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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Foreword
• Preface
• Contributors
• Reviewers
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• Part I: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice
• Chapter 1: Therapeutic Use of Self in Occupational Therapy: The Importance of Empathy and Intentionality
• Introduction
• Honoring Those We Serve: Client Snapshots
• Ken
• Ed
• Elliott
• Reagan
• Clients’ Underlying Experiences
• Therapists’ Underlying Experiences
• Empathy and Intentionality: Foundations for Occupational Therapy Practice
• Empathy: Roots in Occupational Therapy
• Modern Conceptualizations of Empathy: A Critical Perspective
• Empathy and the Intentional Relationship Model: Important Points
• Intentionality: Reflections in Historical Definitions of Therapeutic Use of Self
• Intentionality and the Intentional Relationship Model
• Empathy and Intentionality Define Therapeutic Use of Self
• Overview of the Intentional Relationship Model
• Failures in Empathy and Intentionality
• The Importance of Relational Expertise in Occupational Therapy: Therapist Snapshots
• Rigel
• Erika
• Being Client-Centered in Occupational Therapy
• Client Examples
• Bart (Two-Sticks) Johnson
• Sarah
• Veronica
• Margarita
• Chapter 2: What Defines a Good Therapist?
• Introduction
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Solution
• Outcome
• About Kim
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About René
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Michele
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Anne
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Roland
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Belinda
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Stephanie
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Vardit
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• The Outcome
• About Kate
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Krissa
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Carmen
• Interpersonal Challenge
• Interpersonal Response
• Outcome
• About Jane
• Chapter 3: A Model of the Intentional Relationship
• Introduction
• Explaining the Therapeutic Relationship: Need for a Conceptual Practice Model
• Conceptual Background for the Model: How Therapeutic Use of Self in Occupational Therapy Differs From Psychotherapy
• Elements of the Intentional Relationship Model
• The Client’s Interpersonal Characteristics
• Situational Interpersonal Characteristics
• Enduring Interpersonal Characteristics
• Interpersonal Events of Therapy
• The Therapist’s Use of Self
• Interpersonal Skill Base
• Therapeutic Mode Use
• Interpersonal Reasoning
• Desired Occupation
• Relationships Within the Model
• Intentional Relationship Model: 10 Underlying Principles
• Principle 1: Critical Self-Awareness Is Key to the Intentional Use of Self
• Principle 2: Interpersonal Self-Discipline Is Fundamental to Effective Use of Self
• Principle 3: It Is Necessary to Keep Head Before Heart
• Principle 4: Mindful Empathy Is Required to Know Your Client
• Principle 5: Grow Your Interpersonal Knowledge Base
• Principle 6: Provided That They Are Purely and Flexibly Applied, a Wide Range of Therapeutic Modes Can Work and Be Utilized Interchangeably in Occupational Therapy
• Principle 7: The Client Defines a Successful Relationship
• Principle 8: Activity Focusing Must Be Balanced With Interpersonal Focusing
• Principle 9: Application of the Model Must Be Informed by Core Values and Ethics
• Principle 10: Cultural Sensitivity Is Central to Practice
• Chapter 4: Knowing Ourselves as Therapists: Introducing the Therapeutic Modes
• Introduction
• Initial Self-Assessment
• Our Interpersonal Behavior
• Interpersonal Behavior and Therapeutic Modes
• The Six Therapeutic Modes
• Advocating Mode
• Strengths of the Advocating Mode
• Cautions of the Advocating Mode
• Collaborating Mode
• Strengths of the Collaborating Mode
• Cautions of the Collaborating Mode
• Empathizing Mode
• Strengths of the Empathizing Mode
• Cautions of the Empathizing Mode
• Encouraging Mode
• Strengths of the Encouraging Mode
• Cautions of the Encouraging Mode
• Instructing Mode
• Strengths of the Instructing Mode
• Cautions of the Instructing Mode
• Problem-Solving Mode
• Strengths of the Problem-Solving Mode
• Cautions of the Problem-Solving Mode
• Modes in Perspective
• Mode Shifting
• Mode Mismatch, Mixed and Incongruent Mode Use
• Mode Shifting: Avoiding Suboptimal Communication
• Therapeutic Style: Using the Modes
• Broadening One’s Repertoire of Modes: A Central Objective of the Intentional Relationship Model
• Locating One’s Comfort Zone of Preferred Modes
• Therapeutic Style and Daily Interpersonal Behavior: Striving Toward Integration
• Assessing Mode Use
• Chapter 5: Being Client-Centered: Understanding Interpersonal Characteristics and Mode Preferences
• Introduction
• Client-Centered Practice, Client Interpersonal Characteristics, and Participation
• Client Interpersonal Characteristics
• Situational Interpersonal Characteristics
• Enduring Interpersonal Characteristics
• Categories of Interpersonal Characteristics
• Communication Style
• Tone of Voice
• Body Language
• Facial Expression (Affect)
• Response to Change and Challenge
• Level of Trust
• Need for Control
• Approach to Asserting Needs
• Predisposition to Giving Feedback
• Response to Feedback
• Response to Human Diversity
• Orientation Toward Relating
• Preference for Touch
• Interpersonal Reciprocity
• Approaching the Therapeutic Relationship in Light of Client Interpersonal Characteristics
• Using Therapeutic Modes in Response to Client Characteristics
• Chapter 6: Complexities Within Client-Therapist Relationships: Inevitable Interpersonal Events of Therapy
• Introduction
• Expression of Strong Emotion
• Intimate Self-Disclosures
• Power Dilemmas
• Nonverbal Cues
• Verbal Innuendos
• Crisis Points
• Resistance and Reluctance
• Boundary Testing
• Empathic Breaks
• Emotionally Charged Therapy Tasks and Situations
• Limitations of Therapy
• Contextual Inconsistencies
• Interpersonal Event Cascades
• The Role of Inevitable Events in the Interpersonal Reasoning Process
• Chapter 7: Uncomplicating the Complicated: The Interpersonal Reasoning Process
• Introduction
• Six Steps of Interpersonal Reasoning
• Step 1: Anticipate
• Step 2: Identify and Cope
• Step 3: Determine if a Mode Shift Is Required
• Step 4: Choose a Response Mode or Mode Sequence
• Step 5: Draw on Any Relevant Interpersonal Skills Associated With the Mode(s)
• Step 6: Gather Feedback, and if Necessary, Strive Toward Mutual Understanding of the Response
• Suboptimal Communication
• Responses That Are Suboptimal or Carry the Potential to Be Suboptimal
• Dominating Responses
• Parental Responses
• Defensive Responses
• Nervous Responses
• Casual Responses
• Self-Disclosing Responses
• Intrusive Responses
• Patronizing Responses
• Cliché Responses
• Minimizing Responses
• Responses That Prematurely Optimize
• Humorous Responses
• Dismissive Responses
• Distancing Responses
• Culturally Insensitive Responses
• Socially Embarrassing Responses
• Evaluative Responses
• Confused Responses
• Responses That Exaggerate, Pathologize, or Pity
• Responses That Compare
• Part II: Building An Interpersonal Skill Base
• Chapter 8: Therapeutic Communication
• Introduction
• Verbal Communication
• Nonverbal Communication
• Unidirectional Versus Bidirectional Communication
• Therapeutic Listening
• Empathic Listening
• Guided Listening
• Verbal Prompts and Sounds
• Enrichment Questions
• Seeking and Responding to Client Feedback
• Providing Clients With Structure, Direction, and Feedback
• Chapter 9: Establishing Intentional Relationships
• Introduction
• Rapport Building, Impression Management, and Emotional Climate
• Mode Matching and Versatility
• Managing Emotional Intensity
• Sadness
• Anger
• Anxiety
• Judicious Use of Touch
• Cultural Competence
• Chapter 10: The Intentional Interview and Strategic Questioning
• Introduction
• Intentional Interviewing: Interpersonal Aspects
• Creating a Confidential and Protective Environment
• Conveying a Take-Charge Attitude
• Assessing Vulnerabilities and Sensitivities
• Orienting the Client to the Process and Requesting Consent
• Rephrasing, Reordering, or Asking Questions Creatively
• Detecting and Respecting the Client’s Boundaries
• Listening Well
• Responding (Nonverbally or Verbally) to a Response
• Responding Therapeutically
• Never Apologizing for Interview Length or the Questions
• Checking in and Acting as an Emotional Buoy
• Knowing When to Stop
• Redirecting Hyperverbal or Tangential Clients
• Spotting and Clarifying Ambiguities, Doorknob Comments, and Contradictions in Content
• Summarizing, Seeking Feedback, and Establishing Closure
• Strategic Questioning
• Chapter 11: Understanding Families, Social Systems, and Group Dynamics in Occupational Therapy
• Introduction
• Preserving Confidentiality and Boundaries
• Viewing Relationships From a Social Systems Perspective
• Distinguishing Between Productive and Maladaptive Dynamics of Systems
• Managing Maladaptive Dynamics of Systems
• Modes for Parents and Caregivers
• Chapter 12: Understanding and Managing Difficult Behavior
• Introduction
• Understanding Difficult Behavior
• Managing Difficult Behavior
• Step 1. Anticipate
• Step 2. Identify, Cope, and Strive for Understanding
• Step 3. Determine If a Mode Shift Is Required
• Step 4. Choose a Response Mode
• Step 5. Draw on Any Relevant Interpersonal Skills Associated With That Mode
• Step 6. Gather Feedback
• Summing It Up
• Specific Categories of Difficult Behavior
• Manipulative Behavior
• Excessive Dependence
• Symptom Focusing
• Resistance
• Emotional Disengagement
• Denial
• Difficulty With Rapport and Trust
• Hostility
• Incorporating a Complementary Occupational Therapy Approach
• Chapter 13: Resolving Empathic Breaks and Conflicts
• Introduction
• Resolving Empathic Breaks
• Conflict Resolution
• Chapter 14: Professional Behavior, Values, and Ethics
• Introduction
• Core Values and the Therapist’s Interpersonal Modes
• Advocating Mode
• Collaborating Mode
• Empathizing Mode
• Encouraging Mode
• Instructing Mode
• Problem-Solving
• Overview
• Behavioral Self-Awareness
• Reliability
• Confidentiality
• Professional Boundaries
• Chapter 15: On Being Intentional on Fieldwork and in Interprofessional Practice Settings
• Introduction
• Teachers and Educators
• Collaborations in the Client’s Absence
• Collaborations in the Client’s Presence
• Supervisory and Fieldwork Relationships
• Chapter 16: On Becoming a Better Therapist: Self-Care and Developing Your Therapeutic Use of Self
• Introduction
• Self-Awareness and Reflective Use of Your Traits
• Knowing and Responsibly Accepting Weaknesses and Limitations
• Recognizing and Cultivating Your Assets
• Developing Aspects of the Self
• Deliberately Cultivating Strengths From Mistakes, Problems, and Failures
• Transforming Personal Difficulties and Challenges Into Gifts
• Maintaining Mindfulness of Why You Are an Occupational Therapist
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index