribbean
• 9.5.2 Papua-New Guinea (PNG)
• 9.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Ten Grammatical change in ModE
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 10.0 Grammatical developments
• 10.1 Word order
• 10.2 The noun phrase
• 10.2.1 Number, case, and gender of nouns
• 10.2.2 Pronouns, personal and relative, and demonstratives
• 10.3 The verb phrase: development of full ModE paradigm
• 10.3.1 Verb morphology
• 10.3.2 Aspect: progressive, habitual, and perfect
• 10.3.3 The subjunctive, the conditional, the modals, and the semi-modals
• 10.3.4 The passive
• 10.4 Other: conjunctions and prepositions
• 10.5 Substrate influence
• 10.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Eleven Pronunciation change in ModE
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 11.1 Introduction and principles of pronunciation change
• 11.1.1 Internal change
• 11.1.2 External change
• 11.1.3 Splits, mergers (with phoneme loss), and chain shifts
• 11.2 The reference accents and other national accents
• 11.2.1 Pronunciation in the British Isles
• 11.2.2 North American pronunciation
• 11.2.3 Southern Hemisphere English: pronunciation
• 11.2.4 Linguistic features of ESL
• 11.2.5 Pidgin and creole pronunciation
• 11.3 Consonants in ModE
• 11.3.1 Consonant loss
• 11.3.2 Feeding and bleeding
• 11.3.3 Vocalization of /l/ and /r/
• 11.3.4 Intervocalic T and glottaling
• 11.4 Vowels in ModE
• 11.4.1 The vowel system of ModE
• 11.4.2 The vowels of early ModE
• 11.4.3 The vowel system of Northern and Scottish English
• 11.4.4 Vowel systems influenced by non-English substrate languages
• 11.5 Vowel changes in ModE: chain shifts and mergers
• 11.5.1 The Southern Shift in England, the Southern Hemisphere, and the US
• 11.5.2 The Northern Cities Chain Shift (NCCS)
• 11.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Chapter Twelve Vocabulary and spelling change in Modern English
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 12.1 New words and old
• 12.2 Borrowing
• 12.2.1 British and Irish English
• 12.2.2 North American English (NAmE)
• 12.2.3 Southern Hemisphere English
• 12.2.4 English as a Second Language (ESL)
• 12.2.5 English pidgins and creoles
• 12.2.6 Place names (onomastics)
• 12.2.7 Lexical-semantic change
• 12.3 Word formation13
• 12.3.1 Compounding
• 12.3.2 Derivation
• 12.4 Pragmatics
• 12.4.1 Politeness
• 12.4.2 Modes of address
• 12.4.3 Discourse particles
• 12.4.4 Yes, No, and Negation
• 12.5 Modern English spelling
• 12.5.1 Spelling reform
• 12.5.2 Variety-specific spelling
• 12.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Part IV World-wide English
• Chapter Thirteen Global English (since 1945)
• Contents
• Chapter overview
• 13.1 The beginnings of Global English
• 13.2 Media dominance
• 13.2.1 Publishing
• 13.2.2 The electronic media
• 13.2.3 The expansion of functions in the Information Society
• 13.3 Features of medialized language
• 13.3.1 Non-standard tendencies in the written language
• 13.3.2 Features of global Standard English
• 13.4 English in a world-wide context
• 13.4.1 Pluricentricism
• 13.4.2 ESL
• 13.4.3 Standardization
• 13.4.4 Language Planning and Policy (LPP)
• 13.4.5 Non-native codes
• 13.5 Bilingualism, code-switching, and hybrid languages
• 13.5.1 Immigrant languages
• 13.5.2 Language as a marker of identity
• 13.5.3 Convergence and divergence: a delicate balance
• 13.6 Summary
• Further reading
• Glossary
• General bibliography
• Index
• The International Phonetic Alphabet