Efnisyfirlit

• The Physics of Glaciers
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface to Third Edition
• Preface to Second Edition
• Preface to First Edition
• Chapter 1. Introduction
• Further Reading
• Chapter 2. The Transformation of Snow to Ice
• INTRODUCTION
• SNOW, FIRN, AND ICE
• ZONES IN A GLACIER
• DISTRIBUTION OF ZONES
• VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH DEPTH
• HOW SNOW TURNS INTO ICE IN A DRY SNOW ZONE
• DEPTH HOAR
• TRANSFORMATION WHEN THERE IS MELTWATER
• AGE OF AIR IN BUBBLES
• DISAPPEARANCE OP AIR BUBBLES
• RATE OF CRYSTAL GROWTH
• Chapter 3. Mass Balance
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITIONS
• DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF NET BALANCE
• PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHOD
• HYDROLOGICAL METHOD
• RECONNAISSANCE METHODS
• RESULTS
• STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF BALANCE DATA
• MASS BALANCE OF THE ICE SHEETS
• RISE IN WORLD SEA LEVEL
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 4. Heat Budget and Climatology
• INTRODUCTION
• BLACK-BODY RADIATION
• HEAT BUDGET OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
• HEAT-BUDGET COMPONENTS
• DISCUSSION OF SOME HEAT-BUDGET DATA
• THE STATISTICAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING ABLATION
• EFFECT OF CLIMATIC WARMING ON GREENLAND ICE SHEET
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 5. Structure and Deformation of Ice
• INTRODUCTION
• STRUCTURE OP THE ICE CRYSTAL
• DEFORMATION OP A SINGLE ICE CRYSTAL
• DEFORMATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE
• FLOW RELATION FOR POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE
• THE GENERALIZED PLOW RELATION
• FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF FLOW PARAMETERS
• VALUES OF FLOW PARAMETER A
• PERFECT PLASTICITY
• ANISOTROPIC ICE
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 6. Hydraulics of Glaciers
• INTRODUCTION
• OBSERVATIONS OF WATER FLOW THROUGH GLACIERS
• OBSERVATIONS OF WATER PRESSURE IN GLACIERS
• DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW IN AND UNDER GLACIERS
• STEADY FLOW IN A TUNNEL
• STEADY PLOW IN LINKED SUBGLACIAL CAVITIES
• WATER FLOW OVER A “SOFT” BED
• WATER IN NON-TEMPERATE GLACIERS
• WATER FLOW AT THE GLACIER BED: SUMMARY
• JÖKULHLAUPS
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 7. Glacier Sliding
• INTRODUCTION
• MEASUREMENTS OF BASAL VELOCITY
• WEERTMAN’S THEORY OF SLIDING
• OBSERVATIONS IN BASAL ICE
• IMPROVEMENTS TO WEERTMAN’S ANALYSIS
• DISCUSSION OF ASSUMPTIONS
• COMPARISON OP PREDICTIONS WITH OBSERVATIONS
• HOW WATER CHANGES SLIDING VELOCITY
• EMPIRICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SLIDING AND EFFECTIVE PRESSURE
• SLIDING OF DEBRIS-LADEN ICE
• SLIDING AT SUB-FREEZING TEMPERATURES
• SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
• Chapter 8. Deformation of Subglacial Till
• INTRODUCTION
• PROPERTIES OF TILL
• FLOW RELATIONS FOR TILL
• HOW WIDESPREAD IS SUBGLACIAL DEFORMATION?
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 9. Structures and Fabrics in Glaciers and Ice Sheets
• INTRODUCTION
• FOLIATION
• FOLDS
• BOUDINAGE
• FAULTS
• IMPLICATIONS FOR ICE CORE STRATIGRAPHY
• OGIVES
• CREVASSES
• MEASUREMENT OF SIZE AND ORIENTATION OF ICE CRYSTALS
• CRYSTAL SIZE
• CRYSTAL-ORIENTATION FABRICS
• Chapter 10. Distribution of Temperature in Glaciers and Ice Sheets
• INTRODUCTION
• THERMAL PARAMETERS OP SNOW AND ICE
• ICE TEMPERATURES NEAR THE SURFACE
• TEMPERATE GLACIERS
• STEADY TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: NO HORIZONTAL ADVECTION
• EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL ADVECTION
• MEASURED TEMPERATURE PROFILES
• GENERAL EQUATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
• TEMPERATURES ALONG A PLOW LINE
• TIME-VARYING TEMPERATURES
• TEMPERATURES IN ICE SHELVES
• Chapter 11. Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets
• INTRODUCTION
• THE BASAL SHEAR STRESS
• SURFACE PROFILES OF ICE SHEETS
• RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST ICE SHEETS
• BALANCE VELOCITIES AND TRAVEL TIMES
• VELOCITIES IN “LAMINAR FLOW”
• EXTENDING AND COMPRESSING FLOW
• CONTINUITY EQUATION
• APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUITY EQUATION
• EQUATIONS FOR STRESS AND VELOCITY
• RELATION BETWEEN SURFACE AND BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY
• VELOCITIES IN EXTENDING/COMPRESSING FLOW
• VELOCITIES IN A VALLEY GLACIER
• VARIATIONS OF STRESS AND VELOCITY ALONG A FLOW-LINE
• FLOW AT AN ICE DIVIDE
• ICE DATING BASED ON FLOW MODELS
• COMPLICATIONS IN FLOW
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 12. Flow of Ice Shelves and Ice Streams
• ICE SHELVES
• PLOW OP ICE SHELVES
• PROFILES OF ICE SHELVES
• ICE STREAMS
• FLOW OF ICE STREAMS
• TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN GROUNDED AND FLOATING ICE
• ICEBERG CALVING
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 13. Non-Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets
• INTRODUCTION
• RESPONSE TIME OF A GLACIER
• RESPONSE TO SMALL CHANGES IN MASS BALANCE
• ADDITIONAL CAUSES OP NON-STEADY PLOW
• FLOW MODELS OF EXISTING ICE SHEETS
• GROWTH AND DECAY OF ICE-AGE ICE SHEETS
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 14. Surging and Tidewater Glaciers
• GLACIER SURGES
• TIDEWATER GLACIERS
• FURTHER READING
• Chapter 15. Ice Core Studies
• INTRODUCTION
• HEAVY ISOTOPE METHOD
• TOTAL AIR CONTENT
• MELT FEATURES
• ESTIMATION OF PAST ACCUMULATION RATES
• ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE
• IMPURITIES IN SNOW AND ICE
• TIME SCALES FOR ICE CORES
• EXAMPLES OP CLIMATIC RECORDS PROM ICE CORES
• FURTHER READING
• APPENDIX 1: STRESS AND STRAIN
• APPENDIX 2
• References
• Subject Index