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• Half-title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Figures
• Tables
• Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface and acknowledgments
• Abbreviations
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Multilingualism: The global approach to sign languages
• Sign languages used by hearing people
• How many languages are there?
• Mutual intelligibility
• The problem of nomenclature for sign languages
• “Planned” signed languages that are not used by Deaf communities
• The “standard” and the importance of dictionaries
• Statistical approaches to the definition of languages
• Sign languages in Europe
• Historical relationships
• World politics
• Educational systems
• Suggested Readings
• Exercises
• 3 Bilingualism and language contact
• Societal and individual bilingualism in the hearing world
• Canada
• Belgium
• Singapore
• Societal and individual bilingualism in the Deaf world
• Martha’s Vineyard in the USA
• A Yucatec Mayan village, Mexico
• Desa Kolok in Bali, Indonesia
• Bilingualism in most of the Deaf world
• Diglossia
• The transfer hypothesis: The influence of a first language upon the second
• Language shift
• Loan vocabulary in spoken languages
• “Loan” phenomena in sign language situations
• Mouthing
• Pidgins and creoles
• Code switching and code mixing
• Conclusions
• Suggested readings
• Exercises
• 4 Sociolinguistic variation
• The study of linguistic variation
• The sociolinguistic variable
• Variable units in spoken languages
• Variable processes in spoken languages
• Linguistic variation in spoken languages
• Early studies of variation in spoken languages
• Large-scale urban studies
• Recent research on sociolinguistic variation in spoken languages
• Sociolinguistic variation and language change
• Summary
• Linguistic variation in sign languages
• Variation in ASL
• Research on African American signing
• An international perspective on variation in sign languages
• Perspectives on the structure of sign languages
• Sign languages vs. spoken languages
• Variable units in sign and spoken languages
• Variable processes in spoken and sign languages
• Internal constraints on spoken and sign languages
• Social constraints particular to Deaf communities
• Three recent studies of variation in ASL
• An exploratory case study of a phonological variable
• A large scale quantitative study: Lucas et al. (2001) on DEAF
• Summary of the studies
• Methodological issues for the studies
• Conclusions
• Suggested readings
• Exercises
• NOTES
• 5 Discourse analysis
• Discourse structure
• Discourse action and interaction
• Context and discourse
• Methodological approaches to discourse analysis
• Speech act theory
• Interactional sociolinguistics
• Ethnography of communication
• Pragmatics
• Conversation analysis
• Variation analysis
• Features of sign language discourse
• Turntaking
• Conversational repair
• Discourse markers
• Constructing dialogue and action
• Cohesion
• Rhythm, rhyme and repetition
• The relevance of discourse genre
• Conclusion
• Suggested readings
• Exercises
• 6 Language planning and policy
• The nature and purposes of language planning
• Ideologies of language policy
• The language planning process
• Language rights and language policy
• Evaluating language policies
• Conclusions
• Suggested readings
• Exercises
• NOTES
• APPENDIX 6.1 STATEMENT ON THE RECOGNITION OF THE NATIONAL SIGN LANGUAGES OF THE DEAF PASSED AT THE T
• Comment
• The statement
• APPENDIX 6.2 WORLD FEDERATION OF THE DEAF CALLS FOR RECOGNITION OF SIGN LANGUAGES
• 7 Language attitudes
• Why study language attitudes?
• Definitions
• Early research on language attitudes
• How are language attitudes studied?
• Content analysis
• Direct measurement
• Indirect measurement
• Questions addressed by language attitude studies
• Attitudes toward languages
• Attitudes toward language groups
• Language and identity
• Theories of language attitudes: Answers to the questions
• Consequences and applications
• Second language
• Employers’ hiring practices
• Mass media
• Education
• Changes in language attitudes
• Conclusions
• Suggested readings
• Exercises
• NOTES
• Bibliography
• Index